Characteristics, Outcomes, and Trends of Patients With COVID-19-Related Critical Illness at a Learning Health System in the United States.


Journal

Annals of internal medicine
ISSN: 1539-3704
Titre abrégé: Ann Intern Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0372351

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
05 2021
Historique:
pubmed: 19 1 2021
medline: 29 5 2021
entrez: 18 1 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to surge in the United States and globally. To describe the epidemiology of COVID-19-related critical illness, including trends in outcomes and care delivery. Single-health system, multihospital retrospective cohort study. 5 hospitals within the University of Pennsylvania Health System. Adults with COVID-19-related critical illness who were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with acute respiratory failure or shock during the initial surge of the pandemic. The primary exposure for outcomes and care delivery trend analyses was longitudinal time during the pandemic. The primary outcome was all-cause 28-day in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were all-cause death at any time, receipt of mechanical ventilation (MV), and readmissions. Among 468 patients with COVID-19-related critical illness, 319 (68.2%) were treated with MV and 121 (25.9%) with vasopressors. Outcomes were notable for an all-cause 28-day in-hospital mortality rate of 29.9%, a median ICU stay of 8 days (interquartile range [IQR], 3 to 17 days), a median hospital stay of 13 days (IQR, 7 to 25 days), and an all-cause 30-day readmission rate (among nonhospice survivors) of 10.8%. Mortality decreased over time, from 43.5% (95% CI, 31.3% to 53.8%) to 19.2% (CI, 11.6% to 26.7%) between the first and last 15-day periods in the core adjusted model, whereas patient acuity and other factors did not change. Single-health system study; use of, or highly dynamic trends in, other clinical interventions were not evaluated, nor were complications. Among patients with COVID-19-related critical illness admitted to ICUs of a learning health system in the United States, mortality seemed to decrease over time despite stable patient characteristics. Further studies are necessary to confirm this result and to investigate causal mechanisms. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to surge in the United States and globally.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the epidemiology of COVID-19-related critical illness, including trends in outcomes and care delivery.
DESIGN
Single-health system, multihospital retrospective cohort study.
SETTING
5 hospitals within the University of Pennsylvania Health System.
PATIENTS
Adults with COVID-19-related critical illness who were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with acute respiratory failure or shock during the initial surge of the pandemic.
MEASUREMENTS
The primary exposure for outcomes and care delivery trend analyses was longitudinal time during the pandemic. The primary outcome was all-cause 28-day in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were all-cause death at any time, receipt of mechanical ventilation (MV), and readmissions.
RESULTS
Among 468 patients with COVID-19-related critical illness, 319 (68.2%) were treated with MV and 121 (25.9%) with vasopressors. Outcomes were notable for an all-cause 28-day in-hospital mortality rate of 29.9%, a median ICU stay of 8 days (interquartile range [IQR], 3 to 17 days), a median hospital stay of 13 days (IQR, 7 to 25 days), and an all-cause 30-day readmission rate (among nonhospice survivors) of 10.8%. Mortality decreased over time, from 43.5% (95% CI, 31.3% to 53.8%) to 19.2% (CI, 11.6% to 26.7%) between the first and last 15-day periods in the core adjusted model, whereas patient acuity and other factors did not change.
LIMITATIONS
Single-health system study; use of, or highly dynamic trends in, other clinical interventions were not evaluated, nor were complications.
CONCLUSION
Among patients with COVID-19-related critical illness admitted to ICUs of a learning health system in the United States, mortality seemed to decrease over time despite stable patient characteristics. Further studies are necessary to confirm this result and to investigate causal mechanisms.
PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Identifiants

pubmed: 33460330
doi: 10.7326/M20-5327
pmc: PMC7901669
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Video-Audio Media

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

613-621

Subventions

Organisme : NHLBI NIH HHS
ID : K23 HL140482
Pays : United States
Organisme : NHLBI NIH HHS
ID : L30 HL154200
Pays : United States
Organisme : AHRQ HHS
ID : K12 HS026372
Pays : United States
Organisme : NHLBI NIH HHS
ID : R00 HL141678
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIEHS NIH HHS
ID : P30 ES013508
Pays : United States

Auteurs

George L Anesi (GL)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Juliane Jablonski (J)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Michael O Harhay (MO)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Joshua H Atkins (JH)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Jasmeet Bajaj (J)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Cameron Baston (C)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Patrick J Brennan (PJ)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Christina L Candeloro (CL)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Lauren M Catalano (LM)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Maurizio F Cereda (MF)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

John M Chandler (JM)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Jason D Christie (JD)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Tara Collins (T)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Katherine R Courtright (KR)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Barry D Fuchs (BD)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Emily Gordon (E)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

John C Greenwood (JC)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Steven Gudowski (S)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Asaf Hanish (A)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

C William Hanson (CW)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Monica Heuer (M)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Paul Kinniry (P)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Zev Noah Kornfield (ZN)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Gregory B Kruse (GB)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Meghan Lane-Fall (M)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Niels D Martin (ND)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Mark E Mikkelsen (ME)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Dan Negoianu (D)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Jose L Pascual (JL)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Maulik B Patel (MB)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Steven C Pugliese (SC)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Zaffer A Qasim (ZA)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

John P Reilly (JP)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

John Salmon (J)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

William D Schweickert (WD)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Michael J Scott (MJ)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Michael G S Shashaty (MGS)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Corinna P Sicoutris (CP)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

John K Wang (JK)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Wei Wang (W)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Arshad A Wani (AA)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Brian J Anderson (BJ)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

Jacob T Gutsche (JT)

University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.Q., J.P.R., J.S., W.D.S., M.J.S., M.G.S., C.P.S., J.K.W., W.W., A.A.W., B.J.A., J.T.G.).

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