Systemic AAV6-synapsin-GFP administration results in lower liver biodistribution, compared to AAV1&2 and AAV9, with neuronal expression following ultrasound-mediated brain delivery.


Journal

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
21 01 2021
Historique:
received: 29 05 2019
accepted: 20 12 2020
entrez: 22 1 2021
pubmed: 23 1 2021
medline: 24 9 2021
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Non-surgical gene delivery to the brain can be achieved following intravenous injection of viral vectors coupled with transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRIgFUS) to temporarily and locally permeabilize the blood-brain barrier. Vector and promoter selection can provide neuronal expression in the brain, while limiting biodistribution and expression in peripheral organs. To date, the biodistribution of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) within peripheral organs had not been quantified following intravenous injection and MRIgFUS delivery to the brain. We evaluated the quantity of viral DNA from the serotypes AAV9, AAV6, and a mosaic AAV1&2, expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the neuron-specific synapsin promoter (syn). AAVs were administered intravenously during MRIgFUS targeting to the striatum and hippocampus in mice. The syn promoter led to undetectable levels of GFP expression in peripheral organs. In the liver, the biodistribution of AAV9 and AAV1&2 was 12.9- and 4.4-fold higher, respectively, compared to AAV6. The percentage of GFP-positive neurons in the FUS-targeted areas of the brain was comparable for AAV6-syn-GFP and AAV1&2-syn-GFP. In summary, MRIgFUS-mediated gene delivery with AAV6-syn-GFP had lower off-target biodistribution in the liver compared to AAV9 and AAV1&2, while providing neuronal GFP expression in the striatum and hippocampus.

Identifiants

pubmed: 33479314
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81046-5
pii: 10.1038/s41598-021-81046-5
pmc: PMC7820310
doi:

Substances chimiques

Synapsins 0
Green Fluorescent Proteins 147336-22-9

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1934

Subventions

Organisme : NIBIB NIH HHS
ID : R01 EB003268
Pays : United States
Organisme : Weston Brain Institute
ID : TR130117
Organisme : Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Conseil de Recherches en Sciences Naturelles et en Gé;nie du Canada)
ID : RGPIN-2014-04659
Organisme : Gouvernement du Canada | Instituts de Recherche en Santé; du Canada | CIHR Skin Research Training Centre (Skin Research Training Centre)
ID : FRN119312
Organisme : Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Instituts de Recherche en Santé; du Canada)
ID : 137064, 166184

Références

Mendell, J. R. et al. Single-dose gene-replacement therapy for spinal muscular atrophy. N. Engl. J. Med. 377, 1713–1722 (2017).
pubmed: 29091557 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1706198
Rafii, M. S. et al. Adeno-associated viral vector (serotype 2)–nerve growth factor for patients with alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 75, 834 (2018).
pubmed: 29582053 pmcid: 5885277 doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0233
Bartus, R. T. et al. Safety/feasibility of targeting the substantia nigra with AAV2-neurturin in Parkinson patients. Neurology 80, 1698–1701 (2013).
pubmed: 23576625 pmcid: 3716474 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182904faa
Zincarelli, C., Soltys, S., Rengo, G. & Rabinowitz, J. E. Analysis of AAV serotypes 1–9 mediated gene expression and tropism in mice after systemic injection. Mol. Ther. 16, 1073–1080 (2008).
pubmed: 18414476 doi: 10.1038/mt.2008.76
Fu, H., Dirosario, J., Killedar, S., Zaraspe, K. & McCarty, D. M. Correction of neurological disease of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB in adult mice by rAAV9 trans-blood-brain barrier gene delivery. Mol. Ther. 19, 1025–1033 (2011).
pubmed: 21386820 pmcid: 3129800 doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.34
Hynynen, K., McDannold, N., Vykhodtseva, N. & Jolesz, F. A. Noninvasive MR Imaging-guided focal opening of the blood-brain barrier in rabbits. Radiology 220, 640–646 (2001).
pubmed: 11526261 doi: 10.1148/radiol.2202001804
Hsu, P.-H. et al. Noninvasive and targeted gene delivery into the brain using microbubble-facilitated focused ultrasound. PLoS ONE 8, e57682 (2013).
pubmed: 23460893 pmcid: 3584045 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057682
Thévenot, E. et al. Targeted delivery of self-complementary adeno-associated virus to the brain, using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Hum. Gene Ther. 23, 1–12 (2012).
doi: 10.1089/hum.2012.013
Weber-Adrian, D. et al. Gene delivery to the spinal cord using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Gene Ther. 22, 568–577 (2015).
pubmed: 25781651 pmcid: 4490035 doi: 10.1038/gt.2015.25
Xhima, K., Nabbouh, F., Hynynen, K., Aubert, I. & Tandon, A. Noninvasive delivery of an α-synuclein gene silencing vector with magnetic resonance—guided focused ultrasound. Mov. Disord. 33, 1567–1579 (2018).
pubmed: 30264465 pmcid: 6282171 doi: 10.1002/mds.101
Pien, G. C. et al. Capsid antigen presentation flags human hepatocytes for destruction after transduction by adeno-associated viral vectors. J. Clin. Invest. 119, 1688–1695 (2009).
pubmed: 19436115 pmcid: 2689109 doi: 10.1172/JCI36891
Choi, V. W., McCarty, D. M. & Samulski, R. J. AAV hybrid serotypes: improved vectors for gene delivery. Curr. Gene Ther. 5, 299–310 (2005).
pubmed: 15975007 pmcid: 1462937 doi: 10.2174/1566523054064968
Wang, Z. et al. Rapid and highly efficient transduction by double-stranded adeno-associated virus vectors in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther. 10, 2105–2111 (2003).
pubmed: 14625564 doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302133
Burger, C. et al. Recombinant AAV viral vectors pseudotyped with viral capsids from serotypes 1, 2, and 5 display differential efficiency and cell tropism after delivery to different regions of the central nervous system. Mol. Ther. 10, 302–317 (2004).
pubmed: 15294177 doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.05.024
Snyder, B. R. et al. Comparison of adeno-associated viral vector serotypes for spinal cord and motor neuron gene delivery. Hum. Gene Ther. 22, 1129–1135 (2011).
pubmed: 21443428 doi: 10.1089/hum.2011.008
Castle, M. J., Turunen, H. T., Vandenberghe, L. H. & Wolfe, J. H. Controlling AAV tropism in the nervous system with natural and engineered capsids. In Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders (ed. Manfredsson, F. P.) 133–149 (Springer, New York, 2016).
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3271-9_10
Young, D. Gene therapy-based modeling of neurodegenerative disorders: Huntington’s disease. In Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders (ed. Manfredsson, F. P.) 383–395 (Springer, New York, 2016).
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3271-9_27
Kügler, S., Hahnewald, R., Garrido, M. & Reiss, J. Long-term rescue of a lethal inherited disease by adeno-associated virus–mediated gene transfer in a mouse model of molybdenum-cofactor deficiency. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80, 291–297 (2007).
pubmed: 17236133 doi: 10.1086/511281
Arnett, A. L. H. et al. Heparin-binding correlates with increased efficiency of AAV1- and AAV6-mediated transduction of striated muscle, but negatively impacts CNS transduction. Gene Ther. 20, 497–503 (2013).
pubmed: 22855092 doi: 10.1038/gt.2012.60
Blits, B. et al. Adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)-mediated gene transfer in the red nucleus of the adult rat brain: comparative analysis of the transduction properties of seven AAV serotypes and lentiviral vectors. J. Neurosci. Methods 185, 257–263 (2010).
pubmed: 19850079 doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.10.009
San Sebastian, W. et al. Adeno-associated virus type 6 is retrogradely transported in the non-human primate brain. Gene Ther. 20, 1178–1183 (2013).
pubmed: 24067867 doi: 10.1038/gt.2013.48
Huszthy, P. C. et al. Widespread dispersion of adeno-associated virus serotype 1 and adeno-associated virus serotype 6 vectors in the rat central nervous system and in human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts. Hum. Gene Ther. 16, 381–392 (2005).
pubmed: 15812233 doi: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.381
Yang, B. et al. Global CNS transduction of adult mice by intravenously delivered rAAVrh. 8 and rAAVrh.10 and nonhuman primates by rAAVrh.10. Mol. Ther. 22, 1299–1309 (2014).
pubmed: 24781136 pmcid: 4089005 doi: 10.1038/mt.2014.68
Gray, S. J. et al. Preclinical differences of intravascular AAV9 delivery to neurons and glia: a comparative study of adult mice and nonhuman primates. Mol. Ther. 19, 1058–1069 (2011).
pubmed: 21487395 pmcid: 3129805 doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.72
Wang, S., Olumolade, O. O., Sun, T., Samiotaki, G. & Konofagou, E. E. Noninvasive, neuron-specific gene therapy can be facilitated by focused ultrasound and recombinant adeno-associated virus. Gene Ther. 22, 104–110 (2015).
pubmed: 25354683 doi: 10.1038/gt.2014.91
Brettschneider, J., Del Tredici, K., Lee, V. M. & Trojanowski, J. Q. Spreading of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases: a focus on human studies. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 109–120 (2015).
pubmed: 25588378 pmcid: 4312418 doi: 10.1038/nrn3887
Alonso, A. et al. Focal delivery of AAV2/1-transgenes into the rat brain by localized ultrasound-induced BBB opening. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 2, e73 (2013).
pubmed: 23423361 pmcid: 3586801 doi: 10.1038/mtna.2012.64
Casanova, F., Carney, P. R. & Sarntinoranont, M. Effect of needle insertion speed on tissue injury, stress, and backflow distribution for convection-enhanced delivery in the rat brain. PLoS ONE 9(4), e94919 (2014).
pubmed: 24776986 pmcid: 4002424 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094919
Buchanan, I. A. et al. Predictors of surgical site infection after nonemergent craniotomy: a nationwide readmission database analysis. World Neurosurg. 120, e440–e452 (2018).
pubmed: 30149164 pmcid: 6563908 doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.102
Liu, H.-L. et al. Hemorrhage detection during focused-ultrasound induced blood-brain-barrier opening by using susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 34, 598–606 (2008).
pubmed: 18313204 doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.01.011
Raabe, A., Gerlach, R., Zimmermann, M. & Seifert, V. The risk of haemorrhage associated with early postoperative heparin administration after intracranial surgery. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 143, 1–7 (2001).
doi: 10.1007/s007010170131
Fan, C. H. et al. Detection of intracerebral hemorrhage and transient blood-supply shortage in focused-ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption by ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 38, 1372–1382 (2012).
pubmed: 22579546 doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.03.013
Lipsman, N. et al. Blood–brain barrier opening in Alzheimer’s disease using MR-guided focused ultrasound. Nat. Commun. 9, 2336 (2018).
pubmed: 30046032 pmcid: 6060168 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04529-6
Abrahao, A. et al. First-in-human trial of blood–brain barrier opening in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using MR-guided focused ultrasound. Nat. Commun. 10, 1–9 (2019).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12426-9
O’Reilly, M. A., Hough, O. & Hynynen, K. Blood-brain barrier closure time after controlled ultrasound-induced opening is independent of opening volume. J. Ultrasound Med. 36, 475–483 (2017).
pubmed: 28108988 pmcid: 5319892 doi: 10.7863/ultra.16.02005
O’Reilly, M. A. & Hynynen, K. Blood-brain barrier: real-time feedback-controlled focused ultrasound disruption by using an acoustic emissions-based controller. Radiology 263, 96–106 (2012).
pubmed: 22332065 pmcid: 3309801 doi: 10.1148/radiol.11111417
Meng, Y. et al. Safety and efficacy of focused ultrasound induced blood-brain barrier opening, an integrative review of animal and human studies. J. Control. Release 309, 25–36 (2019).
pubmed: 31326464 doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.023
Rezai, A. R. et al. Noninvasive hippocampal blood−brain barrier opening in Alzheimer’s disease with focused ultrasound. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 9180–9182 (2020).
pubmed: 32284421 pmcid: 7196825 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2002571117
Mainprize, T. et al. Blood–Brain barrier opening in primary brain tumors with non-invasive MR-guided focused ultrasound: a clinical safety and feasibility study. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–7 (2019).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36340-0
Woodbury, M., Kiyota, T. & Ikezu, T. Gene delivery and gene therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. In Gene Delivery and Therapy for Neurological Disorders Vol. 98 (eds Bo, X. & Verhaagen, J.) 85–119 (Springer, Berlin, 2015).
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2306-9_4
Noroozian, Z. et al. MRI-guided focused ultrasound for targeted delivery of rAAV to the brain. Methods Mol. Biol. 1950, 177–197 (2019).
pubmed: 30783974 pmcid: 6546162 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9139-6_10
Duan, D. Systemic delivery of adeno-associated viral vectors. Curr. Opin. Virol. 21, 16–25 (2016).
pubmed: 27459604 pmcid: 5138077 doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.006
Manno, C. S. et al. Successful transduction of liver in hemophilia by AAV-Factor IX and limitations imposed by the host immune response. Nat. Med. 12, 342–347 (2006).
pubmed: 16474400 doi: 10.1038/nm1358
Grimm, D. et al. Preclinical in vivo evaluation of pseudotyped adeno-associated virus vectors for liver gene therapy. Blood 102, 2412–2419 (2003).
pubmed: 12791653 doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-02-0495
Weber-Adrian, D. et al. Strategy to enhance transgene expression in proximity of amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Theranostics 9, 8127–8137 (2019).
pubmed: 31754385 pmcid: 6857057 doi: 10.7150/thno.36718
Kügler, S., Kilic, E. & Bähr, M. Human synapsin 1 gene promoter confers highly neuron-specific long-term transgene expression from an adenoviral vector in the adult rat brain depending on the transduced area. Gene Ther. 10, 337–347 (2003).
pubmed: 12595892 doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301905
Mason, M. R. et al. Comparison of AAV serotypes for gene delivery to dorsal root ganglion neurons. Mol. Ther. 18, 715–724 (2010).
pubmed: 20179682 pmcid: 2862541 doi: 10.1038/mt.2010.19
Towne, C., Pertin, M., Beggah, A. T., Aebischer, P. & Decosterd, I. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (rAAV2/6)-mediated gene transfer to nociceptive neurons through different routes of delivery. Mol. Pain 5, 52 (2009).
pubmed: 19737386 pmcid: 2747840 doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-5-52
Hudry, E. & Vandenberghe, L. H. Therapeutic AAV gene transfer to the nervous system: a clinical reality. Neuron 101, 839–862 (2019).
pubmed: 30844402 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.017
Flotte, T. R. & Büning, H. Severe toxicity in nonhuman primates and piglets with systemic high-dose administration of adeno-associated virus serotype 9-like vectors: putting patients first. Hum. Gene Ther. 29, 283–284 (2018).
pubmed: 29378415 doi: 10.1089/hum.2018.021
Hordeaux, J. et al. Toxicology study of intra-cisterna magna adeno-associated virus 9 expressing human alpha-L-iduronidase in rhesus macaques. Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev. 10, 79–88 (2018).
pubmed: 30073179 pmcid: 6070681 doi: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.06.003
Deverman, B. E., Ravina, B. M., Bankiewicz, K. S., Paul, S. M. & Sah, D. W. Y. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: progress and prospects. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 17, 641–659 (2018).
pubmed: 30093643 doi: 10.1038/nrd.2018.110
Hadaczek, P., Mirek, H., Bringas, J., Cunningham, J. & Bankiewicz, K. Basic fibroblast growth factor enhances transduction, distribution, and axonal transport of adeno-associated virus type 2 vector in rat brain. Hum. Gene Ther. 15, 469–479 (2004).
pubmed: 15144577 doi: 10.1089/10430340460745793
Videbech, P. & Ravnkilde, B. Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 1957–1966 (2004).
pubmed: 15514393 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1957
Madsen, S. J. & Hirschberg, H. Site-specific opening of the blood-brain barrier. J. Biophotonics 3, 356–367 (2010).
pubmed: 20162563 pmcid: 4116190 doi: 10.1002/jbio.200900095
McDannold, N., Arvanitis, C. D., Vykhodtseva, N. & Livingstone, M. S. Temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier by use of ultrasound and microbubbles: safety and efficacy evaluation in rhesus macaques. Cancer Res. 72, 3652–3663 (2012).
pubmed: 22552291 pmcid: 3533365 doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-0128
Lipsman, N. et al. Blood-brain barrier opening in Alzheimer’s disease using MR-guided focused ultrasound. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 1–8 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04529-6
Aschauer, D. F., Kreuz, S. & Rumpel, S. Analysis of transduction efficiency, tropism and axonal transport of AAV serotypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 9 in the mouse brain. PLoS ONE 8, 1–16 (2013).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076310
Frisella, W. et al. Intracranial injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus improves cognitive function in a murine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type VII. Mol. Ther. 3, 351–358 (2001).
pubmed: 11273777 doi: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0274
Bishop, K. M. et al. Therapeutic potential of CERE-110 (AAV2-NGF): targeted, stable, and sustained NGF delivery and trophic activity on rodent basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Exp. Neurol. 211, 574–584 (2008).
pubmed: 18439998 pmcid: 2709503 doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.03.004
Richichi, C. et al. Anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic effects mediated by adeno-associated virus vector neuropeptide Y expression in the rat hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 24, 3051–3059 (2004).
pubmed: 15044544 pmcid: 6729841 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4056-03.2004
Niethammer, M. et al. Long-term follow-up of a randomized AAV2-GAD gene therapy trial for Parkinson’s disease. JCI insight 2, e90133 (2017).
pubmed: 28405611 pmcid: 5374069 doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.90133
Scarcelli, T. et al. Stimulation of hippocampal neurogenesis by transcranial focused ultrasound and microbubbles in adult mice. Brain Stimul. 7, 304–307 (2014).
pubmed: 24629831 pmcid: 4103630 doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.12.012
Burgess, A. et al. Alzheimer disease in a mouse model: MR Imaging–guided focused ultrasound targeted to the hippocampus opens the blood–brain barrier and improves pathologic abnormalities and behavior. Radiology 273, 736–745 (2014).
pubmed: 25222068 doi: 10.1148/radiol.14140245
Mooney, S. J. et al. Focused ultrasound-induced neurogenesis requires an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability. PLoS ONE 11, 1–11 (2016).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159892
Jordão, J. F. et al. Amyloid-β plaque reduction, endogenous antibody delivery and glial activation by brain-targeted, transcranial focused ultrasound. Exp. Neurol. 248, 16–29 (2013).
pubmed: 23707300 pmcid: 4000699 doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.05.008
Leinenga, G. & Götz, J. Scanning ultrasound removes amyloid-beta and restores memory in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Sci. Transl. Med. 7, 1–11 (2015).
doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa2512
Nisbet, R. M. et al. Combined effects of scanning ultrasound and a tau-specific single chain antibody in a tau transgenic mouse model. Brain 140, 1220–1230 (2017).
pubmed: 28379300 pmcid: 5405237 doi: 10.1093/brain/awx052
Lentz, T. B., Gray, S. J. & Samulski, R. J. Viral vectors for gene delivery to the central nervous system. Neurobiol. Dis. 48, 179–188 (2012).
pubmed: 22001604 doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.09.014
Taschenberger, G. et al. β-synuclein aggregates and induces neurodegeneration in dopaminergic neurons. Ann. Neurol. 74, 109–118 (2013).
pubmed: 23536356 doi: 10.1002/ana.23905
Kwon, I. & Schaffer, D. V. Designer gene delivery vectors: molecular engineering and evolution of adeno-associated viral vectors for enhanced gene transfer. Pharm. Res. 25, 489–499 (2008).
pubmed: 17763830 doi: 10.1007/s11095-007-9431-0
Jordão, J. F. et al. Antibodies targeted to the brain with image-guided focused ultrasound reduces amyloid-β plaque load in the TgCRND8 mouse model of alzheimer’s disease. PLoS ONE 5, e10549 (2010).
pubmed: 20485502 pmcid: 2868024 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010549
Treat, L. H. et al. Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the rat brain at therapeutic levels using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Int. J. Cancer 121, 901–907 (2007).
pubmed: 17437269 doi: 10.1002/ijc.22732
Burgess, A., Shah, K., Hough, O. & Hynynen, K. Focused ultrasound-mediated drug delivery through the blood–brain barrier. Expert Rev. Neurother. 15, 477–491 (2015).
pubmed: 25936845 pmcid: 4702264 doi: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1028369
Coombs, N., Gough, A. & Primrose, J. Optimisation of DNA and RNA extraction from archival formalin-fixed tissue. Nucleic Acids Res. 27, e12 (1999).
pubmed: 10454649 pmcid: 148555 doi: 10.1093/nar/27.16.e12

Auteurs

Danielle Weber-Adrian (D)

Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Rikke Hahn Kofoed (RH)

Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Joseph Silburt (J)

Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Zeinab Noroozian (Z)

Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Kairavi Shah (K)

Institute of Medical Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Alison Burgess (A)

Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Shawna Rideout (S)

Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Sebastian Kügler (S)

Department of Neurology, Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) at University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

Kullervo Hynynen (K)

Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Isabelle Aubert (I)

Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. isabelle.aubert@utoronto.ca.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. isabelle.aubert@utoronto.ca.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH