Homogeneously Emitting, Mechanically Stable, and Efficient fs-Laser-Machined Fiber Diffusers for Medical Applications.
diffuser
endovenous laser therapy
optical fibers
photodynamic therapy
ultrafast-laser machining
Journal
Lasers in surgery and medicine
ISSN: 1096-9101
Titre abrégé: Lasers Surg Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8007168
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 2022
04 2022
Historique:
revised:
12
11
2020
received:
24
09
2020
accepted:
12
11
2020
pubmed:
23
2
2021
medline:
13
4
2022
entrez:
22
2
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Light delivery is an essential part of therapy forms like photodynamic therapy (PDT), laser-induced thermotherapy, and endovenous laser therapy. While there are approaches to the light application for all three therapies, there is no diffuser that can be used for all three approaches. This diffuser must meet the following criteria: Homogeneous radiation profile over a length of 40 mm, efficient light extraction in the diffuser area, mechanical breakage resistance as well as thermal stability when applying high power. An ultrashort pulse laser was used to inscribe inhomogeneities into the core of a fused-silica fiber core while scanning the laser focus within a linear arrangement of cuboids centered around the fiber axis. The manufactured diffuser was optically and mechanically characterized and examined to determine the maximum power that can be applied in a tissue environment. Based on the analysis of all examined diffusers, the manufactured diffuser exhibits an emission efficiency ε = (81.5 ± 5.9)%, an intensity variability of (19 ± 5)% between distal and proximal diffuser end, and a minimum bending radius R It could be shown that a diffuser manufactured by ultrafast-laser processing can be used for low power applications as well as for high power applications. Further tests have to show whether the mechanical stability is still maintained after the application of high power in a tissue environment. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Light delivery is an essential part of therapy forms like photodynamic therapy (PDT), laser-induced thermotherapy, and endovenous laser therapy. While there are approaches to the light application for all three therapies, there is no diffuser that can be used for all three approaches. This diffuser must meet the following criteria: Homogeneous radiation profile over a length of 40 mm, efficient light extraction in the diffuser area, mechanical breakage resistance as well as thermal stability when applying high power.
STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS
An ultrashort pulse laser was used to inscribe inhomogeneities into the core of a fused-silica fiber core while scanning the laser focus within a linear arrangement of cuboids centered around the fiber axis. The manufactured diffuser was optically and mechanically characterized and examined to determine the maximum power that can be applied in a tissue environment.
RESULTS
Based on the analysis of all examined diffusers, the manufactured diffuser exhibits an emission efficiency ε = (81.5 ± 5.9)%, an intensity variability of (19 ± 5)% between distal and proximal diffuser end, and a minimum bending radius R
CONCLUSIONS
It could be shown that a diffuser manufactured by ultrafast-laser processing can be used for low power applications as well as for high power applications. Further tests have to show whether the mechanical stability is still maintained after the application of high power in a tissue environment. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
588-599Informations de copyright
© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Carroll C, Hummel S, Leaviss J, et al. Systematic review, network meta-analysis and exploratory cost-effectiveness model of randomized trials of minimally invasive techniques versus surgery for varicose veins. Br J Surg 2014;101(9):1040-1052. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9566
Sroka R, Dominik N, Eisel M, et al. Research and developments of laser assisted methods for translation into clinical application. Front Optoelectron 2017;10(3):239-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-017-0724-6
Sroka R, Stepp H, Hennig G, Brittenham GM, Rühm A, Lilge L. Medical laser application: Translation into the clinics. J Biomed Opt 2015;20(6):061110. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.20.6.061110
Mohiuddin K, Swanson SJ. Maximizing the benefit of minimally invasive surgery: Benefits of minimally invasive surgery. J Surg Oncol 2013;108(5):315-319. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.23398
Pache B, Hübner M, Jurt J, Demartines N, Grass F. Minimally invasive surgery and enhanced recovery after surgery: The ideal combination? J Surg Oncol 2017;116(5):613-616. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.24787
Laurent C, Leblanc F, Bretagnol F, Capdepont M, Rullier E. Long-term wound advantages of the laparoscopic approach in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2008;95(7):903-908. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6134
Eisel M, Strittmatter F, Ströbl S, Freymüller C, Pongratz T, Sroka R. Comparative investigation of reusable and single-use flexible endoscopes for urological interventions. Sci Rep 2020;10(1):5701. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62657-w
Eisel M, Ströbl S, Pongratz T, Strittmatter F, Sroka R. Holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser induced lithotripsy: In vitro investigations on fragmentation, dusting, propulsion and fluorescence. Biomed Opt Express 2018;9(11):5115. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.005115
Conlan MJ, Rapley JW, Cobb CM. Biostimulation of wound healing by low-energy laser irradiation A review. J Clin Periodontol 1996;23(5):492-496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1996.tb00580.x
Solmaz H, Dervisoglu S, Gulsoy M, Ulgen Y. Laser biostimulation of wound healing: Bioimpedance measurements support histology. Lasers Med Sci 2016;31(8):1547-1554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2013-9
Moro C, Massri NE, Torres N, et al. Photobiomodulation inside the brain: A novel method of applying near-infrared light intracranially and its impact on dopaminergic cell survival in MPTP-treated mice: Laboratory investigation. JNS 2014;120(3):670-683. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.9.JNS13423
Darlot F, Moro C, El Massri N, et al. Near-infrared light is neuroprotective in a monkey model of Parkinson disease: Neuroprotection after NIr. Ann Neurol 2016;79(1):59-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24542
Jacques SL. Laser-tissue interactions: Photochemical, photothermal, and photomechanical. Surg Clin North Am 1992;72(3):531-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(16)45731-2
Vogel A, Venugopalan V. Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues. Chem Rev 2003;103(2):577-644. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr010379n
Jacques SL. Optical properties of biological tissues: A review. Phys Med Biol 2013;58(11):R37-R61. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/58/11/R37
Malik Z. Fundamentals of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy and diagnosis: An overview. Transl Biophoton 2020;2:e201900022. https://doi.org/10.1002/tbio.201900022
Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part one-Photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2004;1(4):279-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00007-4
Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part two-Cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2005;2(1):1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00030-X
Navarro L, Min RJ, Boné C. Endovenous laser: A new minimally invasive method of treatment for varicose veins-preliminary observations using an 810 nm diode laser. Dermatol Surg 2001;27(2):117-122. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.00134.x
Malskat WSJ, Poluektova AA, van der Geld CWM, et al. Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA): A review of mechanisms, modeling outcomes, and issues for debate. Lasers Med Sci 2014;29(2):393-403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1480-5
Vuylsteke ME, Mordon SR. Endovenous laser ablation: A review of mechanisms of action. Ann Vasc Surg 2012;26(3):424-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2011.05.037
Vogl TJ, Müller PK, Hammerstingl R, et al. Malignant liver tumors treated with MR imaging-guided laser-induced thermotherapy: Technique and prospective results. Radiology 1995;196(1):257-265. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.196.1.7540310
Dolmans D, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Photodynamic therapy for cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3(5):380-387. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1071
Vermandel M, Quidet M, Vignion-Dewalle A-S, et al. Comparison of different treatment schemes in 5-ALA interstitial photodynamic therapy for high-grade glioma in a preclinical model: An MRI study. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2019;25:166-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.12.003
Heckl C, Aumiller M, Rühm A, Sroka R, Stepp H. Fluorescence and treatment light monitoring for interstitial photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2020;96:388-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13203
Stepp H, Rühm A, Sroka R, Stummer W. Interstitial photodynamic therapy (iPDT) of brain tumours (Conference Presentation). In: Hasan T, editor. 17th International Photodynamic Association World Congress. SPIE. 2019. p 45. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526128
Rühm A, Stepp H, Beyer W, et al. 5-ALA based photodynamic management of glioblastoma. In: Hirschberg H, Madsen SJ, Jansen ED, Luo Q, Mohanty SK, Thakor NV, editors. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering. 2014. p 89280E. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2040268
Stummer W, Beck T, Beyer W, et al. Long-sustaining response in a patient with non-resectable, distant recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme treated by interstitial photodynamic therapy using 5-ALA: Case report. J Neurooncol 2008;87(1):103-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-007-9497-x
Johansson A, Stepp H, Beck T, et al. ALA-mediated fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) and PDT of glioma. In: Kessel DH, editor. ALA-mediated fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) and PDT of glioma. 2009. p 73801D. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.822962
Sroka R, Weick K, Sadeghi-Azandaryani M, Steckmeier B, Schmedt C-G. Endovenous laser therapy-Application studies and latest investigations. J Biophoton 2010;3(5-6):269-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.200900097
Sroka R, Pongratz T, Siegrist K, Burgmeier C, Barth H-D, Schmedt C-G. Endovenous laser application: Strategies to improve endoluminal energy application. Phlebologie 2013;42(03):121-129. https://doi.org/10.12687/phleb2134-3-2013
Köcher J, Knappe V, Schwagmeier M. Internal structuring of silica glass fibers: Requirements for scattered light applicators for the usability in medicine. Photonics Lasers Med 2016;5(1):57-67. https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2015-0014
Knappe V, Roggan A, Glotz M, et al. New flexible applicators for laser-induced thermotherapy. Med Laser Appl 2001;16(2):73-80. https://doi.org/10.1078/1615-1615-00013
Stokbroekx T, de Boer A, Verdaasdonk RM, Vuylsteke ME, Mordon SR. Commonly used fiber tips in endovenous laser ablation (EVLA): An analysis of technical differences. Lasers Med Sci 2014;29(2):501-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1475-2
Beck TJ, Kreth FW, Beyer W, et al. Interstitial photodynamic therapy of nonresectable malignant glioma recurrences using 5-aminolevulinic acid induced protoporphyrin IX. Lasers Surg Med 2007;39(5):386-393. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20507
Baran TM, Foster TH. Comparison of flat cleaved and cylindrical diffusing fibers as treatment sources for interstitial photodynamic therapy: Comparing flat cleaved fibers and diffusers for iPDT. Med Phys 2014;41(2):022701. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4862078
Lilge L, Vesselov L, Whittington W. Thin cylindrical diffusers in multimode Ge-doped silica fibers. Lasers Surg Med 2005;36(3):245-251. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20150
Varel H, Ashkenasi D, Rosenfeld A, Wähmer M, Campbell EEB. Micromachining of quartz with ultrashort laser pulses. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 1997;65(4-5):367-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003390050593
Sugioka K, Meunier M, Piqué A, editors. Laser Precision Microfabrication. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2010.
Kerker M. The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation. Cambridge, MA, USA: Academic Press; 1969.
Liao DL, Liao BQ. Shape, size and photocatalytic activity control of TiO2 nanoparticles with surfactants. J Photochem Photobiol, A 2007;187(2-3):363-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.11.003
van de Hulst HC. Light Scattering by Small Particles. New York, USA: Dover Publications; 1981.
Demtröder W. Experimentalphysik 2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29944-5
Ströbl S, Wäger F, Domke M, Sroka R Investigations on mechanical stability of laser machined optical fibre tips for medical application. In: FORTH; 2019. p 13. http://esperia.iesl.forth.gr/~mfarsari/abstract-book.pdf
Ströbl S, Domke M, Rühm A, Sroka R. Investigation of non-uniformly emitting optical fiber diffusers on the light distribution in tissue. Biomed Opt Express 2020;11:3601. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.394494
Plag F, Kröger I, Fey T, Witt F, Winter S. Angular-dependent spectral responsivity-Traceable measurements on optical losses in PV devices. Prog Photovolt Res Appl 2018;26(8):565-578. https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2957
Gulati ST, Westbrook J, Carley S, Vepakomma H, Ono T. 45.2: Two point bending of thin glass substrate. SID Symp Digest Techn Pap 2011;42(1):652-654. https://doi.org/10.1889/1.3621406
Rosensaft M., Marom G. Evaluation of bending test methods for composite materials. J Compos Technol Res 1985;7(1):12-16. https://doi.org/10.1520/CTR10287J
Kopecky A, Schamschula R. Die Werkstoffprüfung. In: Mechanische Technologie. Springer Vienna; 1961. pp 147-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2039-2_3
Vesselov L, Whittington W, Lilge L. Design and performance of thin cylindrical diffusers created in Ge-doped multimode optical fibers. Appl Opt 2005;44(14):2754. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.44.002754
Vesselov LM, Whittington W, Lilge L. Performance evaluation of cylindrical fiber optic light diffusers for biomedical applications. Lasers Surg Med 2004;34(4):348-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20031
Vedam K. The elastic and photoelastic constants of fused quartz. Phys Rev 1950;78(4):472-473. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.78.472.2
Klein CA. Characteristic strength, Weibull modulus, and failure probability of fused silica glass. Opt Eng 2009;48(11):113401. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3265716
Bhardwaj VR, Simova E, Corkum PB, et al. Femtosecond laser-induced refractive index modification in multicomponent glasses. J Appl Phys 2005;97(8):083102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1876578
Ehrt D, Kittel T, Will M, Nolte S, Tünnermann A. Femtosecond-laser-writing in various glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids 2004;345-346:332-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2004.08.039
Volkov VV, Loshchenov VB, Konov VI, Kononenko VV. Fibreoptic diffuse-light irradiators of biological tissues. Quantum Electron 2010;40(8):746-750. https://doi.org/10.1070/QE2010v040n08ABEH014338
Ashkenasi D, Rosenfeld A, Varel H, Wähmer M, Campbell EEB. Laser processing of sapphire with picosecond and sub-picosecond pulses. Appl Surf Sci 1997;120(1-2):65-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(97)00218-3
Ashkenasi D, Rosenfeld A, Spaniol SB, Terenji A. Ultrashort laser pulse processing of wave guides for medical applications. In: Neev J, Ostendorf A, Schaffer CB, editors. Proceedings Volume 4978, Commercial and Biomedical Applications of Ultrafast Lasers III. 2003. p 180. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.478583
Ströbl S, Vonach C, Gratt J, Domke M, Sroka R. Ultrafast-laser manufacture of radially emitting optical fiber diffusers for medical applications. JLMN 2019;14(1):43-48. https://doi.org/10.2961/jlmn.2019.01.0008
Domke M, Gratt J, Sroka R. Fabrication of homogeneously emitting optical fiber diffusors using fs-laser ablation. In: Heisterkamp A, Herman PR, Meunier M, Nolte S, editors, Proc. SPIE 9740, Frontiers in Ultrafast Optics: Biomedical, Scientific, and Industrial Applications XVI. 2016. p 97400O. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2212475
Şimşek EU, Şimşek B, Ortaç B. CO2 laser polishing of conical shaped optical fiber deflectors. Appl Phys B 2017;123(6):176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-017-6746-3
Nguyen TH, Rhee Y, Ahn J, Kang HW. Circumferential irradiation for interstitial coagulation of urethral stricture. Opt Express 2015;23(16):20829. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.020829
Kang HW, Kim J, Oh J. Enhanced photocoagulation with catheter-based diffusing optical device. J Biomed Opt 2012;17(11):118001. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.11.118001
Kosoglu MA, Hood RL, Rossmeisl JH, et al. Fiberoptic microneedles: Novel optical diffusers for interstitial delivery of therapeutic light. Lasers Surg Med 2011;43(10):1008-1014. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.21163
Schmedt C-G, Blagova R, Karimi-Poor N, et al. Update of endovenous laser therapy and the latest application studies. Med Laser Appl 2010;25(1):34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mla.2009.11.004
Blagova R, Burgmeier C, Steckmeier S, et al. Ex-vivo investigations on endoluminal laser therapy of varicosis-An optimization process. Med Laser Appl 2008;22(4):242-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mla.2007.10.005
Barredo Egusquiza J, Hermanns L, Fraile A, Jimeno JC, Alarcón E. Study of the edge and surface cracks influence in the mechanical strength of silicon wafers. In: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference. 2009. p 4. https://doi.org/10.4229/24THEUPVSEC2009-2DV.1.35
Kreißl L. Optimierung der Nekrosevolumina für die Laserablation der Leber mit einem offenen Mikrokatheter. 2008. p 73. https://doi.org/10.17169/REFUBIUM-13679
Kniebühler G, Pongratz T, Betz CS, et al. Photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma using low dose mTHPC (Foscan®). Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2013;10(3):220-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.12.005