Racial/Ethnic and Gender Disparities in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction.

This review highlights variability in prescribing of nonpharmacologic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) therapies by race, ethnicity, and gender. The review also explores the evidence underlying these inequalities as well as potential mitigation strategies. There have been major advances in HF therapies that have led to improved overall survival of HF patients. However, racial and ethnic groups of color and women have not received equitable access to these therapies. Patients of color and women are less likely to receive nonpharmacologic therapies for HFrEF than White patients and men. Therapies including exercise rehabilitation, percutaneous transcatheter mitral valve repair, cardiac resynchronization therapy, heart transplant, and ventricular assist devices all have proven efficacy in patients of color and women but remain underprescribed. Outcomes with most nonpharmacologic therapy are similar or better among patients of color and women than White patients and men. System-level changes are urgently needed to achieve equity in access to nonpharmacologic HFrEF therapies by race, ethnicity, and gender.