Uremic Toxins in the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.
asymmetric dimethylarginine
cardiovascular disease
chronic kidney disease
hippuric acid
indoxyl sulfate
interleukin 6
p-cresyl sulfate
trimethylamine N-oxide
tumor necrosis factor al-pha
uremic toxins
Journal
Toxins
ISSN: 2072-6651
Titre abrégé: Toxins (Basel)
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101530765
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
13 02 2021
13 02 2021
Historique:
received:
22
12
2020
revised:
08
02
2021
accepted:
10
02
2021
entrez:
6
3
2021
pubmed:
7
3
2021
medline:
1
7
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function. The gradual decline in kidney function leads to an accumulation of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys, resulting in uremia. Uremic toxins are classified into three categories: free water-soluble low-molecular-weight solutes, protein-bound solutes, and middle molecules. CKD patients have increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), due to an assortment of CKD-specific risk factors. The accumulation of uremic toxins in the circulation and in tissues is associated with the progression of CKD and its co-morbidities, including CVD. Although numerous uremic toxins have been identified to date and many of them are believed to play a role in the progression of CKD and CVD, very few toxins have been extensively studied. The pathophysiological mechanisms of uremic toxins must be investigated further for a better understanding of their roles in disease progression and to develop therapeutic interventions against uremic toxicity. This review discusses the renal and cardiovascular toxicity of uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, hippuric acid, TMAO, ADMA, TNF-α, and IL-6. A focus is also placed on potential therapeutic targets against uremic toxicity.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33668632
pii: toxins13020142
doi: 10.3390/toxins13020142
pmc: PMC7917723
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Biomarkers
0
Inflammation Mediators
0
Toxins, Biological
0
uremia middle molecule toxins
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
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