Prevalence and drug use correlates of extra-medical use of prescription medications for sleep among adults in the United States: Results of the 2015-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
Adolescent
Adult
Alcoholism
/ epidemiology
Analgesics
/ therapeutic use
Analgesics, Opioid
/ therapeutic use
Drug Prescriptions
/ statistics & numerical data
Female
Humans
Hypnotics and Sedatives
/ therapeutic use
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Prescription Drug Misuse
/ statistics & numerical data
Prevalence
Recreational Drug Use
/ statistics & numerical data
Sleep
Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical
/ therapeutic use
Sleep Wake Disorders
/ drug therapy
Substance-Related Disorders
/ epidemiology
Surveys and Questionnaires
Tranquilizing Agents
/ therapeutic use
United States
/ epidemiology
Young Adult
Misuse
Opioids
Pain relievers
Sedatives
Sleep
Tranquilizers
Journal
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior
ISSN: 1873-5177
Titre abrégé: Pharmacol Biochem Behav
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0367050
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
05 2021
05 2021
Historique:
received:
04
11
2020
revised:
01
03
2021
accepted:
02
03
2021
pubmed:
9
3
2021
medline:
9
10
2021
entrez:
8
3
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
This paper examines the epidemiology of extra-medical use of prescription medications for sleep among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. We analyzed data from the 2015-2018 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. The sample includes 3410 U.S. adults who reported extra-medical use of prescription medications for sleep. Multinomial logistic regression models identified correlates of type of drug used [i.e., sedatives and/or tranquilizers-only (ST-only), prescription pain relievers-only (PPR-only), or sedatives, tranquilizers, and prescription pain relievers (ST + PPR)], and logistic regression models identified correlates of reasons for extra-medical use (i.e., sleep-only vs. sleep and recreational). About 60% (95%CI = 58.9, 63.5) of the sample reported extra-medical use of ST-only, followed by PPR-only (29.9%, 95%CI = 27.5, 32.5), and ST + PPR (8.9%, 95%CI = 7.7, 10.4). Recreational use was reported by 28.4% (95% CI = 26.5, 30.4) of the sample. The odds of extra-medical use of PPR-only (aRRR = 3.1, 95%CI = 2.1, 4.5) and ST + PPR (aRRR = 1.9, 95%CI = 1.2, 3.1) as opposed to ST-only, were greater among Non-Hispanic Blacks than Non-Hispanic Whites. Compared to non-alcohol users, those with a past-12 months diagnosis of alcohol use disorder were more likely to use ST + PPR rather than ST-only (aIRR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.1, 3.7). Non-Hispanic Blacks (aOR = 0.6, 95%CI = 0.4, 08) and individuals living in rural areas (aOR = 0.5, 95%CI = 0.3, 09) were less likely to report extra-medical use of prescription medications for recreational reasons than Non-Hispanic Whites and those residing in large metropolitan areas, respectively. Extra-medical use of PPR-only and ST + PPR as an aid to sleep, is prevalent among Non-Hispanic Blacks, young adults, and those residing in rural areas. Most individuals reported that extra-medical use of prescription medications was primarily motivated by sleep reasons, rather than by sleep and recreational reasons. Potential interventions include access to sleep treatments, education on the effectiveness and risk associated with extra-medical use and co-use of prescription medications for sleep, and research on sleep-related disparities.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
This paper examines the epidemiology of extra-medical use of prescription medications for sleep among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults.
METHODS
We analyzed data from the 2015-2018 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. The sample includes 3410 U.S. adults who reported extra-medical use of prescription medications for sleep. Multinomial logistic regression models identified correlates of type of drug used [i.e., sedatives and/or tranquilizers-only (ST-only), prescription pain relievers-only (PPR-only), or sedatives, tranquilizers, and prescription pain relievers (ST + PPR)], and logistic regression models identified correlates of reasons for extra-medical use (i.e., sleep-only vs. sleep and recreational).
RESULTS
About 60% (95%CI = 58.9, 63.5) of the sample reported extra-medical use of ST-only, followed by PPR-only (29.9%, 95%CI = 27.5, 32.5), and ST + PPR (8.9%, 95%CI = 7.7, 10.4). Recreational use was reported by 28.4% (95% CI = 26.5, 30.4) of the sample. The odds of extra-medical use of PPR-only (aRRR = 3.1, 95%CI = 2.1, 4.5) and ST + PPR (aRRR = 1.9, 95%CI = 1.2, 3.1) as opposed to ST-only, were greater among Non-Hispanic Blacks than Non-Hispanic Whites. Compared to non-alcohol users, those with a past-12 months diagnosis of alcohol use disorder were more likely to use ST + PPR rather than ST-only (aIRR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.1, 3.7). Non-Hispanic Blacks (aOR = 0.6, 95%CI = 0.4, 08) and individuals living in rural areas (aOR = 0.5, 95%CI = 0.3, 09) were less likely to report extra-medical use of prescription medications for recreational reasons than Non-Hispanic Whites and those residing in large metropolitan areas, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Extra-medical use of PPR-only and ST + PPR as an aid to sleep, is prevalent among Non-Hispanic Blacks, young adults, and those residing in rural areas. Most individuals reported that extra-medical use of prescription medications was primarily motivated by sleep reasons, rather than by sleep and recreational reasons. Potential interventions include access to sleep treatments, education on the effectiveness and risk associated with extra-medical use and co-use of prescription medications for sleep, and research on sleep-related disparities.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33684453
pii: S0091-3057(21)00068-X
doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173169
pmc: PMC8409243
mid: NIHMS1733586
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Analgesics
0
Analgesics, Opioid
0
Hypnotics and Sedatives
0
Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical
0
Tranquilizing Agents
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
173169Subventions
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : K01 DA045219
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : K01 DA046715
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : T32 DA035167
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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