Muscle Tone Physiology and Abnormalities.
dystonia
paratonia
rigidity
spasticity
Journal
Toxins
ISSN: 2072-6651
Titre abrégé: Toxins (Basel)
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101530765
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
16 04 2021
16 04 2021
Historique:
received:
01
04
2021
revised:
14
04
2021
accepted:
14
04
2021
entrez:
30
4
2021
pubmed:
1
5
2021
medline:
30
6
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The simple definition of tone as the resistance to passive stretch is physiologically a complex interlaced network encompassing neural circuits in the brain, spinal cord, and muscle spindle. Disorders of muscle tone can arise from dysfunction in these pathways and manifest as hypertonia or hypotonia. The loss of supraspinal control mechanisms gives rise to hypertonia, resulting in spasticity or rigidity. On the other hand, dystonia and paratonia also manifest as abnormalities of muscle tone, but arise more due to the network dysfunction between the basal ganglia and the thalamo-cerebello-cortical connections. In this review, we have discussed the normal homeostatic mechanisms maintaining tone and the pathophysiology of spasticity and rigidity with its anatomical correlates. Thereafter, we have also highlighted the phenomenon of network dysfunction, cortical disinhibition, and neuroplastic alterations giving rise to dystonia and paratonia.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33923397
pii: toxins13040282
doi: 10.3390/toxins13040282
pmc: PMC8071570
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
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