Multi-echo gradient-recalled-echo phase unwrapping using a Nyquist sampled virtual echo train in the presence of high-field gradients.
GRE phase
Nyquist sampling
phase rotation
phase unwrapping
Journal
Magnetic resonance in medicine
ISSN: 1522-2594
Titre abrégé: Magn Reson Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8505245
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 2021
10 2021
Historique:
revised:
23
04
2021
received:
28
01
2021
accepted:
23
04
2021
pubmed:
25
5
2021
medline:
3
8
2021
entrez:
24
5
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
To develop a spatio-temporal approach to accurately unwrap multi-echo gradient-recalled echo phase in the presence of high-field gradients. Using the virtual echo-based Nyquist sampled (VENyS) algorithm, the temporal unwrapping procedure is modified by introduction of one or more virtual echoes between the first lower and the immediate higher echo, so as to reinstate the Nyquist condition at locations with high-field gradients. An iterative extension of the VENyS algorithm maintains spatial continuity by adjusting the phase rotations to make the neighborhood phase differences less than π. The algorithm is evaluated using simulated data, Gadolinium contrast-doped phantom, and in vivo brain, abdomen, and chest data sets acquired at 3 T and 9.4 T. The unwrapping performance is compared with the standard temporal unwrapping algorithm used in the morphology-enabled dipole inversion-QSM pipeline as a benchmark for validation. Quantitative evaluation using numerical phantom showed significant reduction in unwrapping errors in regions of large field gradients, and the unwrapped phase revealed an exact match with the linear concentration profile of vials in a gadolinium contrast-doped phantom data acquired at 9.4 T. Without the need for additional spatial unwrapping, the iterative VENyS algorithm was able to generate spatially continuous phase images. Application to in vivo data resulted in better unwrapping performance, especially in regions with large susceptibility changes such as the air/tissue interface. The iterative VENyS algorithm serves as a robust unwrapping method for multi-echo gradient-recalled echo phase in the presence of high-field gradients.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2220-2233Subventions
Organisme : Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB) of India
ID : GRG/2019/002060
Informations de copyright
© 2021 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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