Innovative and Promising Strategies to Enhance Effectiveness of Immunotherapy for CNS Tumors: Where Are We?
Animals
Cancer Vaccines
/ therapeutic use
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
/ immunology
Diffusion of Innovation
Humans
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
/ therapeutic use
Immunotherapy
/ trends
Immunotherapy, Adoptive
/ trends
Medical Oncology
/ trends
Oncolytic Virotherapy
/ trends
Receptors, Chimeric Antigen
/ genetics
T-Lymphocytes
/ immunology
Treatment Outcome
Tumor Microenvironment
CNS
T cell receptor
brain tumor
chimeric antigen receptor
immunocheck point inhibitors
immunotherapy
oncolytic virotherapy
vaccination
Journal
Frontiers in immunology
ISSN: 1664-3224
Titre abrégé: Front Immunol
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101560960
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2021
2021
Historique:
received:
26
11
2020
accepted:
30
04
2021
entrez:
24
6
2021
pubmed:
25
6
2021
medline:
22
9
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Although there are several immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors under evaluation, currently none of these approaches have received approval from the regulatory agencies. CNS tumors, especially glioblastomas, are tumors characterized by highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, limiting the possibility of effectively eliciting an immune response. Moreover, the peculiar anatomic location of these tumors poses relevant challenges in terms of safety, since uncontrolled hyper inflammation could lead to cerebral edema and cranial hypertension. The most promising strategies of immunotherapy in neuro-oncology consist of the use of autologous T cells redirected against tumor cells through chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs or genetically modified T-cell receptors. Trials based on native or genetically engineered oncolytic viruses and on vaccination with tumor-associated antigen peptides are also under evaluation. Despite some sporadic complete remissions achieved in clinical trials, the outcome of patients with CNS tumors treated with different immunotherapeutic approaches remains poor. Based on the lessons learned from these unsatisfactory experiences, novel immune-therapy approaches aimed at overcoming the profound immunosuppressive microenvironment of these diseases are bringing new hope to reach the cure for CNS tumors.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34163465
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634031
pmc: PMC8216238
doi:
Substances chimiques
Cancer Vaccines
0
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
0
Receptors, Chimeric Antigen
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
634031Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2021 Quintarelli, Camera, Ciccone, Alessi, Del Bufalo, Carai, Del Baldo, Mastronuzzi and De Angelis.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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