Timing of chocolate intake affects hunger, substrate oxidation, and microbiota: A randomized controlled trial.
chocolate
circadian
energy balance
glucose control
microbiota
Journal
FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
ISSN: 1530-6860
Titre abrégé: FASEB J
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8804484
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2021
07 2021
Historique:
revised:
20
04
2021
received:
28
01
2021
accepted:
21
04
2021
entrez:
24
6
2021
pubmed:
25
6
2021
medline:
20
7
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Eating chocolate in the morning or in the evening/at night, may differentially affect energy balance and impact body weight due to changes in energy intake, substrate oxidation, microbiota (composition/function), and circadian-related variables. In a randomized controlled trial, postmenopausal females (n = 19) had 100 g of chocolate in the morning (MC), in the evening/at night (EC), or no chocolate (N) for 2 weeks and ate any other food ad libitum. Our results show that 14 days of chocolate intake did not increase body weight. Chocolate consumption decreased hunger and desire for sweets (P < .005), and reduced ad libitum energy intake by ~300 kcal/day during MC and ~150 kcal/day during EC (P = .01), but did not fully compensate for the extra energy contribution of chocolate (542 kcal/day). EC increased physical activity by +6.9%, heat dissipation after meals +1.3%, and carbohydrate oxidation by +35.3% (P < .05). MC reduced fasting glucose (4.4%) and waist circumference (-1.7%) and increased lipid oxidation (+25.6%). Principal component analyses showed that both timings of chocolate intake resulted in differential microbiota profiles and function (P < .05). Heat map of wrist temperature and sleep records showed that EC induced more regular timing of sleep episodes with lower variability of sleep onset among days than MC (60 min vs 78 min; P = .028). In conclusion, having chocolate in the morning or in the evening/night results in differential effects on hunger and appetite, substrate oxidation, fasting glucose, microbiota (composition and function), and sleep and temperature rhythms. Results highlight that the "when" we eat is a relevant factor to consider in energy balance and metabolism.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34164846
doi: 10.1096/fj.202002770RR
doi:
Substances chimiques
Blood Glucose
0
Carbohydrates
0
Banques de données
ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT03949803']
Types de publication
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e21649Subventions
Organisme : NIDDK NIH HHS
ID : R01 DK105072
Pays : United States
Organisme : NHLBI NIH HHS
ID : R01 HL094806
Pays : United States
Organisme : NHLBI NIH HHS
ID : R01 HL118601
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDDK NIH HHS
ID : R01 DK099512
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDDK NIH HHS
ID : R01 DK102696
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDDK NIH HHS
ID : R01 DK105072
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2021 The Authors. The FASEB Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.
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