APASL clinical practice guideline on hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy.

Antiviral Agents Hepatitis B / drug therapy Hepatitis B Surface Antigens Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B, Chronic / drug therapy Humans Immunosuppressive Agents / adverse effects Virus Activation

APASL Guideline Hepatitis B reactivation Immunosuppressive therapy

Journal

Hepatology international

ISSN: 1936-0541

Titre abrégé: Hepatol Int

Pays: United States

ID NLM: 101304009

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
Oct 2021

Historique:

received: 29 03 2021

accepted: 20 07 2021

pubmed: 25 8 2021

medline: 26 11 2021

entrez: 24 8 2021

Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy remains a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality in hepatitis B endemic Asia-Pacific region. This clinical practice guidelines aim to assist clinicians in all disciplines involved in the use of immunosuppressive therapy to effectively prevent and manage hepatitis B reactivation. All publications related to hepatitis B reactivation with the use of immunosuppressive therapy since 1975 were reviewed. Advice from key opinion leaders in member countries/administrative regions of Asian-Pacific Association for the study of the liver was collected and synchronized. Immunosuppressive therapy was risk-stratified according to its reported rate of hepatitis B reactivation. We recommend the necessity to screen all patients for hepatitis B prior to the initiation of immunosuppressive therapy and to administer pre-emptive nucleos(t)ide analogues to those patients with a substantial risk of hepatitis and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to hepatitis B reactivation.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND & AIM OBJECTIVE

METHODS METHODS

All publications related to hepatitis B reactivation with the use of immunosuppressive therapy since 1975 were reviewed. Advice from key opinion leaders in member countries/administrative regions of Asian-Pacific Association for the study of the liver was collected and synchronized. Immunosuppressive therapy was risk-stratified according to its reported rate of hepatitis B reactivation.

RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSIONS

We recommend the necessity to screen all patients for hepatitis B prior to the initiation of immunosuppressive therapy and to administer pre-emptive nucleos(t)ide analogues to those patients with a substantial risk of hepatitis and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to hepatitis B reactivation.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1007/s12072-021-10239-x PMID: 34427860 PMC: PMC8382940

pubmed: 34427860

doi: 10.1007/s12072-021-10239-x

pii: 10.1007/s12072-021-10239-x

pmc: PMC8382940

doi:

Substances chimiques

Antiviral Agents 0

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens 0

Immunosuppressive Agents 0

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

Pagination

1031-1048

Commentaires et corrections

Type : ErratumIn

Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Références

Wands JR, Chura CM, Roll FJ, Maddrey WC. Serial studies of hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody in patients receiving antitumor chemotherapy for myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders. Gastroenterology. 1975;68(1):105–12.

pubmed: 1054319

Hoofnagle JH, Dusheiko GM, Schafer DF, Jones EA, Micetich KC, Young RC, Costa J. Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection by cancer chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96(4):447–9.

pubmed: 7065560

Lok AS, Liang RH, Chiu EK, Wong KL, Chan TK, Todd D. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Report of a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1991;100(1):182–8.

pubmed: 1983820

Lau G, Liang R, Chiu EK, Lee CK, Lam SK. Hepatic events after bone marrow transplantation in patients with hepatitis B infection: a case controlled study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997;19(8):795–9.

pubmed: 9134171

Lau G. Hepatitis B reactivation after chemotherapy: two decades of clinical research. Hepatol Int. 2008;2(2):152–62.

pubmed: 19669300 pmcid: 2716860

Liang R, Lau GK, Kwong YL. Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation for cancer patients who are also chronic hepatitis B carriers: a review of the problem J. Clin Oncol. 1999;17(1):394–8.

Hui CK, Cheung WW, Zhang HY, Au WY, Yueng YH, Leung AY, Leung N, Luk JM, Lie AK, Kwong YL, Liang R, Lau GK. Kinetics and risk of de novo hepatitis B infection in HBsAg-negative patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(1):59–68.

pubmed: 16831590

Yeo W, Chan TC, Leung NW, Lam WY, Mo FK, Chu MT, Chan HL, Hui EP, Lei KI, Mok TS, Chan PK. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in lymphoma patients with prior resolved hepatitis B undergoing anticancer therapy with or without rituximab. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(4):605–11.

pubmed: 19075267

Matsue K, Kimura S, Takanashi Y, Iwama K, Fujiwara H, Yamakura M, Takeuchi M. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus after rituximab-containing treatment in patients with CD20-positive B-cell lymphoma. Cancer. 2010;116(20):4769–76.

pubmed: 20597091

Huang YH, Hsiao LT, Hong YC, Chiou TJ, Yu YB, Gau JP, Liu CY, Yang MH, Tzeng CH, Lee PC, Lin HC, Lee SD. Randomized controlled trial of entecavir prophylaxis for rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with lymphoma and resolved hepatitis B. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(22):2765–72.

pubmed: 23775967

Seto WK, Chan TS, Hwang YY, Wong DK, Fung J, Liu KS, Gill H, Lam YF, Lie AK, Lai CL, Kwong YL, Yuen MF. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients with previous hepatitis B virus exposure undergoing rituximab-containing chemotherapy for lymphoma: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(33):3736–43.

pubmed: 25287829

Hsu C, Tsou HH, Lin SJ, Wang MC, Yao M, Hwang WL, Kao WY, Chiu CF, Lin SF, Lin J, Chang CS, Tien HF, Liu TW, Chen PJ, Cheng AL, Taiwan Cooperative Oncology Group. Chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B reactivation in lymphoma patients with resolved HBV infection: a prospective study. Hepatology. 2014;59(6):2092–100.

pubmed: 24002804

Buti M, Manzano ML, Morillas RM, García-Retortillo M, Martín L, Prieto M, Gutiérrez ML, Suárez E, Gómez Rubio M, López J, Castillo P, Rodríguez M, Zozaya JM, Simón MA, Morano LE, Calleja JL, Yébenes M, Esteban R. Randomized prospective study evaluating tenofovir disoproxil fumarate prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus reactivation in anti-HBc-positive patients with rituximab-based regimens to treat hematologic malignancies: the Preblin study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(9):e0184550.

pubmed: 28898281 pmcid: 5595327

Lau G, Yiu HH, Fong DY, Cheng HC, Au WY, Lai LS, Cheung M, Zhang HY, Lie A, Ngan R, Liang R. Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(6):1742–9.

pubmed: 14724827 pmcid: 14724827

Jang JW, Choi JY, Bae SH, Yoon SK, Chang UI, Kim CW, Cho SH, Han JY, Lee YS. A randomized controlled study of preemptive lamivudine in patients receiving transarterial chemo-lipiodolization. Hepatology. 2006;43(2):233–40.

pubmed: 16440357

Hsu C, Hsiung CA, Su IJ, Hwang WS, Wang MC, Lin SF, Lin TH, Hsiao HH, Young JH, Chang MC, Liao YM, Li CC, Wu HB, Tien HF, Chao TY, Liu TW, Cheng AL, Chen PJ. A revisit of prophylactic lamivudine for chemotherapy-associated hepatitis B reactivation in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2008;47(3):844–53.

pubmed: 18302293 pmcid: 18302293

Reddy KR, Beavers KL, Hammond SP, Lim JK, Falck-Ytter YT, American Gastroenterological Association Institute. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(1):215–9.

pubmed: 25447850

Sarin SK, Kumar M, Lau G, Abbas Z, Chan HL, Chen CJ, Chen DS, Chen HL, Chen PJ, Chien RN, Dokmeci AK, Gane E, Hou JL, Jafri W, Jia J, Kim JH, Lai CL, Lee HC, Lim SG, Liu CJ, Locarnini S, Al Mahtab M, Mohamed R, Omata M, Park J, Piratvisuth T, Sharma BC, Sollano J, Wang FS, Wei L, Yuen MF, Zheng SS, Kao JH. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Hepatol Int. 2016;10(1):1–98.

pubmed: 26563120 pmcid: 26563120

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67(2):370–98.

Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Brown RS Jr, Bzowej NH, Wong JB. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018;67(4):1560–99.

pubmed: 29405329 pmcid: 29405329

Loomba R, Liang TJ. Hepatitis B reactivation associated with immune suppressive and biological modifier therapies: current concepts, management strategies, and future directions. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(6):1297–309.

pubmed: 28219691

Sarin SK, Choudhury A, Sharma MK, Maiwall R, Al Mahtab M, Rahman S, APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) for APASL ACLF working Party, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver (APASL): an update. Hepatol Int. 2019;13(4):353–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-019-09946-3 .

doi: 10.1007/s12072-019-09946-3 pubmed: 31172417

Uhm J, Kim S-H, Oh S, et al. High incidence of hepatitis B viral reactivation in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Blood. 2018;132(Supplement 1):3010.

Wang YH, Liang JD, Sheng WH, Tien FM, Chen CY, Tien HF. Hepatitis B reactivation during treatment of tyrosine kinase inhibitors-Experience in 142 adult patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res. 2019;81:95–7.

pubmed: 31075669

Yao ZH, Liao WY, Ho CC, Chen KY, Shih JY, Chen JS, Lin ZZ, Lin CC, Yang JC, Yu CJ. Incidence of hepatitis B reactivation during epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2019;117:107–15.

pubmed: 31279301

Atteya A, Ahmad A, Daghstani D, Mushtaq K, Yassin MA. Evaluation of hepatitis B reactivation among patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Control. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073274820976594 .

doi: 10.1177/1073274820976594 pubmed: 33297765 pmcid: 8480343

Pu D, Yin L, Zhou Y, Li W, Huang L, Cai L, Zhou Q. Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with HBV/HCV infection and advanced-stage cancer: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(5):19013.

Zhang X, Zhou Y, Chen C, Fang W, Cai X, Zhang X, Zhao M, Zhang B, Jiang W, Lin Z, Ma Y, Yang Y, Huang Y, Zhao H, Xu R, Hong S, Zhang L. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in cancer patients with positive Hepatitis B surface antigen undergoing PD-1 inhibition. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7(1):322.

pubmed: 31753012 pmcid: 6873745

Lee PC, Chao Y, Chen MH, Lan KH, Lee IC, Hou MC, Huang YH. Risk of HBV reactivation in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-treated unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(2):e001072.

pubmed: 32863270 pmcid: 7462159

Lan JL, Chen YM, Hsieh TY, Chen YH, Hsieh CW, Chen DY, Yang SS. Kinetics of viral loads and risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B core antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(10):1719–25.

pubmed: 21719446

Tamori A, Koike T, Goto H, Wakitani S, Tada M, Morikawa H, Enomoto M, Inaba M, Nakatani T, Hino M, Kawada N. Prospective study of reactivation of hepatitis B virus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who received immunosuppressive therapy: evaluation of both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative cohorts. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46(4):556–64.

pubmed: 21246383

Ryu HH, Lee EY, Shin K, Choi IA, Lee YJ, Yoo B, Park MC, Park YB, Bae SC, Yoo WH, Kim SI, Lee EB, Song YW. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with anti-TNFα agents: a retrospective analysis of 49 cases. Clin Rheumatol. 2012;31(6):931–6.

pubmed: 22349880

Tan J, Zhou J, Zhao P, Wei J. Prospective study of HBV reactivation risk in rheumatoid arthritis patients who received conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Clin Rheumatol. 2012;31(8):1169–75.

pubmed: 22544263

Lee YH, Bae SC, Song GG. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in HBsAg-positive patients with rheumatic diseases undergoing anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy or DMARDs. Int J Rheum Dis. 2013;16(5):527–31.

pubmed: 24164839

Chen MH, Chen MH, Liu CY, Tsai CY, Huang DF, Lin HY, Lee MH, Huang YH. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing biologics treatment. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(4):566–73.

pubmed: 28011918

Bersoff-Matcha SJ, Cao K, Jason M, Ajao A, Jones SC, Meyer T, Brinker A. Hepatitis B virus reactivation associated with direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus: a review of cases reported to the U.S. food and drug administration adverse event reporting system. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(11):792–8.

pubmed: 28437794

Gane EJ, Hyland RH, An D, Svarovskaia ES, Brainard D, McHutchison JG. Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for HCV infection in patients coinfected with HBV. Antivir Ther. 2016;21:605–9.

pubmed: 27367295

Doi A, Sakamori R, Tahata Y, Urabe A, Morishita N, Yamada R, et al. Frequency of, and factors associated with, hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis C patients treated with all-oral direct-acting antivirals: analysis of a Japanese prospective cohort. Hepatol Res. 2017;47:1438–44.

pubmed: 28585404

Kawagishi N, Suda G, Onozawa M, Kimura M, Maehara O, Ohara M, et al. Comparing the risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation between direct-acting antiviral therapies and interferon-based therapies for hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat. 2017;24:1098–106.

pubmed: 28632923

Wang C, Ji D, Chen J, Shao Q, Li B, Liu J, et al. Hepatitis due to reactivation of hepatitis B virus in endemic areas among patients with hepatitis C treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:132–6.

pubmed: 27392759

Tamori A, Abiru S, Enomoto H, Kioka K, Korenaga M, Tani J, et al. Low incidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation and subsequent hepatitis in patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving direct-acting antiviral therapy. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25:608–11.

pubmed: 29194858

Liu CJ, Chuang WL, Sheen IS, Wang HY, Chen CY, Tseng KC, et al. Efficacy of Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir treatment of HCV infection in patients coinfected with HBV. Gastroenterology. 2018;154:989–97.

pubmed: 29174546

Yeh ML, Huang CF, Hsieh MH, Ko YM, Chen KY, Liu TW, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B in patients of chronic hepatitis C with hepatitis B virus infection treated with direct acting antivirals. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32:1754–62.

pubmed: 28230928

Liu CH, Liu CJ, Su TH, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients receiving interferon-free direct-acting antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx028 .

doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofx028 pubmed: 28540320 pmcid: 5632175

Lee SW, Lee TY, Yang SS, Peng YC, Yeh HZ, Chang CS. Prevalence of hepatitis B reactivation among Chinese individuals with chronic hepatitis C treated with pan-oral direct-acting antivirals. Gastroenterol Res. 2018;11(2):124–9.

Yeh ML, Huang CF, Huang CI, et al. Hepatitis B-related outcomes following direct-acting antiviral therapy in Taiwanese patients with chronic HBV/HCV co-infection. J Hepatol. 2020;73(1):62–71.

pubmed: 32061869

Sulkowski MS, Chuang WL, Kao JH, et al. No evidence of reactivation of hepatitis B virus among patients treated with Ledipasvir-Sofosbuvir for hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(9):1202–4.

pubmed: 27486112 pmcid: 6276897

Ogawa E, Furusyo N, Murata M, Toyoda K, Hayashi T, Ura K. Potential risk of HBV reactivation in patients with resolved HBV infection undergoing direct-acting antiviral treatment for HCV. Liver Int. 2018;38:76–83.

pubmed: 28618152

Toy M, Hutton DW, So SK. Cost-effectiveness and cost thresholds of generic and brand drugs in a national chronic hepatitis B treatment program in China. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0139876.

pubmed: 26536626 pmcid: 4633043

Xiao Y, Thompson AJ, Howell J. Point-of-care tests for hepatitis b: an overview. Cells. 2020;9(10):2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9102233.PMID:33023265;PMCID:PMC7650625 .

doi: 10.3390/cells9102233.PMID:33023265;PMCID:PMC7650625 pmcid: 7650625

Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–6.

pubmed: 18436948 pmcid: 2335261

Tsukuda S, Watashi K. Hepatitis B virus biology and life cycle. Antiviral Res. 2020;182: 104925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104925 .

doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104925 pubmed: 32866519

Hui CK, Bowden S, Luk JM, Fong DYT, Zhang HY, Jackson K, Au WY, Lie A, Chim CS, Kwong YL, Liang R, Locarnini S, Lau G. Intrahepatic hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA predicts post-chemotherapy Hepatitis B reactivation. Blood. 2005;15:2616–7.

Lang J, Neumann-Haefelin C, Thimme R. Immunological cure of HBV infection. Hepatol Int. 2019;13(2):113–24.

pubmed: 30600480

Lau G, Suri D, Liang R, Chokshi S, Thomas MG, Nanji A, Yuen ST, Williams R, Naoumov NV. Resolution of chronic hepatitis B and Anti-HBs seroconversion in man by adoptive transfer of immunity to hepatitis B core antigen. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:614–24.

pubmed: 11874993

Evens AM, Jovanovic BD, Su YC, Raisch DW, Ganger D, Belknap SM, Dai MS, Chiu BC, Fintel B, Cheng Y, Chuang SS, Lee MY, Chen TY, Lin SF, Kuo CY. Rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in lymphoproliferative diseases: meta-analysis and examination of FDA safety reports. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(5):1170–80.

pubmed: 21115603

Dong HJ, Ni LN, Sheng GF, et al. Risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients receiving rituximab-chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. J Clin Virol. 2013;57(3):209–14.

pubmed: 23562041

Jang JW, Choi JY, Bae SH, Kim CW, Yoon SK, Cho SH, Yang JM, Ahn BM, Lee CD, Lee YS, Chung KW, Sun HS. Transarterial chemo-lipiodolization can reactivate hepatitis B virus replication in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2004;41(3):427–35.

pubmed: 15336446

Huang L, Jiang S, Shi Y. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for solid tumors in the past 20 years (2001–2020). J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13(1):143.

pubmed: 33109256 pmcid: 7590700

Li J, Huang B, Li Y, Zheng D, Zhou Z, Liu J. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with multiple myeloma receiving bortezomib-containing regimens followed by autologous stem cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56(6):1710–7.

pubmed: 25098429

Tur-Kaspa R, Shaul Y, Moore DD, Burk RD, Okret S, Poellinger L, Shafritz DA. The glucocorticoid receptor recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in hepatitis B virus DNA causing increased activity of the HBV enhancer. Virology. 1988;167(2):630–3.

pubmed: 3201757

Cheng X, Uchida T, Xia Y, Umarova R, Liu CJ, Chen PJ, Gaggar A, Suri V, Mücke MM, Vermehren J, Zeuzem S, Teraoka Y, Osawa M, Aikata H, Tsuji K, Mori N, Hige S, Karino Y, Imamura M, Chayama K, Liang TJ. Diminished hepatic IFN response following HCV clearance triggers HBV reactivation in coinfection. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(6):3205–20.

pubmed: 32163375 pmcid: 7259999

Koh C, Canini L, Dahari H, Zhao X, Uprichard SL, Haynes-Williams V, Winters MA, Subramanya G, Cooper SL, Pinto P, Wolff EF, Bishop R, Ai Thanda Han M, Cotler SJ, Kleiner DE, Keskin O, Idilman R, Yurdaydin C, Glenn JS, Heller T. Oral prenylation inhibition with lonafarnib in chronic hepatitis D infection: a proof-of-concept randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2A trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(10):1167–74.

pubmed: 26189433 pmcid: 4700535

Dore GJ, Soriano V, Rockstroh J, Kupfer B, Tedaldi E, Peters L, Neuhaus J, Puoti M, Klein MB, Mocroft A, Clotet B, Lundgren JD, SMART INSIGHT study group. Frequent hepatitis B virus rebound among HIV-hepatitis B virus-coinfected patients following antiretroviral therapy interruption. AIDS. 2010;24(6):857–65.

pubmed: 20216301

Nakamoto S, Kanda T, Nakaseko C, Sakaida E, Ohwada C, Takeuchi M, Takeda Y, Mimura N, Iseki T, Wu S, Arai M, Imazeki F, Saito K, Shirasawa H, Yokosuka O. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in Japan: efficacy of nucleos(t)ide analogues for prevention and treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(11):21455–67.

pubmed: 25421241 pmcid: 4264235

Lau GK, He ML, Fong DY, Bartholomeusz A, Au WY, Lie AK, Locarnini S, Liang R. Preemptive use of lamivudine reduces hepatitis B exacerbation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Hepatology. 2002;36(3):702–9.

pubmed: 12198664 pmcid: 12198664

Yeo W, Chan PK, Ho WM, et al. Lamivudine for the prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B s-antigen seropositive cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(5):927–34.

pubmed: 14990649

Kim MK, Ahn JH, Kim SB, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation during adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: a single institution’s experience. Korean J Intern Med. 2007;22(4):237–43.

pubmed: 18309681 pmcid: 2687674

Paul S, Saxena A, Terrin N, Viveiros K, Balk EM, Wong JB. Hepatitis B virus reactivation and prophylaxis during solid tumor chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(1):30–40.

pubmed: 26595058

Cheng AL, Hsiung CA, Su IJ, et al. Steroid-free chemotherapy decreases risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in HBV-carriers with lymphoma. Hepatology. 2003;37(6):1320–8.

pubmed: 12774010

Chen CY, Tien FM, Cheng A, Huang SY, Chou WC, Yao M, Tang JL, Tien HF, Sheng WH. Hepatitis B reactivation among 1962 patients with hematological malignancy in Taiwan. BMC Gastroenterol. 2018;18(1):6.

pubmed: 29310589 pmcid: 5759199

Yeo W, Lam KC, Zee B, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing systemic chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(11):1661–6.

pubmed: 15520068

Lee HJ, Kim DY, Keam B, et al. Lamivudine prophylaxis for hepatitis B virus carrier patients with breast cancer during adjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer. 2014;21(4):387–93.

pubmed: 23073741

Jang JW, Choi JY, Bae SH, et al. A randomized controlled study of preemptive lamivudine in patients receiving transarterial chemolipiodolization. Hepatology. 2006;43(2):233–40.

pubmed: 16440357

Jang JW, Kwon JH, You CR, et al. Risk of HBV reactivation according to viral status and treatment intensity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(7):969–77.

pubmed: 22024512

Kuo MH, Tseng CW, Lu MC, Tung CH, Tseng KC, Huang KY, Lee CH, Lai NS. Risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing tocilizumab-containing treatment. Dig Dis Sci. 2021;2:1–9.

Sonneveld MJ, Murad SD, van der Eijk AA, de Man RA. Fulminant liver failure due to hepatitis B reactivation during treatment with tocilizumab. ACG Case Rep J. 2019;6(12):e00243.

pubmed: 32042838 pmcid: 6946203

APASL Covid-19 Task Force, Lau G, Sharma M. Clinical practice guidance for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: APASL expert panel consensus recommendations. Hepatol Int. 2020;14(4):415–28.

Seto WK, Chan TS, Hwang YY, Wong DK, Fung J, Liu KS, Gill H, Lam YF, Lau EHY, Cheung KS, Lie AKW, Lai CL, Kwong YL, Yuen MF. Hepatitis B reactivation in occult viral carriers undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a prospective study. Hepatology. 2017;65(5):1451–61.

pubmed: 28027590 pmcid: 28027590

Wu T, Wu N, Ma YX, Wu J, Gao Y, Pan XB. Role of hepatitis B antibody in predicting reactivation of resolved hepatitis B virus infection in leukemia patients. Antiviral Res. 2020;177:104765.

pubmed: 32171856

Nishikawa K, Kimura K, Kanda Y, Sugiyama M, Kakihana K, Doki N, Ohashi K, Bae SK, Takahashi K, Ishihara Y, Mizuno I, Onishi Y, Onozawa M, Onizuka M, Yamamoto M, Ishikawa T, Inoue K, Kusumoto S, Hashino S, Saito H, Kanto T, Sakamaki H, Mizokami M. A prospective trial of vaccine to prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020;55(7):1388–98.

pubmed: 32071416 pmcid: 7329632

Paul S, Dickstein A, Saxena A, Terrin N, Viveiros K, Balk EM, Wong JB. Role of surface antibody in hepatitis B reactivation in patients with resolved infection and hematologic malignancy: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;66(2):379–88.

pubmed: 28128861

Kusumoto S, Arcaini L, Hong X, Jin J, Kim WS, Kwong YL, Peters MG, Tanaka Y, Zelenetz AD, Kuriki H, Fingerle-Rowson G, Nielsen T, Ueda E, Piper-Lepoutre H, Sellam G, Tobinai K. Risk of HBV reactivation in patients with B-cell lymphomas receiving obinutuzumab or rituximab immunochemotherapy. Blood. 2019;133(2):137–46.

pubmed: 30341058 pmcid: 6337873

Wong GL, Wong VW, Yuen BW, Tse YK, Yip TC, Luk HW, Lui GC, Chan HL. Risk of hepatitis B surface antigen seroreversion after corticosteroid treatment in patients with previous hepatitis B virus exposure. J Hepatol. 2020;72(1):57–66.

pubmed: 31499132

Lau GK, Leung YH, Fong DY, Au WY, Kwong YL, Lie A, Hou JL, Wen YM, Nanj A, Liang R. High hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA viral load as the most important risk factor for HBV reactivation in patients positive for HBV surface antigen undergoing autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2002;99(7):2324–30.

pubmed: 11895763

Kanda T, Lau GKK, Wei L, Moriyama M, Yu ML, Chuang WL, Ibrahim A, Lesmana CRA, Sollano J, Kumar M, Jindal A, Sharma BC, Hamid SS, Kadir Dokmeci A, Mamun-Al-Mahtab, McCaughan GW, Wasim J, Crawford DHG, Kao JH, Ooka Y, Yokosuka O, Sarin SK, Omata M. APASL HCV guidelines of virus-eradicated patients by DAA on how to monitor HCC occurrence and HBV reactivation. Hepatol Int. 2019;13(6):649–61.

pubmed: 31541423

Yu ML, Chen PJ, Dai CY, Hu TH, Huang CF, Huang YH, Hung CH, Lin CY, Liu CH, Liu CJ, Peng CY, Lin HC, Kao JH, Chuang WL. 2020 Taiwan consensus statement on the management of hepatitis C: part (II) special populations. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(7):1135–57.

pubmed: 32354689

Chen G, Wang C, Chen J, Ji D, Wang Y, Wu V, Karlberg J, Lau G. Hepatitis B reactivation in hepatitis B and C coinfected patients treated with antiviral agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;66(1):13–26.

pubmed: 28195337

Perrillo RP, Gish R, Falck-Ytter YT. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(1):221–44.

pubmed: 25447852 pmcid: 25447852

Mallet V, van Bömmel F, Doerig C, Pischke S, Hermine O, Locasciulli A, Cordonnier C, Berg T, Moradpour D, Wedemeyer H, Ljungman P, ECIL-5. Management of viral hepatitis in patients with haematological malignancy and in patients undergoing haemopoietic stem cell transplantation: recommendations of the 5th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-5). Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(5):606–17.

pubmed: 27599653

Doyle J, Raggatt M, Slavin M, McLachlan SA, Strasser SI, Sasadeusz JJ, Howell J, Hajkowicz K, Nandurkar H, Johnston A, Bak N, Thompson AJ. Hepatitis B management during immunosuppression for haematological and solid organ malignancies: an Australian consensus statement. Med J Aust. 2019;210(10):462–8.

pubmed: 31104328

Pei SN, Ma MC, Wang MC, Kuo CY, Rau KM, Su CY, Chen CH. Analysis of hepatitis B surface antibody titers in B cell lymphoma patients after rituximab therapy. Ann Hematol. 2012;91(7):1007–12.

pubmed: 22273839

Fang J, Li W, Tan Z, Li D. Comparison of prednisolone and lamivudine combined therapy with prednisolone monotherapy on carriers of hepatitis B virus with IgA nephropathy: a prospective cohort study. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(1):49–56.

pubmed: 23756850

Loomba R, Rowley A, Wesley R, Liang TJ, Hoofnagle JH, Pucino F, Csako G. Systematic review: the effect of preventive lamivudine on hepatitis B reactivation during chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(7):519–28.

pubmed: 18378948 pmcid: 2729097

Huang H, Li X, Zhu J, Ye S, Zhang H, Wang W, Wu X, Peng J, Xu B, Lin Y, Cao Y, Li H, Lin S, Liu Q, Lin T. Entecavir vs lamivudine for prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation among patients with untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving R-CHOP chemotherapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(23):2521–30.

pubmed: 25514302

Ho EY, Yau T, Rousseau F, Heathcote EJ, Lau GK. Preemptive adefovir versus lamivudine for prevention of hepatitis B reactivation in chronic hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Hepatol Int. 2015;9(2):224–30.

pubmed: 25788197

Svicher V, Salpini R, Malagnino V, Piermatteo L, Alkhatib M, Cerva C, Sarmati L. New markers in monitoring the reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection in immunocompromised hosts. Viruses. 2019;11(9):783.

pmcid: 6784136

Wong GL. Non-invasive assessments for liver fibrosis: the crystal ball we long for. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33:1009–15.

pubmed: 29380413

Loomba R, Adams LA. Advances in non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Gut. 2020;69(7):1343–52.

pubmed: 32066623

Jia J, Hou J, Ding H, Chen G, Xie Q, Wang Y, Zeng M, Zhao J, Wang T, Hu X, Schuppan D. Transient elastography compared to serum markers to predict liver fibrosis in a cohort of Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;30(4):756–62.

pubmed: 25353058

Li Q, Chen L, Zhou Y. Diagnostic accuracy of liver stiffness measurement in chronic hepatitis B patients with normal or mildly elevated alanine transaminase levels. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):5224.

pubmed: 29588489 pmcid: 5869743

Agbim U, Asrani SK. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis and prognosis: an update on serum and elastography markers. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;13(4):361–74.

pubmed: 30791772

Kaewdech A, Tangkijvanich P, Sripongpun P, Witeerungrot T, Jandee S, Tanaka Y, Piratvisuth T. Hepatitis B surface antigen, core-related antigen and HBV RNA: Predicting clinical relapse after NA therapy discontinuation. Liver Int. 2020;40(12):2961–71.

pubmed: 32668074

Long M, Jia W, Li S, Jin L, Wu J, Rao N, Feng H, Chen K, Deng H, Liu F, Su F, Song E. A single-center, prospective and randomized controlled study: can the prophylactic use of lamivudine prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B s-antigen seropositive breast cancer patients during chemotherapy? Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;127(3):705–12.

pubmed: 21445574

Koo YX, Tay M, Teh YE, Teng D, Tan DS, Tan IB, Tai DW, Quek R, Tao M, Lim ST. Risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen negative/hepatitis B core antibody positive patients receiving rituximab-containing combination chemotherapy without routine antiviral prophylaxis. Ann Hematol. 2011;90(10):1219–23.

pubmed: 21520001

Mori S. Past hepatitis B virus infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving biological and/or nonbiological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Mod Rheumatol. 2011;21(6):621–7.

pubmed: 21528424 pmcid: 3236827

Urata Y, Uesato R, Tanaka D, Kowatari K, Nitobe T, Nakamura Y, Motomura S. Prevalence of reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Mod Rheumatol. 2011;21(1):16–23.

pubmed: 20668905

Watanabe T, Fukae J, Fukaya S, Sawamukai N, Isobe M, Matsuhashi M, Shimizu M, Akikawa K, Tanimura K, Atsumi T, Koike T. Incidence and risk factors for reactivation from resolved hepatitis B virus in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Int J Rheum Dis. 2019;22(4):574–82.

pubmed: 30338649