Effects of naloxone and diazepam on blood glucose levels in tramadol overdose using generalized estimating equation (GEE) model; (an experimental study).
Analgesics, Opioid
/ toxicity
Animals
Blood Glucose
/ drug effects
Diazepam
/ pharmacology
Drug Overdose
/ complications
Hyperglycemia
/ chemically induced
Hypnotics and Sedatives
/ pharmacology
Male
Naloxone
/ pharmacology
Narcotic Antagonists
/ pharmacology
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Tramadol
/ administration & dosage
Blood glucose
Diazepam
Naloxone
Overdose
Tramadol
Journal
BMC endocrine disorders
ISSN: 1472-6823
Titre abrégé: BMC Endocr Disord
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101088676
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
06 Sep 2021
06 Sep 2021
Historique:
received:
04
01
2021
accepted:
24
08
2021
entrez:
7
9
2021
pubmed:
8
9
2021
medline:
18
1
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Tramadol is a synthetic opioid and poisoning is increasing around the world day by day. Various treatments are applied for tramadol poisoning. Due to the unknown effects of tramadol poisoning and some of its treatments on blood glucose levels, this study was conducted to investigate the overdose of tramadol and its common treatments (naloxone, diazepam), and their combination on blood glucose levels in male rats. This study was conducted in 45 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of 9. They received a 75 mg/kg dose of tramadol alone with naloxone, diazepam, and a combination of both of these two drugs. On the last day, animals' tail vein blood glucose levels (BGL) were measured using a glucometer at different times, including before the tramadol injection (baseline) and 1 hour, 3 hours, and 6 hours after wards. The rats were anesthetized and sacrificed 24 h after the last injection. Blood samples were then taken, and the serum obtained was used to verify the fasting glucose concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a generalized estimating equation (GEE). According to the GEE model results, the diazepam-tramadol and naloxone-diazepam-tramadol groups showed blood glucose levels five units higher than the tramadol group (p < 0.05). The diazepam-tramadol group had significantly higher blood glucose levels than the naloxone-tramadol group (p < 0.05). The mean blood glucose levels before the intervention, 3 hours and 6 hours after the injection of tramadol did not differ between the groups, but the blood glucose levels 1 hour after the injection of tramadol in the group of naloxone-tramadol were significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups 24 h after injection of tramadol. The results of the present study showed tramadol overdose does not affect blood glucose levels. The diazepam-tramadol combination and the diazepam-naloxone-tramadol combination caused an increase in blood glucose levels.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Tramadol is a synthetic opioid and poisoning is increasing around the world day by day. Various treatments are applied for tramadol poisoning. Due to the unknown effects of tramadol poisoning and some of its treatments on blood glucose levels, this study was conducted to investigate the overdose of tramadol and its common treatments (naloxone, diazepam), and their combination on blood glucose levels in male rats.
METHODS
METHODS
This study was conducted in 45 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of 9. They received a 75 mg/kg dose of tramadol alone with naloxone, diazepam, and a combination of both of these two drugs. On the last day, animals' tail vein blood glucose levels (BGL) were measured using a glucometer at different times, including before the tramadol injection (baseline) and 1 hour, 3 hours, and 6 hours after wards. The rats were anesthetized and sacrificed 24 h after the last injection. Blood samples were then taken, and the serum obtained was used to verify the fasting glucose concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a generalized estimating equation (GEE).
RESULTS
RESULTS
According to the GEE model results, the diazepam-tramadol and naloxone-diazepam-tramadol groups showed blood glucose levels five units higher than the tramadol group (p < 0.05). The diazepam-tramadol group had significantly higher blood glucose levels than the naloxone-tramadol group (p < 0.05). The mean blood glucose levels before the intervention, 3 hours and 6 hours after the injection of tramadol did not differ between the groups, but the blood glucose levels 1 hour after the injection of tramadol in the group of naloxone-tramadol were significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups 24 h after injection of tramadol.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study showed tramadol overdose does not affect blood glucose levels. The diazepam-tramadol combination and the diazepam-naloxone-tramadol combination caused an increase in blood glucose levels.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34488743
doi: 10.1186/s12902-021-00847-x
pii: 10.1186/s12902-021-00847-x
pmc: PMC8422785
doi:
Substances chimiques
Analgesics, Opioid
0
Blood Glucose
0
Hypnotics and Sedatives
0
Narcotic Antagonists
0
Naloxone
36B82AMQ7N
Tramadol
39J1LGJ30J
Diazepam
Q3JTX2Q7TU
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
180Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s).
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