Comment prévenir les convulsions liées au tramadol ?
Éviter les surdoses et informer le médecin des antécédents de convulsions.
ConvulsionsSurdose
Facteurs de risque
5
#1
Quels sont les facteurs de risque de dépendance au tramadol ?
Antécédents de dépendance, troubles mentaux ou utilisation prolongée augmentent le risque.
DépendanceTroubles mentaux
#2
Les personnes âgées sont-elles plus à risque avec le tramadol ?
Oui, elles peuvent être plus sensibles aux effets secondaires et aux interactions médicamenteuses.
Personnes âgéesInteractions médicamenteuses
#3
Le tramadol est-il risqué pour les patients avec des problèmes hépatiques ?
Oui, une fonction hépatique altérée peut augmenter le risque d'effets secondaires.
Fonction hépatiqueEffets secondaires
#4
Quels médicaments augmentent le risque d'effets indésirables du tramadol ?
Les antidépresseurs, les sédatifs et d'autres opioïdes peuvent augmenter les risques.
AntidépresseursSédatifs
#5
Les antécédents de convulsions sont-ils un facteur de risque ?
Oui, les patients ayant des antécédents de convulsions doivent être surveillés de près.
Antécédents de convulsionsSurveillance médicale
{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@graph": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Tramadol : Questions médicales les plus fréquentes",
"headline": "Tramadol : Comprendre les symptômes, diagnostics et traitements",
"description": "Guide complet et accessible sur les Tramadol : explications, diagnostics, traitements et prévention. Information médicale validée destinée aux patients.",
"datePublished": "2024-03-05",
"dateModified": "2026-08-22",
"inLanguage": "fr",
"medicalAudience": [
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Grand public",
"audienceType": "Patient",
"healthCondition": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Tramadol"
},
"suggestedMinAge": 18,
"suggestedGender": "unisex"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Médecins",
"audienceType": "Physician",
"geographicArea": {
"@type": "AdministrativeArea",
"name": "France"
}
},
{
"@type": "MedicalAudience",
"name": "Chercheurs",
"audienceType": "Researcher",
"geographicArea": {
"@type": "AdministrativeArea",
"name": "International"
}
}
],
"reviewedBy": {
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Dr Olivier Menir",
"jobTitle": "Expert en Médecine",
"description": "Expert en Médecine, Optimisation des Parcours de Soins et Révision Médicale",
"url": "/static/pages/docteur-olivier-menir.html",
"alumniOf": {
"@type": "EducationalOrganization",
"name": "Université Paris Descartes"
}
},
"isPartOf": {
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Cyclohexanols",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D003511",
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Cyclohexanols",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D003511",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
},
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "MeSH Tree",
"value": "D10.289.510.500"
}
}
},
"about": {
"@type": "MedicalCondition",
"name": "Tramadol",
"alternateName": "Tramadol",
"code": {
"@type": "MedicalCode",
"code": "D014147",
"codingSystem": "MeSH"
}
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Woo Kim",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Woo%20Kim",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Kumiko Tanabe",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Kumiko%20Tanabe",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Rie Matsushima-Nishiwaki",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Rie%20Matsushima-Nishiwaki",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Junko Tachi",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Junko%20Tachi",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan."
}
},
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Tomoyuki Hioki",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/author/Tomoyuki%20Hioki",
"affiliation": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan."
}
}
],
"citation": [
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Pharmacogenetic Approach to Tramadol Use in the Arab Population.",
"datePublished": "2024-08-16",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/39201627",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.3390/ijms25168939"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Co-crystal of tramadol-celecoxib (CTC) for acute moderate-to-severe pain.",
"datePublished": "2024-01-11",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/38205948",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1080/03007995.2023.2276118"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Atypical Withdrawal Symptoms after Abrupt Tramadol Discontinuation: A Case Report.",
"datePublished": "2023-11-28",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/37791819",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1080/15360288.2023.2261913"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Assessing the Trends of Tramadol Utilization in the Medicare Part D Population in Rhode Island.",
"datePublished": "2024-05-02",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/38687267",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": null
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Clinical and Laboratory Factors Related to Seizure and Serotonin Toxicity in Tramadol Intoxication: An Egyptian Study.",
"datePublished": "2023-11-25",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/article/38006536",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.1007/s40261-023-01326-y"
}
}
],
"breadcrumb": {
"@type": "BreadcrumbList",
"itemListElement": [
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 1,
"name": "questionsmedicales.fr",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 2,
"name": "Lipides",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D008055"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 3,
"name": "Alcools gras",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D005233"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 4,
"name": "Hexanols",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D000441"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 5,
"name": "Cyclohexanols",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D003511"
},
{
"@type": "ListItem",
"position": 6,
"name": "Tramadol",
"item": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014147"
}
]
}
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Article complet : Tramadol - Questions et réponses",
"headline": "Questions et réponses médicales fréquentes sur Tramadol",
"description": "Une compilation de questions et réponses structurées, validées par des experts médicaux.",
"datePublished": "2026-08-30",
"inLanguage": "fr",
"hasPart": [
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Diagnostic",
"headline": "Diagnostic sur Tramadol",
"description": "Comment diagnostiquer une douleur nécessitant du tramadol ?\nQuels tests sont nécessaires avant de prescrire du tramadol ?\nLe tramadol est-il approprié pour tous les types de douleur ?\nComment évaluer l'efficacité du tramadol ?\nQuels signes indiquent un besoin urgent de tramadol ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014147#section-diagnostic"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Symptômes",
"headline": "Symptômes sur Tramadol",
"description": "Quels symptômes justifient l'utilisation du tramadol ?\nQuels effets secondaires peuvent survenir avec le tramadol ?\nLe tramadol peut-il provoquer des symptômes de sevrage ?\nQuels symptômes indiquent une surdose de tramadol ?\nComment reconnaître une réaction allergique au tramadol ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014147#section-symptômes"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Prévention",
"headline": "Prévention sur Tramadol",
"description": "Comment prévenir les effets secondaires du tramadol ?\nY a-t-il des précautions à prendre avant de prendre du tramadol ?\nLe tramadol peut-il être évité chez certains patients ?\nComment minimiser le risque de dépendance au tramadol ?\nQuelles sont les recommandations pour les femmes enceintes ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014147#section-prévention"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Traitements",
"headline": "Traitements sur Tramadol",
"description": "Comment le tramadol est-il administré ?\nQuelle est la posologie habituelle du tramadol ?\nLe tramadol peut-il être combiné avec d'autres analgésiques ?\nQuelles sont les alternatives au tramadol ?\nComment arrêter le tramadol en toute sécurité ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014147#section-traitements"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Complications",
"headline": "Complications sur Tramadol",
"description": "Quelles complications peuvent survenir avec le tramadol ?\nComment gérer une réaction allergique au tramadol ?\nLe tramadol peut-il causer des problèmes cardiaques ?\nQuels sont les risques d'interactions médicamenteuses avec le tramadol ?\nComment prévenir les convulsions liées au tramadol ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014147#section-complications"
},
{
"@type": "MedicalWebPage",
"name": "Facteurs de risque",
"headline": "Facteurs de risque sur Tramadol",
"description": "Quels sont les facteurs de risque de dépendance au tramadol ?\nLes personnes âgées sont-elles plus à risque avec le tramadol ?\nLe tramadol est-il risqué pour les patients avec des problèmes hépatiques ?\nQuels médicaments augmentent le risque d'effets indésirables du tramadol ?\nLes antécédents de convulsions sont-ils un facteur de risque ?",
"url": "https://questionsmedicales.fr/mesh/D014147#section-facteurs de risque"
}
]
},
{
"@type": "FAQPage",
"mainEntity": [
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment diagnostiquer une douleur nécessitant du tramadol ?",
"position": 1,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Un médecin évalue la douleur, son intensité et son impact sur la vie quotidienne."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels tests sont nécessaires avant de prescrire du tramadol ?",
"position": 2,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des tests peuvent inclure des analyses sanguines pour évaluer la fonction hépatique et rénale."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Le tramadol est-il approprié pour tous les types de douleur ?",
"position": 3,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Non, il est principalement utilisé pour la douleur modérée à sévère, pas pour la douleur légère."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment évaluer l'efficacité du tramadol ?",
"position": 4,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "L'efficacité est évaluée par la réduction de la douleur et l'amélioration de la qualité de vie."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels signes indiquent un besoin urgent de tramadol ?",
"position": 5,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Une douleur aiguë, persistante ou qui interfère avec les activités quotidiennes peut nécessiter du tramadol."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels symptômes justifient l'utilisation du tramadol ?",
"position": 6,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Douleur modérée à sévère, souvent après une chirurgie ou une blessure."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels effets secondaires peuvent survenir avec le tramadol ?",
"position": 7,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les effets secondaires incluent nausées, vertiges, constipation et somnolence."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Le tramadol peut-il provoquer des symptômes de sevrage ?",
"position": 8,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, un sevrage brutal peut entraîner des symptômes comme l'anxiété et l'insomnie."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels symptômes indiquent une surdose de tramadol ?",
"position": 9,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les symptômes incluent confusion, respiration lente, et perte de conscience."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment reconnaître une réaction allergique au tramadol ?",
"position": 10,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des éruptions cutanées, démangeaisons ou gonflements peuvent indiquer une allergie."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment prévenir les effets secondaires du tramadol ?",
"position": 11,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Suivre les recommandations médicales et signaler tout effet indésirable rapidement."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Y a-t-il des précautions à prendre avant de prendre du tramadol ?",
"position": 12,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, informer le médecin des antécédents médicaux et des médicaments en cours."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Le tramadol peut-il être évité chez certains patients ?",
"position": 13,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, chez les patients ayant des antécédents de dépendance ou de troubles respiratoires."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment minimiser le risque de dépendance au tramadol ?",
"position": 14,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Utiliser le tramadol uniquement selon les prescriptions et éviter l'automédication."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles sont les recommandations pour les femmes enceintes ?",
"position": 15,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Le tramadol doit être évité pendant la grossesse sauf en cas de nécessité absolue."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment le tramadol est-il administré ?",
"position": 16,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Il est généralement pris par voie orale sous forme de comprimés ou de gouttes."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelle est la posologie habituelle du tramadol ?",
"position": 17,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "La posologie varie, mais commence souvent à 50 mg toutes les 4 à 6 heures selon les besoins."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Le tramadol peut-il être combiné avec d'autres analgésiques ?",
"position": 18,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, il peut être utilisé avec d'autres analgésiques, mais sous supervision médicale."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles sont les alternatives au tramadol ?",
"position": 19,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les alternatives incluent l'ibuprofène, le paracétamol ou d'autres opioïdes selon la douleur."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment arrêter le tramadol en toute sécurité ?",
"position": 20,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "La réduction doit être progressive pour éviter les symptômes de sevrage, sous supervision médicale."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quelles complications peuvent survenir avec le tramadol ?",
"position": 21,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les complications incluent la dépression respiratoire, la dépendance et les convulsions."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment gérer une réaction allergique au tramadol ?",
"position": 22,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Cesser immédiatement le médicament et consulter un médecin pour un traitement approprié."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Le tramadol peut-il causer des problèmes cardiaques ?",
"position": 23,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Des cas rares de problèmes cardiaques ont été rapportés, surtout en cas de surdosage."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels sont les risques d'interactions médicamenteuses avec le tramadol ?",
"position": 24,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Le tramadol peut interagir avec des antidépresseurs, augmentant le risque de syndrome sérotoninergique."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Comment prévenir les convulsions liées au tramadol ?",
"position": 25,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Éviter les surdoses et informer le médecin des antécédents de convulsions."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels sont les facteurs de risque de dépendance au tramadol ?",
"position": 26,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Antécédents de dépendance, troubles mentaux ou utilisation prolongée augmentent le risque."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les personnes âgées sont-elles plus à risque avec le tramadol ?",
"position": 27,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, elles peuvent être plus sensibles aux effets secondaires et aux interactions médicamenteuses."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Le tramadol est-il risqué pour les patients avec des problèmes hépatiques ?",
"position": 28,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, une fonction hépatique altérée peut augmenter le risque d'effets secondaires."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Quels médicaments augmentent le risque d'effets indésirables du tramadol ?",
"position": 29,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Les antidépresseurs, les sédatifs et d'autres opioïdes peuvent augmenter les risques."
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "Les antécédents de convulsions sont-ils un facteur de risque ?",
"position": 30,
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "Oui, les patients ayant des antécédents de convulsions doivent être surveillés de près."
}
}
]
}
]
}
Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Centre de Pharmacovigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament, CIC INSERM 1436, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France.
Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Centre de Pharmacovigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Informations sur le Médicament, CIC INSERM 1436, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France.
Tramdol is one of most popular opioids used for postoperative analgesia worldwide. Among Arabic countries, there are reports that its dosage is not appropriate due to cultural background. To provide t...
This narrative review aims to provide a clinical perspective on the potential role of co-crystal of tramadol-celecoxib (CTC) in the management of acute moderate-to-severe pain by synthesizing the avai...
A non-systematic literature review was performed using a targeted PubMed search for articles published between January 1, 2000, and May 2, 2023; all publication types were permitted, and selected arti...
The crystalline structure of CTC alters the physicochemical properties of tramadol and celecoxib, modifying their pharmacokinetics. If taken in a free combination, tramadol reduces absorption of celec...
Results from phase 3 trials suggest that the modified physicochemical properties of tramadol and celecoxib in CTC translate into an improved clinical benefit-risk profile, including fewer opioid-relat...
Tramadol is a commonly utilized analgesic in the United States. One common misconception is that tramadol is safer than other opioid medications, or less likely to cause physical dependence. Given the...
To assess the trends in tramadol dispensing among Medicare Part D patients in Rhode Island....
An analysis was conducted of the Medicare Part D Provider Utilization and Payment Data Public Use File for the years 2013-2021. Chi squared tests were conducted to assess statistical significance of a...
Following tramadol becoming a controlled substance in 2014, the number of dispensed tramadol prescriptions and patients with a tramadol prescription decreased every subsequent year through 2021 (presc...
Tramadol utilization has been decreasing among the Medicare Part D population in Rhode Island while the percentage of opioid dispensings that were tramadol have been increasing. Future studies are nee...
Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with a lower risk of addiction compared to opioids. Tramadol overdose is becoming a health crisis in Egypt and is associated with serious and severe adverse ef...
This prospective study included adult patients admitted for tramadol overdose with or without symptoms of seizure or serotonin toxicity. Basic demographic information, clinical symptoms, laboratory me...
A total of 71 patients (79% males) were included in the study. Seizure occurred in 38% of the subjects and was prevalent in male patients with metabolic acidosis or high tramadol concentrations. Serot...
Seizure and serotonin toxicity are severe adverse effects of tramadol overdose that occur in high frequency among young Egyptians. High tramadol concentrations in plasma seem to play a key role in pre...
We aimed to assess the association of tramadol use with the risk of dementia. This population-based retrospective cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database included a to...
Multimodal pain management is one component in enhanced recovery after surgery protocol. Here we evaluate the efficacy of tramadol-paracetamol in acute postoperative pain and pain outcome at 12 months...
We randomized 120 patients undergoing spine surgery to receive, for add-on pain management, two tramadol-paracetamol 37.5 mg/325 mg (...
At 1 week after surgery, patients' satisfaction with pain medication was similarly high in the two groups, 75% [interquartile range, 30%] in the placebo group and 70% [40%] in the tramadol-paracetamol...
Add-on pain treatment with tramadol-paracetamol did not enhance patients' satisfaction with early pain management after back surgery....
Paracetamol, codeine, and tramadol are commonly used to manage mild pain, and their availability without prescription or medical consultation raises concerns about potential opioid addiction....
This study aims to explore the perceptions and experiences of Twitter users concerning these drugs....
We analyzed the tweets in English or Spanish mentioning paracetamol, tramadol, or codeine posted between January 2019 and December 2020. Out of 152,056 tweets collected, 49,462 were excluded. The cont...
Of classifiable tweets, 42,840 mentioned paracetamol and 42,131 mentioned weak opioids (tramadol or codeine). Patients accounted for 73.10% (60,771/83,129) of the tweets, while health care professiona...
Patients seeking relief from pain are highly interested in the effectiveness of drugs rather than potential side effects. Alarming trends include a significant number of tweets trivializing drug use a...
Many studies have reported conflicting results for the use of tramadol with the risk of fractures, especially hip fractures. This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to evaluate the associ...
PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases were searched with specific keywords to find studies that examined the association of tramadol use with hip fracture risk in patients with ...
Ten studies with 1,939,293 participants were reviewed. The majority of participants were female. Based on the study evaluation checklist, most studies were of good quality. Tramadol use significantly ...
The use of tramadol significantly increases the risk of hip fracture. This increased risk of hip fracture was greater in males younger than 65 years....
Tramadol hydrochloride has shown local anesthetic properties similar to lidocaine, apart from a central analgesic effect. The present study evaluated the effect of the administration of tramadol alone...
One hundred and five patients, with a failed primary inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB), were randomly allocated to one of the three supplementary intraligamentary groups: 2% lidocaine with 1: 80,00...
The initial IANB was successful in 31% of cases. There were significant differences in the anesthetic success rates of different supplementary intraligamentary injections (χ2= 33.6, p<0.001, df=2). Th...
The addition of tramadol to 2% lidocaine with 1: 80,000 epinephrine, given as supplementary intraligamentary injection, can help in achieving successful anesthesia during the endodontic management of ...