Anabolic androgenic steroids used as performance and image enhancing drugs in professional and amateur athletes: Toxicological and psychopathological findings.
anabolic androgenic steroids
athletes
performance and image enhancing drugs
psychopathology
toxicology
Journal
Human psychopharmacology
ISSN: 1099-1077
Titre abrégé: Hum Psychopharmacol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 8702539
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 2022
01 2022
Historique:
revised:
31
07
2021
received:
02
06
2021
accepted:
24
08
2021
pubmed:
17
9
2021
medline:
17
3
2022
entrez:
16
9
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) as performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs), once restricted to professional athletes, now includes amateurs and regular gym visitors. AAS use is associated with psychopathology, yet this relationship is complex and not fully understood. We aimed to assess the presence of AASs and other misused substances in athletes' biological samples and link toxicological to psychopathological findings. A multicentre, cross-sectional study in fitness centres in Italy recruited 122 professional and amateur athletes training in several sports (84 men; age range = 18-45 years). Athletes completed questionnaires, interviews, and toxicology testing for AASs, other PIEDs, illicit drugs, and non-prescribed psychotropics. Toxicology was conducted in blood, urine, and hair. Self-reported and toxicologically detected use rates of AASs and other misused substances showed slight-to-fair agreement (Fleiss' κ = 0.104-0.375). There was slight-to-moderate agreement among the three biological samples used for AAS testing (κ = 0.112-0.436). Thirty-one athletes (25.4%) tested positive for AASs. More sport hours/week, narcissistic or antisocial personality disorders, and higher nonplanning impulsiveness scores predicted AAS use (pseudo-R Our results have implications for studying AAS users, as they identify a cluster of variables that may be relevant in future understanding of AAS use risks (e.g., personality disorders). Possible disagreements between AAS assessment methods should be considered when implementing harm reduction interventions, such as needle and syringe distribution, health education, and counselling, as well as surveillance programmes.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34528289
doi: 10.1002/hup.2815
pmc: PMC8727496
mid: NIHMS1742878
doi:
Substances chimiques
Anabolic Agents
0
Performance-Enhancing Substances
0
Steroids
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e2815Subventions
Organisme : Intramural NIH HHS
ID : ZIA AA000218
Pays : United States
Organisme : Intramural NIH HHS
ID : ZIA DA000635
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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