Immune Checkpoints in Cancers: From Signaling to the Clinic.
cancers
immune cells
immune checkpoint
immunotherapy
melanoma
signaling
Journal
Cancers
ISSN: 2072-6694
Titre abrégé: Cancers (Basel)
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101526829
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
12 Sep 2021
12 Sep 2021
Historique:
received:
13
08
2021
revised:
08
09
2021
accepted:
09
09
2021
entrez:
28
9
2021
pubmed:
29
9
2021
medline:
29
9
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The immune system is known to help fight cancers. Ten years ago, the first immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting CTLA4 was approved by the FDA to treat patients with metastatic melanoma. Since then, immune checkpoint therapies have revolutionized the field of oncology and the treatment of cancer patients. Numerous immune checkpoint inhibitors have been developed and tested, alone or in combination with other treatments, in melanoma and other cancers, with overall clear benefits to patient outcomes. However, many patients fail to respond or develop resistance to these treatments. It is therefore essential to decipher the mechanisms of action of immune checkpoints and to understand how immune cells are affected by signaling to be able to understand and overcome resistance. In this review, we discuss the signaling and effects of each immune checkpoint on different immune cells and their biological and clinical relevance. Restoring the functionality of T cells and their coordination with other immune cells is necessary to overcome resistance and help design new clinical immunotherapy strategies. In this respect, NK cells have recently been implicated in the resistance to anti-PD1 evoked by a protein secreted by melanoma, ITGBL1. The complexity of this network will have to be considered to improve the efficiency of future immunotherapies and may lead to the discovery of new immune checkpoints.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34572799
pii: cancers13184573
doi: 10.3390/cancers13184573
pmc: PMC8468441
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Subventions
Organisme : Société Francaise de Dermatologie
ID : Yann CHELI
Organisme : Fondation ARC
ID : Equipe labélisée Robert Ballotti
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