Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies With COVID-19 Severity in Multiple Sclerosis.

Adolescent Adult Aged Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / adverse effects COVID-19 / complications Cross-Sectional Studies Dimethyl Fumarate / adverse effects Female Hospitalization / statistics & numerical data Humans Male Middle Aged Multiple Sclerosis / complications Natalizumab / adverse effects Respiration, Artificial / statistics & numerical data Rituximab / adverse effects SARS-CoV-2 Young Adult

Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
09 11 2021
Historique:
received: 12 02 2021
accepted: 27 08 2021
pubmed: 7 10 2021
medline: 15 12 2021
entrez: 6 10 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) are a vulnerable group for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly those taking immunosuppressive disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). We examined the characteristics of COVID-19 severity in an international sample of people with MS. Data from 12 data sources in 28 countries were aggregated (sources could include patients from 1-12 countries). Demographic (age, sex), clinical (MS phenotype, disability), and DMT (untreated, alemtuzumab, cladribine, dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, interferon, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, rituximab, siponimod, other DMTs) covariates were queried, along with COVID-19 severity outcomes, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, need for artificial ventilation, and death. Characteristics of outcomes were assessed in patients with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, MS phenotype, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. Six hundred fifty-seven (28.1%) with suspected and 1,683 (61.9%) with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. Among suspected plus confirmed and confirmed-only COVID-19, 20.9% and 26.9% were hospitalized, 5.4% and 7.2% were admitted to ICU, 4.1% and 5.4% required artificial ventilation, and 3.2% and 3.9% died. Older age, progressive MS phenotype, and higher disability were associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Compared to dimethyl fumarate, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.41; aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.48-4.02) and ICU admission (aOR 2.30, 95% CI 0.98-5.39; aOR 3.93, 95% CI 1.56-9.89), although only rituximab was associated with higher risk of artificial ventilation (aOR 4.00, 95% CI 1.54-10.39). Compared to pooled other DMTs, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.29-2.38; aOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.87-4.07) and ICU admission (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.49-4.36; aOR 4.32, 95% CI 2.27-8.23), but only rituximab was associated with artificial ventilation (aOR 6.15, 95% CI 3.09-12.27). Compared to natalizumab, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (aOR 1.86, 95% CI 1.13-3.07; aOR 2.88, 95% CI 1.68-4.92) and ICU admission (aOR 2.13, 95% CI 0.85-5.35; aOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.17-8.91), but only rituximab was associated with ventilation (aOR 5.52, 95% CI 1.71-17.84). Associations persisted on restriction to confirmed COVID-19 cases. No associations were observed between DMTs and death. Stratification by age, MS phenotype, and EDSS score found no indications that DMT associations with COVID-19 severity reflected differential DMT allocation by underlying COVID-19 severity. Using the largest cohort of people with MS and COVID-19 available, we demonstrated consistent associations of rituximab with increased risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and need for artificial ventilation and of ocrelizumab with hospitalization and ICU admission. Despite the cross-sectional design of the study, the internal and external consistency of these results with prior studies suggests that rituximab/ocrelizumab use may be a risk factor for more severe COVID-19.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
People with multiple sclerosis (MS) are a vulnerable group for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly those taking immunosuppressive disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). We examined the characteristics of COVID-19 severity in an international sample of people with MS.
METHODS
Data from 12 data sources in 28 countries were aggregated (sources could include patients from 1-12 countries). Demographic (age, sex), clinical (MS phenotype, disability), and DMT (untreated, alemtuzumab, cladribine, dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, interferon, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, rituximab, siponimod, other DMTs) covariates were queried, along with COVID-19 severity outcomes, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, need for artificial ventilation, and death. Characteristics of outcomes were assessed in patients with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, MS phenotype, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score.
RESULTS
Six hundred fifty-seven (28.1%) with suspected and 1,683 (61.9%) with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. Among suspected plus confirmed and confirmed-only COVID-19, 20.9% and 26.9% were hospitalized, 5.4% and 7.2% were admitted to ICU, 4.1% and 5.4% required artificial ventilation, and 3.2% and 3.9% died. Older age, progressive MS phenotype, and higher disability were associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Compared to dimethyl fumarate, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.41; aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.48-4.02) and ICU admission (aOR 2.30, 95% CI 0.98-5.39; aOR 3.93, 95% CI 1.56-9.89), although only rituximab was associated with higher risk of artificial ventilation (aOR 4.00, 95% CI 1.54-10.39). Compared to pooled other DMTs, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.29-2.38; aOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.87-4.07) and ICU admission (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.49-4.36; aOR 4.32, 95% CI 2.27-8.23), but only rituximab was associated with artificial ventilation (aOR 6.15, 95% CI 3.09-12.27). Compared to natalizumab, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (aOR 1.86, 95% CI 1.13-3.07; aOR 2.88, 95% CI 1.68-4.92) and ICU admission (aOR 2.13, 95% CI 0.85-5.35; aOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.17-8.91), but only rituximab was associated with ventilation (aOR 5.52, 95% CI 1.71-17.84). Associations persisted on restriction to confirmed COVID-19 cases. No associations were observed between DMTs and death. Stratification by age, MS phenotype, and EDSS score found no indications that DMT associations with COVID-19 severity reflected differential DMT allocation by underlying COVID-19 severity.
DISCUSSION
Using the largest cohort of people with MS and COVID-19 available, we demonstrated consistent associations of rituximab with increased risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and need for artificial ventilation and of ocrelizumab with hospitalization and ICU admission. Despite the cross-sectional design of the study, the internal and external consistency of these results with prior studies suggests that rituximab/ocrelizumab use may be a risk factor for more severe COVID-19.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012753 PMID: 34610987 PMC: PMC8601210
pubmed: 34610987
pii: WNL.0000000000012753
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012753
pmc: PMC8601210
doi:

Substances chimiques

Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized 0
Natalizumab 0
Rituximab 4F4X42SYQ6
ocrelizumab A10SJL62JY
Dimethyl Fumarate FO2303MNI2

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e1870-e1885

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

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Auteurs

Steve Simpson-Yap (S)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. liesbet.peeters@uhasselt.be.
ORCID: 0000-0001-6521-3056

Edward De Brouwer (E)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Tomas Kalincik (T)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3778-1376

Nick Rijke (N)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Jan A Hillert (JA)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Clare Walton (C)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Gilles Edan (G)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Yves Moreau (Y)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Tim Spelman (T)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Lotte Geys (L)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Tina Parciak (T)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-1989-3641

Clement Gautrais (C)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Nikola Lazovski (N)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Ashkan Pirmani (A)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0003-4549-1002

Amin Ardeshirdavanai (A)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-7226-7324

Lars Forsberg (L)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-3536-1813

Anna Glaser (A)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Robert McBurney (R)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0003-1747-1004

Hollie Schmidt (H)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Arnfin B Bergmann (AB)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Stefan Braune (S)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Alexander Stahmann (A)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0001-5308-105X

Rodden Middleton (R)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-2130-4420

Amber Salter (A)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-1088-110X

Robert J Fox (RJ)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-4263-3717

Anneke van der Walt (A)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-4278-7003

Helmut Butzkueven (H)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Raed Alroughani (R)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Serkan Ozakbas (S)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Juan I Rojas (JI)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Ingrid van der Mei (I)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Nupur Nag (N)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-0271-0781

Rumen Ivanov (R)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Guilherme Sciascia do Olival (G)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-2717-7522

Alice Estavo Dias (AE)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Melinda Magyari (M)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-0972-5222

Doralina Brum (D)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Maria Fernanda Mendes (MF)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Ricardo N Alonso (RN)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Richard S Nicholas (RS)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Johana Bauer (J)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Aníbal Sebastián Chertcoff (AS)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Anna Zabalza (A)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3860-5251

Georgina Arrambide (G)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-2657-5510

Alexander Fidao (A)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Giancarlo Comi (G)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Liesbet Peeters (L)

From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adolescent › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Sujet âgé › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Acides aminés, peptides et protéines › Protéines › Globulines › Sérum-globulines › Immunoglobulines › Anticorps › Anticorps monoclonaux › Anticorps monoclonaux humanisés › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies de l'appareil respiratoire › Infections de l'appareil respiratoire › Pneumopathie infectieuse › Pneumopathie virale › COVID-19 › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
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questionsmedicales.fr › Composés chimiques organiques › Acides carboxyliques › Acides acycliques › Diacides carboxyliques › Fumarates › Fumarate de diméthyle › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Établissements, main d'oeuvre et services de soins de santé › Services de santé › Soins aux patients › Hospitalisation › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Adulte d'âge moyen › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies du système immunitaire › Maladies auto-immunes › Maladies auto-immunes du système nerveux › Maladies démyélinisantes auto-immunes du SNC › Sclérose en plaques › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Acides aminés, peptides et protéines › Protéines › Globulines › Sérum-globulines › Immunoglobulines › Anticorps › Anticorps monoclonaux › Anticorps monoclonaux humanisés › Natalizumab › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Thérapeutique › Thérapie respiratoire › Ventilation artificielle › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
questionsmedicales.fr › Acides aminés, peptides et protéines › Protéines › Globulines › Sérum-globulines › Immunoglobulines › Anticorps › Anticorps monoclonaux › Anticorps monoclonaux d'origine murine › Rituximab › Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies...
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