Development of prefrontal cortex.

Fuster JM. Prefrontal neurons in networks of executive memory. Brain Res Bull. 2000a;52:331–6.

pubmed: 10922510 doi: 10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00258-0

Fuster JM. Memory networks in the prefrontal cortex. Prog brain Res. 2000b;122:309–16.

pubmed: 10737067 doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62147-0

Goldman-Rakic PS. Circuitry of the primate prefrontal cortex and the regulation of behavior by representational memory. Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain. In: Plum F, editor. Handbook of physiology, the nervous system, higher functions of the brain. Bethesda: American Physiological Society; 1987. pp. 373–417.

Li H, Yan G, Luo W, Liu T, Wang Y, Liu R, et al. Mapping fetal brain development based on automated segmentation and 4D brain atlasing. Brain Struct Funct. 2021;226:1961–72.

pubmed: 34050792 doi: 10.1007/s00429-021-02303-x

Flak JN, Solomon MB, Jankord R, Krause EG, Herman JP. Identification of chronic stress-activated regions reveals a potential recruited circuit in rat brain. Eur J Neurosci. 2012;36:2547–55.

pubmed: 22789020 pmcid: 4538599 doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08161.x

Izquierdo A, Wellman CL, Holmes A. Brief uncontrollable stress causes dendritic retraction in infralimbic cortex and resistance to fear extinction in mice. J Neurosci. 2006;26:5733–8.

pubmed: 16723530 pmcid: 6675270 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0474-06.2006

Moench KM, Maroun M, Kavushansky A, Wellman C. Alterations in neuronal morphology in infralimbic cortex predict resistance to fear extinction following acute stress. Neurobiol Stress. 2016;3:23–33.

pubmed: 26844245 doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.12.002

Dias-Ferreira E, Sousa JC, Melo I, Morgado P, Mesquita AR, Cerqueira JJ, et al. Chronic stress causes frontostriatal reorganization and affects decision-making. Science 2009;325:621–5.

pubmed: 19644122 doi: 10.1126/science.1171203

Shansky RM, Hamo C, Hof PR, McEwen BS, Morrison JH. Stress-induced dendritic remodeling in the prefrontal cortex is circuit specific. Cereb Cortex. 2009;19:2479–84.

pubmed: 19193712 pmcid: 2742599 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp003

Radley JJ, Rocher AB, Miller M, Janssen WG, Liston C, Hof PR, et al. Repeated stress induces dendritic spine loss in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2006;16:313–20.

pubmed: 15901656 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi104

McKlveen JM, Morano RL, Fitzgerald M, Zoubovsky S, Cassella SN, Scheimann JR, et al. Chronic stress increases prefrontal inhibition: a mechanism for stress-induced prefrontal dysfunction. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;80:754–64.

pubmed: 27241140 pmcid: 5629635 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.2101

Petanjek Z, Judas M, Simic G, Rasin MR, Uylings HB, Rakic P, et al. Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:13281–6.

pubmed: 21788513 pmcid: 3156171 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1105108108

Donahue CJ, Glasser MF, Preuss TM, Rilling JK, Van, Essen DC. Quantitative assessment of prefrontal cortex in humans relative to nonhuman primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:E5183–E92.

pubmed: 29739891 pmcid: 5984508 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1721653115

Povinelli DJ, Preuss TM. Theory of mind: evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization. Trends Neurosci. 1995;18:418–24.

pubmed: 7482808 doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(95)93939-U

Carlen M. What constitutes the prefrontal cortex? Science 2017;358:478–82.

pubmed: 29074767 doi: 10.1126/science.aan8868

Uylings HB, Groenewegen HJ, Kolb B. Do rats have a prefrontal cortex? Behav Brain Res. 2003;146:3–17.

pubmed: 14643455 doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.09.028

Preuss TM. Do rats have prefrontal cortex? The rose-woolsey-akert program reconsidered. J Cogn Neurosci. 1995;7:1–24.

pubmed: 23961750 doi: 10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.1

Wise SP. Forward frontal fields: phylogeny and fundamental function. Trends Neurosci. 2008;31:599–608.

pubmed: 18835649 pmcid: 2587508 doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.08.008

Warren JM. Evolution, behavior and the prefrontal cortex. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 1972;32:581–93.

Llinares-Benadero C, Borrell V. Deconstructing cortical folding: genetic, cellular and mechanical determinants. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20:161–76.

pubmed: 30610227 doi: 10.1038/s41583-018-0112-2

Johnson MB, Kawasawa YI, Mason CE, Krsnik Z, Coppola G, Bogdanovic D, et al. Functional and evolutionary insights into human brain development through global transcriptome analysis. Neuron. 2009;62:494–509.

pubmed: 19477152 pmcid: 2739738 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.027

Pletikos M, Sousa AM, Sedmak G, Meyer KA, Zhu Y, Cheng F, et al. Temporal specification and bilaterality of human neocortical topographic gene expression. Neuron. 2014;81:321–32.

pubmed: 24373884 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.018

Stiles J, Jernigan TL. The basics of brain development. Neuropsychol Rev. 2010;20:327–48.

pubmed: 21042938 pmcid: 2989000 doi: 10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4

Rakic P, Suner I, Williams RW. A novel cytoarchitectonic area induced experimentally within the primate visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:2083–7.

pubmed: 2006147 pmcid: 51173 doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.6.2083

Rubenstein JL, Rakic P. Genetic control of cortical development. Cereb Cortex. 1999;9:521–3.

pubmed: 10498269 doi: 10.1093/cercor/9.6.521

Elsen GE, Hodge RD, Bedogni F, Daza RA, Nelson BR, Shiba N, et al. The protomap is propagated to cortical plate neurons through an Eomes-dependent intermediate map. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:4081–6.

pubmed: 23431145 pmcid: 3593833 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1209076110

Hevner RF, Haydar TF. The (not necessarily) convoluted role of basal radial glia in cortical neurogenesis. Cereb Cortex. 2012;22:465–8.

pubmed: 22116731 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr336

Miyashita-Lin EM, Hevner R, Wassarman KM, Martinez S, Rubenstein JL. Early neocortical regionalization in the absence of thalamic innervation. Science. 1999;285:906–9.

pubmed: 10436162 doi: 10.1126/science.285.5429.906

O’Leary DD, Stocker, AM, Zembrycki A. Area patterning of the mammalian cortex. In: Rubenstein JL, Rakic P editors. Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and Pns. San Diego: Elsevier. vol. 1, pp. 61–85.

Cholfin JA, Rubenstein JL. Frontal cortex subdivision patterning is coordinately regulated by Fgf8, Fgf17, and Emx2. J Comp Neurol. 2008;509:144–55.

pubmed: 18459137 pmcid: 4399554 doi: 10.1002/cne.21709

Borrell V, Reillo I. Emerging roles of neural stem cells in cerebral cortex development and evolution. Dev Neurobiol. 2012;72:955–71.

pubmed: 22684946 doi: 10.1002/dneu.22013

Cholfin JA, Rubenstein JL. Patterning of frontal cortex subdivisions by Fgf17. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:7652–7.

pubmed: 17442747 pmcid: 1863435 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0702225104

Rakic P. Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science. 1988;241:170–6.

pubmed: 3291116 doi: 10.1126/science.3291116

Geschwind DH, Rakic P. Cortical evolution: judge the brain by its cover. Neuron. 2013;80:633–47.

pubmed: 24183016 pmcid: 3922239 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.045

O’Leary DD. Do cortical areas emerge from a protocortex? Trends Neurosci. 1989;12:400–6.

pubmed: 2479138 doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(89)90080-5

Creutzfeldt OD. Generality of the functional structure of the neocortex. Die Naturwissenschaften. 1977;64:507–17.

pubmed: 337161 doi: 10.1007/BF00483547

Bystron I, Blakemore C, Rakic P. Development of the human cerebral cortex: Boulder Committee revisited. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9:110–22.

pubmed: 18209730 doi: 10.1038/nrn2252

Stancik EK, Navarro-Quiroga I, Sellke R, Haydar TF. Heterogeneity in ventricular zone neural precursors contributes to neuronal fate diversity in the postnatal neocortex. J Neurosci. 2010;30:7028–36.

pubmed: 20484645 pmcid: 2909740 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6131-09.2010

Hilgetag CC, Barbas H. Developmental mechanics of the primate cerebral cortex. Anat Embryol. 2005;210:411–7.

doi: 10.1007/s00429-005-0041-5

Chenn A, Walsh CA. Regulation of cerebral cortical size by control of cell cycle exit in neural precursors. Science. 2002;297:365–9.

pubmed: 12130776 doi: 10.1126/science.1074192

Kuida K, Haydar TF, Kuan CY, Gu Y, Taya C, Karasuyama H, et al. Reduced apoptosis and cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation in mice lacking caspase 9. Cell. 1998;94:325–37.

pubmed: 9708735 doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81476-2

Huang C, Liu T, Wang Q, Hou W, Zhou C, Song Z, et al. Loss of PP2A disrupts the retention of radial glial progenitors in the telencephalic niche to impair the generation for late-born neurons during cortical developmentdagger. Cereb Cortex. 2020;30:4183–96.

pubmed: 32186707 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa042

Grasby KL, Jahanshad N, Painter JN, Colodro-Conde L, Bralten J, Hibar DP, et al. The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex. Science. 2020;367:6484.

Samuelsen GB, Larsen KB, Bogdanovic N, Laursen H, Graem N, Larsen JF, et al. The changing number of cells in the human fetal forebrain and its subdivisions: a stereological analysis. Cereb Cortex. 2003;13:115–22.

pubmed: 12507942 doi: 10.1093/cercor/13.2.115

Oberst P, Fievre S, Baumann N, Concetti C, Bartolini G, Jabaudon D. Temporal plasticity of apical progenitors in the developing mouse neocortex. Nature. 2019;573:370–4.

pubmed: 31462778 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1515-6

Telley L, Agirman G, Prados J, Amberg N, Fievre S, Oberst P, et al. Temporal patterning of apical progenitors and their daughter neurons in the developing neocortex. Science. 2019;364:6440.

Rice D, Barone S Jr. Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108:511–33.

pubmed: 10852851 pmcid: 1637807

Rakic P. Neurons in rhesus monkey visual cortex: systematic relation between time of origin and eventual disposition. Science. 1974;183:425–7.

pubmed: 4203022 doi: 10.1126/science.183.4123.425

Bourgeois JP, Goldman-Rakic PS, Rakic P. Synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys. Cereb Cortex. 1994;4:78–96.

pubmed: 8180493 doi: 10.1093/cercor/4.1.78

Noctor SC, Flint AC, Weissman TA, Dammerman RS, Kriegstein AR. Neurons derived from radial glial cells establish radial units in neocortex. Nature. 2001;409:714–20.

pubmed: 11217860 doi: 10.1038/35055553

Miyata T, Kawaguchi A, Okano H, Ogawa M. Asymmetric inheritance of radial glial fibers by cortical neurons. Neuron. 2001;31:727–41.

pubmed: 11567613 doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00420-2

Gogtay N, Giedd JN, Lusk L, Hayashi KM, Greenstein D, Vaituzis AC, et al. Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:8174–9.

pubmed: 15148381 pmcid: 419576 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402680101

Ge WP, Miyawaki A, Gage FH, Jan YN, Jan LY. Local generation of glia is a major astrocyte source in postnatal cortex. Nature. 2012;484:376–80.

pubmed: 22456708 pmcid: 3777276 doi: 10.1038/nature10959

Kessaris N, Fogarty M, Iannarelli P, Grist M, Wegner M, Richardson WD. Competing waves of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain and postnatal elimination of an embryonic lineage. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:173–9.

pubmed: 16388308 doi: 10.1038/nn1620

Muffat J, Li Y, Yuan B, Mitalipova M, Omer A, Corcoran S, et al. Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Med. 2016;22:1358–67.

pubmed: 27668937 pmcid: 5101156 doi: 10.1038/nm.4189

Rakic P. Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex. J Comp Neurol. 1972;145:61–83.

pubmed: 4624784 doi: 10.1002/cne.901450105

Sidman RL, Rakic P. Neuronal migration, with special reference to developing human brain: a review. Brain Res. 1973;62:1–35.

pubmed: 4203033 doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90617-3

Paredes MF, James D, Gil-Perotin S, Kim H, Cotter JA, Ng C, et al. Sidman RLRP. Development of the human central nervous system. Haymaker WARD, editor. Sprinfield, IL: Thomas; 1982.

Nobrega-Pereira S, Marin O. Transcriptional control of neuronal migration in the developing mouse brain. Cereb Cortex. 2009;19:i107–13.

pubmed: 19357392 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp044

Paredes MF, James D, Gil-Perotin S, Kim H, Cotter JA, Ng C, et al. Extensive migration of young neurons into the infant human frontal lobe. Science. 2016;354:6308.

Shiba N, Daza RA, Shaffer LG, Barkovich AJ, Dobyns WB, Hevner RF. Neuropathology of brain and spinal malformations in a case of monosomy 1p36. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2013;1:45.

pubmed: 24252393 pmcid: 3893467 doi: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-45

Rakic P, Stensas LJ, Sayre E, Sidman RL. Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative analysis of cells from serial electron microscopic montages of foetal monkey brain. Nature. 1974;250:31–4.

pubmed: 4210169 doi: 10.1038/250031a0

Schmechel DE, Rakic P. A Golgi study of radial glial cells in developing monkey telencephalon: morphogenesis and transformation into astrocytes. Anat Embryol. 1979;156:115–52.

doi: 10.1007/BF00300010

Rakic P. Radial versus tangential migration of neuronal clones in the developing cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:11323–7.

pubmed: 8524778 pmcid: 40392 doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.25.11323

Ayala R, Shu T, Tsai LH. Trekking across the brain: the journey of neuronal migration. Cell. 2007;128:29–43.

pubmed: 17218253 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.021

Lim L, Pakan JMP, Selten MM, Marques-Smith A, Llorca A, Bae SE, et al. Optimization of interneuron function by direct coupling of cell migration and axonal targeting. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21:920–31.

pubmed: 29915195 pmcid: 6061935 doi: 10.1038/s41593-018-0162-9

Mi D, Li Z, Lim L, Li M, Moissidis M, Yang Y, et al. Early emergence of cortical interneuron diversity in the mouse embryo. Science. 2018;360:81–5.

pubmed: 29472441 pmcid: 6195193 doi: 10.1126/science.aar6821

Kosik KS, Nowakowski T. Evolution of new miRNAs and cerebro-cortical development. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2018;41:119–37.

pubmed: 29618285 doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061822

Pollen AA, Nowakowski TJ, Chen J, Retallack H, Sandoval-Espinosa C, Nicholas CR, et al. Molecular identity of human outer radial glia during cortical development. Cell. 2015;163:55–67.

pubmed: 26406371 pmcid: 4583716 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.004

Nowakowski TJ, Bhaduri A, Pollen AA, Alvarado B, Mostajo-Radji MA, Di Lullo E, et al. Spatiotemporal gene expression trajectories reveal developmental hierarchies of the human cortex. Science. 2017;358:1318–23.

pubmed: 29217575 pmcid: 5991609 doi: 10.1126/science.aap8809

Molnar Z, Clowry GJ, Sestan N, Alzu’bi A, Bakken T, Hevner RF, et al. New insights into the development of the human cerebral cortex. J Anat. 2019;235:432–51.

pubmed: 31373394 pmcid: 6704245 doi: 10.1111/joa.13055

Molnar Z, Hoerder-Suabedissen A. Regional scattering of primate subplate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:9676–8.

pubmed: 27551078 pmcid: 5024620 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1611194113

Molnar Z, Kaas JH, de Carlos JA, Hevner RF, Lein E, Nemec P. Evolution and development of the mammalian cerebral cortex. Brain Behav Evol. 2014;83:126–39.

pubmed: 24776993 doi: 10.1159/000357753

Molnar Z, Luhmann HJ, Kanold PO. Transient cortical circuits match spontaneous and sensory-driven activity during development. Science. 2020;370:6514.

Molnar Z, Pollen A. How unique is the human neocortex? Development. 2014;141:11–6.

pubmed: 24346696 doi: 10.1242/dev.101279

Hansen DV, Lui JH, Parker PR, Kriegstein AR. Neurogenic radial glia in the outer subventricular zone of human neocortex. Nature. 2010;464:554–61.

pubmed: 20154730 doi: 10.1038/nature08845

Rash BG, Duque A, Morozov YM, Arellano JI, Micali N, Rakic P. Gliogenesis in the outer subventricular zone promotes enlargement and gyrification of the primate cerebrum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:7089–94.

pubmed: 30894491 pmcid: 6452694 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1822169116

Sherwood CC, Stimpson CD, Raghanti MA, Wildman DE, Uddin M, Grossman LI, et al. Evolution of increased glia-neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:13606–11.

pubmed: 16938869 pmcid: 1564260 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0605843103

Dombrowski SM, Hilgetag CC, Barbas H. Quantitative architecture distinguishes prefrontal cortical systems in the rhesus monkey. Cereb Cortex. 2001;11:975–88.

pubmed: 11549620 doi: 10.1093/cercor/11.10.975

Hilgetag CC, Barbas H. Are there ten times more glia than neurons in the brain? Brain Struct Funct. 2009;213:365–6.

pubmed: 19198876 doi: 10.1007/s00429-009-0202-z

von Bartheld CS, Bahney J, Herculano-Houzel S. The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: a review of 150 years of cell counting. J Comp Neurol. 2016;524:3865–95.

doi: 10.1002/cne.24040

Kroon T, van Hugte E, van Linge L, Mansvelder HD, Meredith RM. Early postnatal development of pyramidal neurons across layers of the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Sci Rep. 2019;9:5037.

pubmed: 30911152 pmcid: 6433913 doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41661-9

Petanjek Z, Judas M, Kostovic I, Uylings HB. Lifespan alterations of basal dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons in the human prefrontal cortex: a layer-specific pattern. Cereb Cortex. 2008;18:915–29.

pubmed: 17652464 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm124

Mrzljak L, Uylings HB, Kostovic I, van Eden CG. Prenatal development of neurons in the human prefrontal cortex. II. A quantitative Golgi study. J Comp Neurol. 1992;316:485–96.

pubmed: 1577996 doi: 10.1002/cne.903160408

Yang JM, Zhang J, Yu YQ, Duan S, Li XM. Postnatal development of 2 microcircuits involving fast-spiking interneurons in the mouse prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24:98–109.

pubmed: 23042741 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs291

Cooper MA, Koleske AJ. Ablation of ErbB4 from excitatory neurons leads to reduced dendritic spine density in mouse prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol. 2014;522:3351–62.

pubmed: 24752666 pmcid: 4107058 doi: 10.1002/cne.23615

Huttenlocher PR. Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development. Neuropsychologia. 1990;28:517–27.

pubmed: 2203993 doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(90)90031-I

Kiryushko D, Berezin V, Bock E. Regulators of neurite outgrowth: role of cell adhesion molecules. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004;1014:140–54.

pubmed: 15153429 doi: 10.1196/annals.1294.015

Iafrati J, Orejarena MJ, Lassalle O, Bouamrane L, Gonzalez-Campo C, Chavis P. Reelin, an extracellular matrix protein linked to early onset psychiatric diseases, drives postnatal development of the prefrontal cortex via GluN2B-NMDARs and the mTOR pathway. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19:417–26.

pubmed: 23752244 doi: 10.1038/mp.2013.66

Saab BJ, Mansuy IM. Neuroepigenetics of memory formation and impairment: the role of microRNAs. Neuropharmacology. 2014;80:61–9.

pubmed: 24486712 doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.026

Schratt G. microRNAs at the synapse. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:842–9.

pubmed: 19888283 doi: 10.1038/nrn2763

Rakic P, Bourgeois JP, Eckenhoff MF, Zecevic N, Goldman-Rakic PS. Concurrent overproduction of synapses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex. Science. 1986;232:232–5.

pubmed: 3952506 doi: 10.1126/science.3952506

Huttenlocher PR, Dabholkar AS. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol. 1997;387:167–78.

pubmed: 9336221 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<167::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-Z

Lenroot RK, Giedd JN. Brain development in children and adolescents: insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30:718–29.

pubmed: 16887188 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.001

LaMantia AS, Rakic P. Axon overproduction and elimination in the corpus callosum of the developing rhesus monkey. J Neurosci. 1990;10:2156–75.

pubmed: 2376772 pmcid: 6570389 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-07-02156.1990

LaMantia AS, Rakic P. Axon overproduction and elimination in the anterior commissure of the developing rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol. 1994;340:328–36.

pubmed: 8188854 doi: 10.1002/cne.903400304

Rakic P, Riley KP. Overproduction and elimination of retinal axons in the fetal rhesus monkey. Science 1983;219:1441–4.

pubmed: 6828871 doi: 10.1126/science.6828871

Meinecke DL, Rakic P. Expression of GABA and GABAA receptors by neurons of the subplate zone in developing primate occipital cortex: evidence for transient local circuits. J Comp Neurol. 1992;317:91–101.

pubmed: 1315345 doi: 10.1002/cne.903170107

Schwartz ML, Meinecke DL. Early expression of GABA-containing neurons in the prefrontal and visual cortices of rhesus monkeys. Cereb Cortex. 1992;2:16–37.

pubmed: 1633406 doi: 10.1093/cercor/2.1.16

Tessier CR, Broadie K. Activity-dependent modulation of neural circuit synaptic connectivity. Front Mol Neurosci. 2009;2:8.

pubmed: 19668708 pmcid: 2724028 doi: 10.3389/neuro.02.008.2009

Keshavan MS, Anderson S, Pettegrew JW. Is schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex? The Feinberg hypothesis revisited. J Psychiatr Res. 1994;28:239–65.

pubmed: 7932285 doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(94)90009-4

Mrzljak L, Uylings HB, Van Eden CG, Judas M. Neuronal development in human prefrontal cortex in prenatal and postnatal stages. Prog Brain Res. 1990;85:185–222.

pubmed: 2094894 doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62681-3

Pattwell SS, Liston C, Jing D, Ninan I, Yang RR, Witztum J, et al. Dynamic changes in neural circuitry during adolescence are associated with persistent attenuation of fear memories. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11475.

pubmed: 27215672 pmcid: 4890178 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11475

Lidow MS, Goldman-Rakic PS, Gallager DW, Rakic P. Distribution of dopaminergic receptors in the primate cerebral cortex: quantitative autoradiographic analysis using [3H]raclopride, [3H]spiperone and [3H]SCH23390. Neuroscience 1991;40:657–71.

pubmed: 2062437 doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90003-7

Lidow MS, Goldman-Rakic PS, Gallager DW, Rakic P. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors and uptake sites in the neocortex of the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol. 1989;280:27–42.

pubmed: 2918094 doi: 10.1002/cne.902800104

Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A, et al. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2:861–3.

pubmed: 10491603 doi: 10.1038/13158

Barnea-Goraly N, Menon V, Eckert M, Tamm L, Bammer R, Karchemskiy A, et al. White matter development during childhood and adolescence: a cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging study. Cereb Cortex. 2005;15:1848–54.

pubmed: 15758200 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi062

Beul SF, Barbas H, Hilgetag CC. A predictive structural model of the primate connectome. Sci Rep. 2017;7:43176.

pubmed: 28256558 pmcid: 5335700 doi: 10.1038/srep43176

Garcia-Cabezas MA, Zikopoulos B, Barbas H. The Structural Model: a theory linking connections, plasticity, pathology, development and evolution of the cerebral cortex. Brain Struct Funct. 2019;224:985–1008.

pubmed: 30739157 pmcid: 6500485 doi: 10.1007/s00429-019-01841-9

Barbas H, Garcia-Cabezas MA. How the prefrontal executive got its stripes. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2016;40:125–34.

pubmed: 27479655 pmcid: 5056826 doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.07.003

Cavada C, Company T, Tejedor J, Cruz-Rizzolo RJ, Reinoso-Suarez F. The anatomical connections of the macaque monkey orbitofrontal cortex. A review. Cereb Cortex. 2000;10:220–42.

pubmed: 10731218 doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.3.220

Rapan L, Froudist-Walsh S, Niu M, Xu T, Funck T, Zilles K, et al. Multimodal 3D atlas of the macaque monkey motor and premotor cortex. NeuroImage. 2021;226:117574.

pubmed: 33221453 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117574

Verney C, Lebrand C, Gaspar P. Changing distribution of monoaminergic markers in the developing human cerebral cortex with special emphasis on the serotonin transporter. Anat Rec. 2002;267:87–93.

pubmed: 11997877 doi: 10.1002/ar.10089

Bonnin A, Levitt P. Fetal, maternal, and placental sources of serotonin and new implications for developmental programming of the brain. Neuroscience. 2011;197:1–7.

pubmed: 22001683 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.005

Muzerelle A, Scotto-Lomassese S, Bernard JF, Soiza-Reilly M, Gaspar P. Conditional anterograde tracing reveals distinct targeting of individual serotonin cell groups (B5-B9) to the forebrain and brainstem. Brain Struct Funct. 2016;221:535–61.

pubmed: 25403254 doi: 10.1007/s00429-014-0924-4

Bang SJ, Jensen P, Dymecki SM, Commons KG. Projections and interconnections of genetically defined serotonin neurons in mice. Eur J Neurosci. 2012;35:85–96.

pubmed: 22151329 doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07936.x

Teng T, Gaillard A, Muzerelle A, Gaspar P. EphrinA5 signaling is required for the distinctive targeting of raphe serotonin neurons in the forebrain. eNeuro. 2017;4:0327–16.

Bonnin A, Goeden N, Chen K, Wilson ML, King J, Shih JC, et al. A transient placental source of serotonin for the fetal forebrain. Nature. 2011;472:347–50.

pubmed: 21512572 pmcid: 3084180 doi: 10.1038/nature09972

Gaspar P, Cases O, Maroteaux L. The developmental role of serotonin: news from mouse molecular genetics. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4:1002–12.

pubmed: 14618156 doi: 10.1038/nrn1256

Buznikov GA, Lambert HW, Lauder JM. Serotonin and serotonin-like substances as regulators of early embryogenesis and morphogenesis. Cell Tissue Res. 2001;305:177–86.

pubmed: 11545255 doi: 10.1007/s004410100408

Booij L, Tremblay RE, Szyf M, Benkelfat C. Genetic and early environmental influences on the serotonin system: consequences for brain development and risk for psychopathology. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015;40:5–18.

pubmed: 25285876 pmcid: 4275332 doi: 10.1503/jpn.140099

Janusonis S, Gluncic V, Rakic P. Early serotonergic projections to Cajal-Retzius cells: relevance for cortical development. J Neurosci. 2004;24:1652–9.

pubmed: 14973240 pmcid: 6730467 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4651-03.2004

Garcia LP, Witteveen JS, Middelman A, van Hulten JA, Martens GJM, Homberg JR, et al. Perturbed developmental serotonin signaling affects prefrontal catecholaminergic innervation and cortical integrity. Mol Neurobiol. 2019;56:1405–20.

pubmed: 29948943 doi: 10.1007/s12035-018-1105-x

Radnikow G, Feldmeyer D, Lubke J. Axonal projection, input and output synapses, and synaptic physiology of Cajal-Retzius cells in the developing rat neocortex. J Neurosci. 2002;22:6908–19.

pubmed: 12177189 pmcid: 6757901 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-16-06908.2002

Hanswijk SI, Spoelder M, Shan L, Verheij MMM, Muilwijk OG, Li W, et al. Gestational factors throughout fetal neurodevelopment: the serotonin link. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:5850.

Homberg JR, Kolk SM, Schubert D. Editorial perspective of the Research Topic “Deciphering serotonin’s role in neurodevelopment”. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:212.

pubmed: 24302896 pmcid: 3831146 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00212

Kinast K, Peeters D, Kolk SM, Schubert D, Homberg JR. Genetic and pharmacological manipulations of the serotonergic system in early life: neurodevelopmental underpinnings of autism-related behavior. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:72.

pubmed: 23781172 pmcid: 3679613 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00072

Witteveen JS, Middelman A, van Hulten JA, Martens GJ, Homberg JR, Kolk SM. Lack of serotonin reuptake during brain development alters rostral raphe-prefrontal network formation. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:143.

pubmed: 24109430 pmcid: 3790074 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00143

Trowbridge S, Narboux-Neme N, Gaspar P. Genetic models of serotonin (5-HT) depletion: what do they tell us about the developmental role of 5-HT? Anat Rec. 2011;294:1615–23.

doi: 10.1002/ar.21248

Verney C, Berger B, Baulac M, Helle KB, Alvarez C. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in the fetal cerebral cortex of the rat: Noradrenergic ascending pathways and terminal fields. Int J Developmental Neurosci. 1984;2:491–503.

doi: 10.1016/0736-5748(84)90051-0

Levitt P, Moore RY. Development of the noradrenergic innervation of neocortex. Brain Res. 1979;162:243–59.

pubmed: 761089 doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90287-7

Zecevic N, Verney C. Development of the catecholamine neurons in human embryos and fetuses, with special emphasis on the innervation of the cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol. 1995;351:509–35.

pubmed: 7721981 doi: 10.1002/cne.903510404

Chandler DJ, Gao WJ, Waterhouse BD. Heterogeneous organization of the locus coeruleus projections to prefrontal and motor cortices. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:6816–21.

pubmed: 24753596 pmcid: 4020069 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1320827111

Uematsu A, Tan BZ, Ycu EA, Cuevas JS, Koivumaa J, Junyent F, et al. Modular organization of the brainstem noradrenaline system coordinates opposing learning states. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:1602–11.

pubmed: 28920933 doi: 10.1038/nn.4642

Cerpa JC, Marchand AR, Coutureau E. Distinct regional patterns in noradrenergic innervation of the rat prefrontal cortex. J Chem Neuroanat. 2019;96:102–9.

pubmed: 30630012 doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.01.002

Lauder JM, Bloom FE. Ontogeny of monoamine neurons in the locus coeruleus, Raphe nuclei and substantia nigra of the rat. I. Cell differentiation. J Comp Neurol. 1974;155:469–81.

pubmed: 4847734 doi: 10.1002/cne.901550407

Duncan CP, Seidler FJ, Lappi SE, Slotkin TA. Dual control of DNA synthesis by alpha- and beta-adrenergic mechanisms in normoxic and hypoxic neonatal rat brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1990;55:29–33.

pubmed: 2170056 doi: 10.1016/0165-3806(90)90102-5

Felten DL, Hallman H, Jonsson G. Evidence for a neurotropic role of noradrenaline neurons in the postnatal development of rat cerebral cortex. J Neurocytol. 1982;11:119–35.

pubmed: 6801216 doi: 10.1007/BF01258008

Blue ME, Parnavelas JG. The effect of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment on synaptogenesis in the visual cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1982;205:199–205.

pubmed: 6804536 doi: 10.1002/cne.902050211

Parnavelas JG, Blue ME. The role of the noradrenergic system on the formation of synapses in the visual cortex of the rat. Brain Res. 1982;255:140–4.

pubmed: 7055716 doi: 10.1016/0165-3806(82)90082-7

Winzer-Serhan UH, Leslie FM. Expression of alpha2A adrenoceptors during rat neocortical development. J Neurobiol. 1999;38:259–69.

pubmed: 10022571 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(19990205)38:2<259::AID-NEU8>3.0.CO;2-U

Naqui SZ, Harris BS, Thomaidou D, Parnavelas JG. The noradrenergic system influences the fate of Cajal-Retzius cells in the developing cerebral cortex. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1999;113:75–82.

pubmed: 10064877 doi: 10.1016/S0165-3806(99)00003-6

Bear MF, Singer W. Modulation of visual cortical plasticity by acetylcholine and noradrenaline. Nature. 1986;320:172–6.

pubmed: 3005879 doi: 10.1038/320172a0

Moron JA, Brockington A, Wise RA, Rocha BA, Hope BT. Dopamine uptake through the norepinephrine transporter in brain regions with low levels of the dopamine transporter: evidence from knock-out mouse lines. J Neurosci. 2002;22:389–95.

pubmed: 11784783 pmcid: 6758674 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-02-00389.2002

Dwyer JB, Cardenas A, Franke RM, Chen Y, Bai Y, Belluzzi JD, et al. Prenatal nicotine sex-dependently alters adolescent dopamine system development. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9:304.

pubmed: 31740669 pmcid: 6861272 doi: 10.1038/s41398-019-0640-1

Mirmiran M, Dijcks FA, Bos NP, Gorter JA, Van, der Werf D. Cortical neuron sensitivity to neurotransmitters following neonatal noradrenaline depletion. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1990;8:217–21.

pubmed: 1970221 doi: 10.1016/0736-5748(90)90014-S

Bortel A, Nowak P, Brus R. Neonatal DSP-4 treatment modifies GABAergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex of adult rats. Neurotox Res. 2008;13:247–52.

pubmed: 18522904 doi: 10.1007/BF03033508

Datta D, Yang ST, Galvin VC, Solder J, Luo F, Morozov YM, et al. Noradrenergic alpha1-adrenoceptor actions in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 2019;39:2722–34.

pubmed: 30755491 pmcid: 6445993 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2472-18.2019

Oda S, Tsuneoka Y, Yoshida S, Adachi-Akahane S, Ito M, Kuroda M, et al. Immunolocalization of muscarinic M1 receptor in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol. 2018;526:1329–50.

pubmed: 29424434 pmcid: 5900831 doi: 10.1002/cne.24409

Vijayraghavan S, Major AJ, Everling S. Muscarinic M1 receptor overstimulation disrupts working memory activity for rules in primate prefrontal cortex. Neuron. 2018;98:1256–68. e4

pubmed: 29887340 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.027

Galvin VC, Yang ST, Paspalas CD, Yang Y, Jin LE, Datta D, et al. Muscarinic M1 receptors modulate working memory performance and activity via KCNQ potassium channels in the primate prefrontal cortex. Neuron. 2020;106:649–61. e4

pubmed: 32197063 pmcid: 7244366 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.030

Celada P, Puig MV, Casanovas JM, Guillazo G, Artigas F. Control of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons by the medial prefrontal cortex: Involvement of serotonin-1A, GABA(A), and glutamate receptors. J Neurosci. 2001;21:9917–29.

pubmed: 11739599 pmcid: 6763042 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-24-09917.2001

Saboory E, Ghasemi M, Mehranfard N. Norepinephrine, neurodevelopment and behavior. Neurochemistry Int. 2020;135:104706.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104706

Berridge CW, Waterhouse BD. The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2003;42:33–84.

pubmed: 12668290 doi: 10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00143-7

Lammel S, Hetzel A, Hackel O, Jones I, Liss B, Roeper J. Unique properties of mesoprefrontal neurons within a dual mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. Neuron. 2008;57:760–73.

pubmed: 18341995 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.022

Kolk SM, Gunput RA, Tran TS, van den Heuvel DM, Prasad AA, Hellemons AJ, et al. Semaphorin 3F is a bifunctional guidance cue for dopaminergic axons and controls their fasciculation, channeling, rostral growth, and intracortical targeting. J Neurosci. 2009;29:12542–57.

pubmed: 19812329 pmcid: 3097132 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2521-09.2009

Kalsbeek A, De Bruin JP, Feenstra MG, Uylings HB. Age-dependent effects of lesioning the mesocortical dopamine system upon prefrontal cortex morphometry and PFC-related behaviors. Prog Brain Res. 1990;85:257–82. discussion 82-3

pubmed: 2094897 doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62684-9

Kalsbeek A, Voorn P, Buijs RM, Pool CW, Uylings HB. Development of the dopaminergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1988;269:58–72.

pubmed: 3361004 doi: 10.1002/cne.902690105

Manitt C, Eng C, Pokinko M, Ryan RT, Torres-Berrio A, Lopez JP, et al. dcc orchestrates the development of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence and is altered in psychiatric patients. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3:e338.

pubmed: 24346136 pmcid: 4030324 doi: 10.1038/tp.2013.105

Reynolds LM, Pokinko M, Torres-Berrio A, Cuesta S, Lambert LC, Del Cid Pellitero E. et al. DCC receptors drive prefrontal cortex maturation by determining dopamine axon targeting in adolescence. Biol psychiatry. 2018;83:181–92.

pubmed: 28720317 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.009

Cuesta S, Nouel D, Reynolds LM, Morgunova A, Torres-Berrio A, White A, et al. Dopamine axon targeting in the nucleus accumbens in adolescence requires netrin-1. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:487.

pubmed: 32714924 pmcid: 7344302 doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00487

Manitt C, Mimee A, Eng C, Pokinko M, Stroh T, Cooper HM, et al. The netrin receptor DCC is required in the pubertal organization of mesocortical dopamine circuitry. J Neurosci. 2011;31:8381–94.

pubmed: 21653843 pmcid: 6623341 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0606-11.2011

Benes FM, Taylor JB, Cunningham MC. Convergence and plasticity of monoaminergic systems in the medial prefrontal cortex during the postnatal period: implications for the development of psychopathology. Cereb Cortex. 2000;10:1014–27.

pubmed: 11007552 doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.10.1014

Naneix F, Marchand AR, Di Scala G, Pape JR, Coutureau E. Parallel maturation of goal-directed behavior and dopaminergic systems during adolescence. J Neurosci. 2012;32:16223–32.

pubmed: 23152606 pmcid: 6794026 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3080-12.2012

Rosenberg DR, Lewis DA. Postnatal maturation of the dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal and motor cortices: a tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical analysis. J Comp Neurol. 1995;358:383–400.

pubmed: 7560293 doi: 10.1002/cne.903580306

Lambe EK, Krimer LS, Goldman-Rakic PS. Differential postnatal development of catecholamine and serotonin inputs to identified neurons in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey. J Neurosci. 2000;20:8780–7.

pubmed: 11102486 pmcid: 6773090 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08780.2000

Weickert CS, Webster MJ, Gondipalli P, Rothmond D, Fatula RJ, Herman MM, et al. Postnatal alterations in dopaminergic markers in the human prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience. 2007;144:1109–19.

pubmed: 17123740 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.10.009

Rothmond DA, Weickert CS, Webster MJ. Developmental changes in human dopamine neurotransmission: cortical receptors and terminators. BMC Neurosci. 2012;13:18.

pubmed: 22336227 pmcid: 3315415 doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-18

Arnsten AF, Wang M, Paspalas CD. Dopamine’s actions in primate prefrontal cortex: challenges for treating cognitive disorders. Pharmacol Rev. 2015;67:681–96.

pubmed: 26106146 pmcid: 4485014 doi: 10.1124/pr.115.010512

Yamaguchi T, Wang HL, Li X, Ng TH, Morales M. Mesocorticolimbic glutamatergic pathway. J Neurosci. 2011;31:8476–90.

pubmed: 21653852 pmcid: 6623324 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1598-11.2011

Gorelova N, Mulholland PJ, Chandler LJ, Seamans JK. The glutamatergic component of the mesocortical pathway emanating from different subregions of the ventral midbrain. Cereb Cortex. 2012;22:327–36.

pubmed: 21666135 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr107

Kabanova A, Pabst M, Lorkowski M, Braganza O, Boehlen A, Nikbakht N, et al. Function and developmental origin of a mesocortical inhibitory circuit. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18:872–82.

pubmed: 25961790 doi: 10.1038/nn.4020

Lavin A, Nogueira L, Lapish CC, Wightman RM, Phillips PE, Seamans JK. Mesocortical dopamine neurons operate in distinct temporal domains using multimodal signaling. J Neurosci. 2005;25:5013–23.

pubmed: 15901782 pmcid: 5509062 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0557-05.2005

Yamasaki M, Takeuchi T. Locus coeruleus and dopamine-dependent memory consolidation. Neural Plasticity. 2017;2017:8602690.

pubmed: 29123927 pmcid: 5662828 doi: 10.1155/2017/8602690

Engelhard B, Finkelstein J, Cox J, Fleming W, Jang HJ, Ornelas S, et al. Specialized coding of sensory, motor and cognitive variables in VTA dopamine neurons. Nature. 2019;570:509–13.

pubmed: 31142844 pmcid: 7147811 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1261-9

Leung HC, Gore JC, Goldman-Rakic PS. Differential anterior prefrontal activation during the recognition stage of a spatial working memory task. Cereb Cortex. 2005;15:1742–9.

pubmed: 15703246 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi051

Noudoost B, Moore T. The role of neuromodulators in selective attention. Trends Cogn Sci. 2011;15:585–91.

pubmed: 22074811 pmcid: 3351278 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.006

Brozoski TJ, Brown RM, Rosvold HE, Goldman PS. Cognitive deficit caused by regional depletion of dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey. Science. 1979;205:929–32.

pubmed: 112679 doi: 10.1126/science.112679

Money KM, Stanwood GD. Developmental origins of brain disorders: roles for dopamine. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:260.

pubmed: 24391541 pmcid: 3867667 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00260

Kriegstein AR, Noctor SC. Patterns of neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex. Trends Neurosci. 2004;27:392–9.

pubmed: 15219738 doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2004.05.001

Krimer LS, Goldman-Rakic PS. Prefrontal microcircuits: membrane properties and excitatory input of local, medium, and wide arbor interneurons. J Neurosci. 2001;21:3788–96.

pubmed: 11356867 pmcid: 6762691 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-11-03788.2001

Anderson SA, Eisenstat DD, Shi L, Rubenstein JL. Interneuron migration from basal forebrain to neocortex: dependence on Dlx genes. Science. 1997;278:474–6.

pubmed: 9334308 doi: 10.1126/science.278.5337.474

Ben-Ari Y. Excitatory actions of gaba during development: the nature of the nurture. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3:728–39.

pubmed: 12209121 doi: 10.1038/nrn920

LoTurco JJ, Owens DF, Heath MJ, Davis MB, Kriegstein AR. GABA and glutamate depolarize cortical progenitor cells and inhibit DNA synthesis. Neuron. 1995;15:1287–98.

pubmed: 8845153 doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90008-X

Wang DD, Kriegstein AR. Defining the role of GABA in cortical development. J Physiol. 2009;587:1873–9.

pubmed: 19153158 pmcid: 2689328 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.167635

Owens DF, Boyce LH, Davis MB, Kriegstein AR. Excitatory GABA responses in embryonic and neonatal cortical slices demonstrated by gramicidin perforated-patch recordings and calcium imaging. J Neurosci. 1996;16:6414–23.

pubmed: 8815920 pmcid: 6578913 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-20-06414.1996

Ohtani N, Goto T, Waeber C, Bhide PG. Dopamine modulates cell cycle in the lateral ganglionic eminence. J Neurosci. 2003;23:2840–50.

pubmed: 12684471 pmcid: 1201391 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02840.2003

Crandall JE, McCarthy DM, Araki KY, Sims JR, Ren JQ, Bhide PG. Dopamine receptor activation modulates GABA neuron migration from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 2007;27:3813–22.

pubmed: 17409246 pmcid: 2711976 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5124-06.2007

Kilb W. Development of the GABAergic system from birth to adolescence. Neuroscientist. 2012;18:613–30.

pubmed: 21952258 doi: 10.1177/1073858411422114

Romo-Parra H, Trevino M, Heinemann U, Gutierrez R. GABA actions in hippocampal area CA3 during postnatal development: differential shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing in somatic and dendritic compartments. J Neurophysiol. 2008;99:1523–34.

pubmed: 18216229 doi: 10.1152/jn.01074.2007

Erickson SL, Lewis DA. Postnatal development of parvalbumin- and GABA transporter-immunoreactive axon terminals in monkey prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol. 2002;448:186–202.

pubmed: 12012429 doi: 10.1002/cne.10249

Cruz DA, Eggan SM, Lewis DA. Postnatal development of pre- and postsynaptic GABA markers at chandelier cell connections with pyramidal neurons in monkey prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol. 2003;465:385–400.

pubmed: 12966563 doi: 10.1002/cne.10833

Radonjic NV, Ayoub AE, Memi F, Yu X, Maroof A, Jakovcevski I, et al. Diversity of cortical interneurons in primates: the role of the dorsal proliferative niche. Cell Rep. 2014;9:2139–51.

pubmed: 25497090 pmcid: 4306459 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.026

Fertuzinhos S, Krsnik Z, Kawasawa YI, Rasin MR, Kwan KY, Chen JG, et al. Selective depletion of molecularly defined cortical interneurons in human holoprosencephaly with severe striatal hypoplasia. Cereb Cortex. 2009;19:2196–207.

pubmed: 19234067 pmcid: 2722430 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp009

Verwer RW, Van Vulpen EH, Van Uum JF. Postnatal development of amygdaloid projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rat studied with retrograde and anterograde tracers. J Comp Neurol. 1996;376:75–96.

pubmed: 8946285 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19961202)376:1<75::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-L

Bacon SJ, Headlam AJ, Gabbott PL, Smith AD. Amygdala input to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat: a light and electron microscope study. Brain Res. 1996;720:211–9.

pubmed: 8782914 doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00155-2

Carr DB, Sesack SR. Hippocampal afferents to the rat prefrontal cortex: synaptic targets and relation to dopamine terminals. J Comp Neurol. 1996;369:1–15.

pubmed: 8723699 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960520)369:1<1::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-7

Hoover WB, Vertes RP. Anatomical analysis of afferent projections to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat. Brain Struct Funct. 2007;212:149–79.

pubmed: 17717690 doi: 10.1007/s00429-007-0150-4

Wang J, John Y, Barbas H. Pathways for contextual memory: the primate hippocampal pathway to anterior cingulate cortex. Cerebral Cortex. 2021;31:1807–26.

Ghashghaei HT, Hilgetag CC, Barbas H. Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the anatomic dialogue between prefrontal cortex and amygdala. NeuroImage. 2007;34:905–23.

pubmed: 17126037 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.046

Perry BAL, Lomi E, Mitchell AS. Thalamocortical interactions in cognition and disease: the mediodorsal and anterior thalamic nuclei. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;130:162–77.

Homman-Ludiye J, Bourne JA. The medial pulvinar: function, origin and association with neurodevelopmental disorders. J Anat. 2019;235:507–20.

pubmed: 30657169 pmcid: 6704239 doi: 10.1111/joa.12932

Shibata M, Pattabiraman K, Lorente-Galdos B, Andrijevic D, Xing X, Sousa AMM, et al. Regulation of prefrontal patterning, connectivity and synaptogenesis by retinoic acid. bioRxiv. 2019; https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.891036v1 .

Sesack SR, Pickel VM. Prefrontal cortical efferents in the rat synapse on unlabeled neuronal targets of catecholamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens septi and on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J Comp Neurol. 1992;320:145–60.

pubmed: 1377716 doi: 10.1002/cne.903200202

Christie MJ, James LB, Beart PM. An excitant amino acid projection from the medial prefrontal cortex to the anterior part of nucleus accumbens in the rat. J Neurochem. 1985;45:477–82.

pubmed: 2861249 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb04013.x

Gao M, Liu CL, Yang S, Jin GZ, Bunney BS, Shi WX. Functional coupling between the prefrontal cortex and dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci. 2007;27:5414–21.

pubmed: 17507563 pmcid: 6672349 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5347-06.2007

Warden MR, Selimbeyoglu A, Mirzabekov JJ, Lo M, Thompson KR, Kim SY, et al. A prefrontal cortex-brainstem neuronal projection that controls response to behavioural challenge. Nature. 2012;492:428–32.

pubmed: 23160494 pmcid: 5929119 doi: 10.1038/nature11617

Geddes SD, Assadzada S, Lemelin D, Sokolovski A, Bergeron R, Haj-Dahmane S, et al. Target-specific modulation of the descending prefrontal cortex inputs to the dorsal raphe nucleus by cannabinoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:5429–34.

pubmed: 27114535 pmcid: 4868450 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1522754113

Pollak Dorocic I, Furth D, Xuan Y, Johansson Y, Pozzi L, Silberberg G, et al. A whole-brain atlas of inputs to serotonergic neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Neuron. 2014;83:663–78.

pubmed: 25102561 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.002

Janiesch PC, Kruger HS, Poschel B, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Cholinergic control in developing prefrontal-hippocampal networks. J Neurosci. 2011;31:17955–70.

pubmed: 22159110 pmcid: 6634161 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2644-11.2011

Dupont E, Hanganu IL, Kilb W, Hirsch S, Luhmann HJ. Rapid developmental switch in the mechanisms driving early cortical columnar networks. Nature. 2006;439:79–83.

pubmed: 16327778 doi: 10.1038/nature04264

Matthews DA, Nadler JV, Lynch GS, Cotman CW. Development of cholinergic innervation in the hippocampal formation of the rat. I. Histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity. Dev Biol. 1974;36:130–41.

pubmed: 4822829 doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90196-1

Hanganu IL, Staiger JF, Ben-Ari Y, Khazipov R. Cholinergic modulation of spindle bursts in the neonatal rat visual cortex in vivo. J Neurosci. 2007;27:5694–705.

pubmed: 17522314 pmcid: 6672769 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5233-06.2007

Hellstrom-Lindahl E, Gorbounova O, Seiger A, Mousavi M, Nordberg A. Regional distribution of nicotinic receptors during prenatal development of human brain and spinal cord. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1998;108:147–60.

pubmed: 9693793 doi: 10.1016/S0165-3806(98)00046-7

Atluri P, Fleck MW, Shen Q, Mah SJ, Stadfelt D, Barnes W, et al. Functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in stem and progenitor cells of the early embryonic mouse cerebral cortex. Dev Biol. 2001;240:143–56.

pubmed: 11784052 doi: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0453

Ma W, Maric D, Li BS, Hu Q, Andreadis JD, Grant GM, et al. Acetylcholine stimulates cortical precursor cell proliferation in vitro via muscarinic receptor activation and MAP kinase phosphorylation. Eur J Neurosci. 2000;12:1227–40.

pubmed: 10762352 doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00010.x

Zheng JQ, Felder M, Connor JA, Poo MM. Turning of nerve growth cones induced by neurotransmitters. Nature. 1994;368:140–4.

pubmed: 8139655 doi: 10.1038/368140a0

Kostovic I, Goldman-Rakic PS. Transient cholinesterase staining in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and its connections in the developing human and monkey brain. J Comp Neurol. 1983;219:431–47.

pubmed: 6196382 doi: 10.1002/cne.902190405

Kostovic I, Rakic P. Development of prestriate visual projections in the monkey and human fetal cerebrum revealed by transient cholinesterase staining. J Neurosci. 1984;4:25–42.

pubmed: 6693940 pmcid: 6564757 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-01-00025.1984

Mechawar N, Descarries L. The cholinergic innervation develops early and rapidly in the rat cerebral cortex: a quantitative immunocytochemical study. Neuroscience. 2001;108:555–67.

pubmed: 11738494 doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00389-X

Mesulam MM, Hersh LB, Mash DC, Geula C. Differential cholinergic innervation within functional subdivisions of the human cerebral cortex: a choline acetyltransferase study. J Comp Neurol. 1992;318:316–28.

pubmed: 1374768 doi: 10.1002/cne.903180308

Kostovic I, Skavic J, Strinovic D. Acetylcholinesterase in the human frontal associative cortex during the period of cognitive development: early laminar shifts and late innervation of pyramidal neurons. Neurosci Lett. 1988;90:107–12.

pubmed: 3412629 doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90795-1

Lewis DA. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive axons in monkey frontal cortex. Neuroscience. 1991;40:363–74.

pubmed: 2027466 doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90126-9

Konsolaki E, Skaliora I. Premature aging phenotype in mice lacking high-affinity nicotinic receptors: region-specific changes in layer V pyramidal cell morphology. Cereb Cortex. 2015;25:2138–48.

pubmed: 24554727 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhu019

Ballesteros-Yanez I, Benavides-Piccione R, Bourgeois JP, Changeux JP, DeFelipe J. Alterations of cortical pyramidal neurons in mice lacking high-affinity nicotinic receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:11567–72.

pubmed: 20534523 pmcid: 2895077 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1006269107

Bailey CD, Alves NC, Nashmi R, De Biasi M, Lambe EK. Nicotinic alpha5 subunits drive developmental changes in the activation and morphology of prefrontal cortex layer VI neurons. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71:120–8.

pubmed: 22030359 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.011

Tseng KY, O’Donnell P. Dopamine-glutamate interactions controlling prefrontal cortical pyramidal cell excitability involve multiple signaling mechanisms. J Neurosci. 2004;24:5131–9.

pubmed: 15175382 pmcid: 6729185 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1021-04.2004

Tseng KY, O’Donnell P. Post-pubertal emergence of prefrontal cortical up states induced by D1-NMDA co-activation. Cereb Cortex. 2005;15:49–57.

pubmed: 15217899 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh107

Ruediger T, Bolz J. Neurotransmitters and the development of neuronal circuits. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;621:104–15.

pubmed: 18269214 doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-76715-4_8

Hensler JG, Artigas F, Bortolozzi A, Daws LC, De Deurwaerdere P, Milan L, et al. Catecholamine/Serotonin interactions: systems thinking for brain function and disease. Adv Pharmacol. 2013;68:167–97.

pubmed: 24054145 pmcid: 3902978 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-411512-5.00009-9

Galvin VC, Arnsten AFT, Wang M. Evolution in neuromodulation-the differential roles of acetylcholine in higher order association vs. primary visual cortices. Front Neural Circuits. 2018;12:67.

pubmed: 30210306 pmcid: 6121028 doi: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00067

Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Esposito E. Serotonin-dopamine interaction: experimental evidence and therapeutic relevance. Preface. Prog Brain Res. 2008;172:ix.

Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Pierucci M, Esposito E. Serotonin-dopamine interaction: electrophysiological evidence. Prog Brain Res. 2008;172:45–71.

pubmed: 18772027 doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00903-5

Esposito E, Di Matteo V, Di Giovanni G. Serotonin-dopamine interaction: an overview. Prog Brain Res. 2008;172:3–6.

pubmed: 18772025 doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00901-1

D’Amato RJ, Blue ME, Largent BL, Lynch DR, Ledbetter DJ, Molliver ME, et al. Ontogeny of the serotonergic projection to rat neocortex: transient expression of a dense innervation to primary sensory areas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:4322–6.

pubmed: 3473503 pmcid: 305077 doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.12.4322

Zhou FC, Sari Y, Zhang JK. Expression of serotonin transporter protein in developing rat brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2000;119:33–45.

pubmed: 10648870 doi: 10.1016/S0165-3806(99)00152-2

Narboux-Neme N, Pavone LM, Avallone L, Zhuang X, Gaspar P. Serotonin transporter transgenic (SERTcre) mouse line reveals developmental targets of serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Neuropharmacology. 2008;55:994–1005.

pubmed: 18789954 doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.020

Altamura C, Dell’Acqua ML, Moessner R, Murphy DL, Lesch KP, Persico AM. Altered neocortical cell density and layer thickness in serotonin transporter knockout mice: a quantitation study. Cereb Cortex. 2007;17:1394–401.

pubmed: 16905592 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhl051

Tribollet E, Bertrand D, Marguerat A, Raggenbass M. Comparative distribution of nicotinic receptor subtypes during development, adulthood and aging: an autoradiographic study in the rat brain. Neuroscience. 2004;124:405–20.

pubmed: 14980390 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.09.028

Gaspar P, Bloch B, Le, Moine C. D1 and D2 receptor gene expression in the rat frontal cortex: cellular localization in different classes of efferent neurons. Eur J Neurosci. 1995;7:1050–63.

pubmed: 7613610 doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01092.x

Rosenfeld CS. The placenta-brain-axis. J Neurosci Res. 2021;99:271–83.

pubmed: 32108381 doi: 10.1002/jnr.24603

Vitalis T, Parnavelas JG. The role of serotonin in early cortical development. Dev Neurosci. 2003;25:245–56.

pubmed: 12966221 doi: 10.1159/000072272

Fuster JM. Frontal lobe and cognitive development. J Neurocytol. 2002;31:373–85.

pubmed: 12815254 doi: 10.1023/A:1024190429920

Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Holmes CJ, Jernigan TL, Toga AW. In vivo evidence for post-adolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2:859–61.

pubmed: 10491602 doi: 10.1038/13154

Spear LP. The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000;24:417–63.

pubmed: 10817843 doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00014-2

Jacobs B, Schall M, Prather M, Kapler E, Driscoll L, Baca S, et al. Regional dendritic and spine variation in human cerebral cortex: a quantitative golgi study. Cereb Cortex. 2001;11:558–71.

pubmed: 11375917 doi: 10.1093/cercor/11.6.558

Travis K, Ford K, Jacobs B. Regional dendritic variation in neonatal human cortex: a quantitative Golgi study. Dev Neurosci. 2005;27:277–87.

pubmed: 16137985 doi: 10.1159/000086707

Oga T, Elston GN, Fujita I. Postnatal dendritic growth and spinogenesis of layer-V pyramidal cells differ between visual, inferotemporal, and prefrontal cortex of the macaque monkey. Front Neurosci. 2017;11:118.

pubmed: 28348514 pmcid: 5347257 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00118

Elston GN, Benavides-Piccione R, Elston A, Manger PR, Defelipe J. Pyramidal cells in prefrontal cortex of primates: marked differences in neuronal structure among species. Front Neuroanat. 2011;5:2.

pubmed: 21347276 pmcid: 3039119

Tsujimoto S. The prefrontal cortex: functional neural development during early childhood. Neuroscientist. 2008;14:345–58.

pubmed: 18467667 doi: 10.1177/1073858408316002

Lin Q, Wei W, Coelho CM, Li X, Baker-Andresen D, Dudley K, et al. The brain-specific microRNA miR-128b regulates the formation of fear-extinction memory. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14:1115–7.

pubmed: 21841775 doi: 10.1038/nn.2891

Darcq E, Warnault V, Phamluong K, Besserer GM, Liu F, Ron D. MicroRNA-30a-5p in the prefrontal cortex controls the transition from moderate to excessive alcohol consumption. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20:1261.

pubmed: 25385365 doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.155

Caballero A, Granberg R, Tseng KY. Mechanisms contributing to prefrontal cortex maturation during adolescence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;70:4–12.

pubmed: 27235076 pmcid: 5074870 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.013

Flensborg-Madsen T, Mortensen EL. Language development and intelligence in midlife. Br J Dev Psychol. 2019;37:269–83.

pubmed: 30463103 doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12271

Demetriou A, Spanoudis G. From cognitive development to intelligence: translating developmental mental milestones into intellect. J Intell. 2017;5:30.

Moghaddam B. Stress activation of glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex: implications for dopamine-associated psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51:775–87.

pubmed: 12007451 doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01362-2

Popoli M, Yan Z, McEwen BS, Sanacora G. The stressed synapse: the impact of stress and glucocorticoids on glutamate transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;13:22–37.

pubmed: 22127301 pmcid: 3645314 doi: 10.1038/nrn3138

Duman RS, Aghajanian GK. Synaptic dysfunction in depression: potential therapeutic targets. Science. 2012;338:68–72.

pubmed: 23042884 pmcid: 4424898 doi: 10.1126/science.1222939

Thompson SM, Kallarackal AJ, Kvarta MD, Van Dyke AM, LeGates TA, Cai X. An excitatory synapse hypothesis of depression. Trends Neurosci. 2015;38:279–94.

pubmed: 25887240 pmcid: 4417609 doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.03.003

Kang HJ, Voleti B, Hajszan T, Rajkowska G, Stockmeier CA, Licznerski P, et al. Decreased expression of synapse-related genes and loss of synapses in major depressive disorder. Nat Med. 2012;18:1413–7.

pubmed: 22885997 pmcid: 3491115 doi: 10.1038/nm.2886

McEwen BS, Morrison JH. The brain on stress: vulnerability and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course. Neuron. 2013;79:16–29.

pubmed: 23849196 pmcid: 3753223 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028

Morin EL, Howell BR, Feczko E, Earl E, Pincus M, Reding K, et al. Developmental outcomes of early adverse care on amygdala functional connectivity in nonhuman primates. Dev Psychopathol. 2020;32:1579–96.

pubmed: 33427167 doi: 10.1017/S0954579420001133

Niemi MEK, Martin HC, Rice DL, Gallone G, Gordon S, Kelemen M, et al. Common genetic variants contribute to risk of rare severe neurodevelopmental disorders. Nature. 2018;562:268–71.

pubmed: 30258228 pmcid: 6726472 doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0566-4

Pieretti M, Zhang FP, Fu YH, Warren ST, Oostra BA, Caskey CT, et al. Absence of expression of the FMR-1 gene in fragile X syndrome. Cell. 1991;66:817–22.

pubmed: 1878973 doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90125-I

Verheij C, Bakker CE, de Graaff E, Keulemans J, Willemsen R, Verkerk AJ, et al. Characterization and localization of the FMR-1 gene product associated with fragile X syndrome. Nature. 1993;363:722–4.

pubmed: 8515814 doi: 10.1038/363722a0

Siegel JJ, Chitwood RA, Ding JM, Payne C, Taylor W, Gray R, et al. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in fragile X mice depends on the continued absence of fragile X mental retardation protein in the adult brain. J Neurosci. 2017;37:7305–17.

pubmed: 28652410 pmcid: 6596701 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0571-17.2017

Howell CJ, Sceniak MP, Lang M, Krakowiecki W, Abouelsoud FE, Lad SU, et al. Activation of the medial prefrontal cortex reverses cognitive and respiratory symptoms in a mouse model of rett syndrome. eNeuro. 0277-17. 2017:1–12.

Armstrong DD, Dunn K, Antalffy B. Decreased dendritic branching in frontal, motor and limbic cortex in Rett syndrome compared with trisomy 21. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1998;57:1013–7.

pubmed: 9825937 doi: 10.1097/00005072-199811000-00003

Liu Z, Li X, Zhang JT, Cai YJ, Cheng TL, Cheng C, et al. Autism-like behaviours and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2. Nature. 2016;530:98–102.

pubmed: 26808898 doi: 10.1038/nature16533

Yu ZX, Wang DY, Xu XH. Gene editing to the rescue: reversal of social deficits associated with MECP2 duplication. Neurosci Bull. 2020;36:567–9.

pubmed: 32472288 pmcid: 7270302 doi: 10.1007/s12264-020-00522-6

Yu B, Yuan B, Dai JK, Cheng TL, Xia SN, He LJ, et al. Reversal of social recognition deficit in adult mice with MECP2 duplication via normalization of MeCP2 in the medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Bull. 2020;36:570–84.

pubmed: 32144612 pmcid: 7271088 doi: 10.1007/s12264-020-00467-w

Alarcon JM, Malleret G, Touzani K, Vronskaya S, Ishii S, Kandel ER, et al. Chromatin acetylation, memory, and LTP are impaired in CBP+/- mice: a model for the cognitive deficit in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and its amelioration. Neuron. 2004;42:947–59.

pubmed: 15207239 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.05.021

van Dongen LCM, Wingbermuhle E, van der Veld WM, Vermeulen K, Bos-Roubos AG, Ockeloen CW, et al. Exploring the behavioral and cognitive phenotype of KBG syndrome. Genes Brain Behav. 2019;18:e12553.

pubmed: 30786142 pmcid: 6850621 doi: 10.1111/gbb.12553

van Dongen LCM, Wingbermuhle PAM, van der Veld WM, Stumpel C, Kleefstra T, Egger JIM. Exploring the cognitive phenotype of Kabuki (Niikawa-Kuroki) syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2019;63:498–506.

pubmed: 30724417 pmcid: 6850277 doi: 10.1111/jir.12597

Schut EHS, Alonso A, Smits S, Khamassi M, Samanta A, Negwer M, et al. The Object Space Task reveals increased expression of cumulative memory in a mouse model of Kleefstra syndrome. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2020;173:107265.

pubmed: 32531423 doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107265

Egger JI, Zwanenburg RJ, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CM, Kleefstra T, Verhoeven WM. Neuropsychological phenotype and psychopathology in seven adult patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome: implications for treatment strategy. Genes Brain Behav. 2016;15:395–404.

pubmed: 26824576 doi: 10.1111/gbb.12285

Sidorov MS, Judson MC, Kim H, Rougie M, Ferrer AI, Nikolova VD, et al. Enhanced operant extinction and prefrontal excitability in a mouse model of angelman syndrome. J Neurosci. 2018;38:2671–82.

pubmed: 29431654 pmcid: 5852653 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2828-17.2018

Laje G, Bernert R, Morse R, Pao M, Smith AC. Pharmacological treatment of disruptive behavior in Smith-Magenis syndrome. Am J Med Genet Part C Semin Med Genet. 2010;154C:463–8.

pubmed: 20981776 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30282

Laje G, Morse R, Richter W, Ball J, Pao M, Smith AC. Autism spectrum features in Smith-Magenis syndrome. Am J Med Genet Part C Semin Med Genet. 2010;154C:456–62.

pubmed: 20981775 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30275

Proulx E, Young EJ, Osborne LR, Lambe EK. Enhanced prefrontal serotonin 5-HT(1A) currents in a mouse model of Williams-Beuren syndrome with low innate anxiety. J Neurodev Disord. 2010;2:99–108.

pubmed: 20585377 pmcid: 2882561 doi: 10.1007/s11689-010-9044-5

Witteveen JS, Willemsen MH, Dombroski TC, van Bakel NH, Nillesen WM, van Hulten JA, et al. Haploinsufficiency of MeCP2-interacting transcriptional co-repressor SIN3A causes mild intellectual disability by affecting the development of cortical integrity. Nat Genet. 2016;48:877–87.

pubmed: 27399968 doi: 10.1038/ng.3619

Frega M, Linda K, Keller JM, Gumus-Akay G, Mossink B, van Rhijn JR, et al. Neuronal network dysfunction in a model for Kleefstra syndrome mediated by enhanced NMDAR signaling. Nat Commun. 2019;10:4928.

pubmed: 31666522 pmcid: 6821803 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12947-3

Boisgontier J, Tacchella JM, Lemaitre H, Lehman N, Saitovitch A, Gatinois V, et al. Anatomical and functional abnormalities on MRI in kabuki syndrome. NeuroImage Clin. 2019;21:101610.

pubmed: 30497982 doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.11.020

Jacot-Descombes S, Keshav NU, Dickstein DL, Wicinski B, Janssen WGM, Hiester LL, et al. Altered synaptic ultrastructure in the prefrontal cortex of Shank3-deficient rats. Mol Autism. 2020;11:89.

pubmed: 33203459 pmcid: 7671669 doi: 10.1186/s13229-020-00393-8

Celen C, Chuang JC, Luo X, Nijem N, Walker AK, Chen F, et al. Arid1b haploinsufficient mice reveal neuropsychiatric phenotypes and reversible causes of growth impairment. eLife. 2017;6:e25730:1–22.

Rotaru DC, van Woerden GM, Wallaard I, Elgersma Y. Adult Ube3a gene reinstatement restores the electrophysiological deficits of prefrontal cortex layer 5 neurons in a mouse model of angelman syndrome. J Neurosci. 2018;38:8011–30.

pubmed: 30082419 pmcid: 6596147 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0083-18.2018

Huang WH, Wang DC, Allen WE, Klope M, Hu H, Shamloo M, et al. Early adolescent Rai1 reactivation reverses transcriptional and social interaction deficits in a mouse model of Smith-Magenis syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:10744–9.

pubmed: 30275311 pmcid: 6196530 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1806796115

Tamm L, Menon V, Reiss AL. Abnormal prefrontal cortex function during response inhibition in Turner syndrome: functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53:107–11.

pubmed: 12547465 doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01488-9

Wilfert AB, Sulovari A, Turner TN, Coe BP, Eichler EE. Recurrent de novo mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders: properties and clinical implications. Genome Med. 2017;9:101.

pubmed: 29179772 pmcid: 5704398 doi: 10.1186/s13073-017-0498-x

Marin-Padilla M. Structural abnormalities of the cerebral cortex in human chromosomal aberrations: a Golgi study. Brain Res. 1972;44:625–9.

pubmed: 4263073 doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90324-1

Jay V, Chan FW, Becker LE. Dendritic arborization in the human fetus and infant with the trisomy 18 syndrome. brain Res Developmental brain Res. 1990;54:291–4.

doi: 10.1016/0165-3806(90)90153-P

Marin-Padilla M. Pyramidal cell abnormalities in the motor cortex of a child with Down’s syndrome. A Golgi study. J Comp Neurol. 1976;167:63–81.

pubmed: 131810 doi: 10.1002/cne.901670105

Contestabile A, Benfenati F, Gasparini L. Communication breaks-Down: from neurodevelopment defects to cognitive disabilities in Down syndrome. Prog Neurobiol. 2010;91:1–22.

pubmed: 20097253 doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.003

Chakrabarti L, Galdzicki Z, Haydar TF. Defects in embryonic neurogenesis and initial synapse formation in the forebrain of the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. J Neurosci: Off J Soc Neurosci. 2007;27:11483–95.

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3406-07.2007

Cheng A, Haydar TF, Yarowsky PJ, Krueger BK. Concurrent generation of subplate and cortical plate neurons in developing trisomy 16 mouse cortex. Developmental Neurosci. 2004;26:255–65.

doi: 10.1159/000082142

Chang P, Bush D, Schorge S, Good M, Canonica T, Shing N, et al. Altered hippocampal-prefrontal neural dynamics in mouse models of Down syndrome. Cell Rep. 2020;30:1152–63.e4.

Chailangkarn T, Trujillo CA, Freitas BC, Hrvoj-Mihic B, Herai RH, Yu DX, et al. A human neurodevelopmental model for Williams syndrome. Nature 2016;536:338–43.

pubmed: 27509850 pmcid: 4995142 doi: 10.1038/nature19067

Hrvoj-Mihic B, Hanson KL, Lew CH, Stefanacci L, Jacobs B, Bellugi U, et al. Basal dendritic morphology of cortical pyramidal neurons in Williams syndrome: prefrontal cortex and beyond. Front Neurosci. 2017;11:419.

pubmed: 28848376 pmcid: 5554499 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00419

Lew CH, Brown C, Bellugi U, Semendeferi K. Neuron density is decreased in the prefrontal cortex in Williams syndrome. Autism Res. 2017;10:99–112.

pubmed: 27520580 doi: 10.1002/aur.1677

Aman LCS, Manning KE, Whittington JE, Holland AJ. Mechanistic insights into the genetics of affective psychosis from Prader-Willi syndrome. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5:370–8.

pubmed: 29352661 doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30009-9

Manning KE, Tait R, Suckling J, Holland AJ. Grey matter volume and cortical structure in Prader-Willi syndrome compared to typically developing young adults. NeuroImage Clin. 2018;17:899–909.

pubmed: 29527494 doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.027

Kates WR, Burnette CP, Bessette BA, Folley BS, Strunge L, Jabs EW, et al. Frontal and caudate alterations in velocardiofacial syndrome (deletion at chromosome 22q11.2). J Child Neurol. 2004;19:337–42.

pubmed: 15224707 doi: 10.1177/088307380401900506

Antshel KM, Fremont W, Kates WR. The neurocognitive phenotype in velo-cardio-facial syndrome: a developmental perspective. Dev Disabilities Res Rev. 2008;14:43–51.

doi: 10.1002/ddrr.7

Kates WR, Antshel K, Willhite R, Bessette BA, AbdulSabur N, Higgins AM. Gender-moderated dorsolateral prefrontal reductions in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: implications for risk for schizophrenia. Child Neuropsychol. 2005;11:73–85.

pubmed: 15823984 doi: 10.1080/09297040590911211

Tripathi A, Spedding M, Schenker E, Didriksen M, Cressant A, Jay TM. Cognition- and circuit-based dysfunction in a mouse model of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome: effects of stress. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10:41.

pubmed: 32066701 pmcid: 7026063 doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-0687-z

Gudbrandsen M, Daly E, Murphy CM, Blackmore CE, Rogdaki M, Mann C, et al. Brain morphometry in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: an exploration of differences in cortical thickness, surface area, and their contribution to cortical volume. Sci Rep. 2020;10:18845.

pubmed: 33139857 pmcid: 7606591 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75811-1

Rogdaki M, Gudbrandsen M, McCutcheon RA, Blackmore CE, Brugger S, Ecker C, et al. Magnitude and heterogeneity of brain structural abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:1704–17.

Nyaradi A, Foster JK, Hickling S, Li J, Ambrosini GL, Jacques A, et al. Prospective associations between dietary patterns and cognitive performance during adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2014;55:1017–24.

doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12209

Maayan L, Hoogendoorn C, Sweat V, Convit A. Disinhibited eating in obese adolescents is associated with orbitofrontal volume reductions and executive dysfunction. Obesity. 2011;19:1382–7.

pubmed: 21350433 doi: 10.1038/oby.2011.15

Nyaradi A, Oddy WH, Hickling S, Li J, Foster JK. The relationship between nutrition in infancy and cognitive performance during adolescence. Front Nutr. 2015;2:2.

pubmed: 26082928 pmcid: 4451795 doi: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00002

Rincel M, Lepinay AL, Delage P, Fioramonti J, Theodorou VS, Laye S, et al. Maternal high-fat diet prevents developmental programming by early-life stress. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6:e966.

pubmed: 27898075 pmcid: 5290357 doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.235

Bronson SL, Chan JC, Bale TL. Sex-specific neurodevelopmental programming by placental insulin receptors on stress reactivity and sensorimotor gating. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;82:127–38.

pubmed: 28168960 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.025

Nousen EK, Franco JG, Sullivan EL. Unraveling the mechanisms responsible for the comorbidity between metabolic syndrome and mental health disorders. Neuroendocrinology. 2013;98:254–66.

pubmed: 24080959 doi: 10.1159/000355632

Rivell A, Mattson MP. Intergenerational Metabolic Syndrome and Neuronal Network Hyperexcitability in Autism. Trends Neurosci. 2019;42:709–26.

pubmed: 31495451 pmcid: 6779523 doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.08.006

Coles CD, Kalberg W, Kable JA, Tabachnick B, May PA, Chambers CD. Characterizing alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder: prenatal alcohol exposure and the spectrum of outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2020;44:1245–60.

pubmed: 32173870 doi: 10.1111/acer.14325

Kable JA, Coles CD, Mattson SN. Neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with prefrontal cortical deoxygenation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Dev Neuropsychol. 2020;45:1–16.

pubmed: 31914808 pmcid: 7080191 doi: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1712604

Tang S, Xu S, Waddell J, Zhu W, Gullapalli RP, Mooney SM. Functional connectivity and metabolic alterations in medial prefrontal cortex in a rat model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Dev Neurosci. 2019;41:67–78.

pubmed: 30999297 doi: 10.1159/000499183

Wang X, Cuzon Carlson VC, Studholme C, Newman N, Ford MM, Grant KA, et al. In utero MRI identifies consequences of early-gestation alcohol drinking on fetal brain development in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:10035–44.

pubmed: 32312804 pmcid: 7211988 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1919048117

Skorput AG, Gupta VP, Yeh PW, Yeh HH. Persistent interneuronopathy in the prefrontal cortex of young adult offspring exposed to ethanol in utero. J Neurosci. 2015;35:10977–88.

pubmed: 26245961 pmcid: 4524971 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1462-15.2015

Skorput AG, Yeh HH. Effects of ethanol exposure in utero on Cajal-Retzius cells in the developing cortex. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39:853–62.

pubmed: 25845402 pmcid: 4744082 doi: 10.1111/acer.12696

Skorput AG, Yeh HH. Chronic gestational exposure to ethanol leads to enduring aberrances in cortical form and function in the medial prefrontal cortex. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016;40:1479–88.

pubmed: 27242215 pmcid: 5559699 doi: 10.1111/acer.13107

Nygaard E, Slinning K, Moe V, Due-Tonnessen P, Fjell A, Walhovd KB. Neuroanatomical characteristics of youths with prenatal opioid and poly-drug exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2018;68:13–26.

pubmed: 29679636 doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.04.004

Bhide PG. Dopamine, cocaine and the development of cerebral cortical cytoarchitecture: a review of current concepts. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009;20:395–402.

pubmed: 19560044 doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.01.006

Kubrusly RC, Bhide PG. Cocaine exposure modulates dopamine and adenosine signaling in the fetal brain. Neuropharmacology. 2010;58:436–43.

pubmed: 19765599 doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.09.007

Stanwood GD, Levitt P. Drug exposure early in life: functional repercussions of changing neuropharmacology during sensitive periods of brain development. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2004;4:65–71.

pubmed: 15018841 doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2003.09.003

Cisler JM, Elton A, Kennedy AP, Young J, Smitherman S, Andrew James G, et al. Altered functional connectivity of the insular cortex across prefrontal networks in cocaine addiction. Psychiatry Res. 2013;213:39–46.

pubmed: 23684980 pmcid: 3708551 doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.02.007

Li Z, Santhanam P, Coles CD, Ellen Lynch M, Hamann S, Peltier S, et al. Prenatal cocaine exposure alters functional activation in the ventral prefrontal cortex and its structural connectivity with the amygdala. Psychiatry Res. 2013;213:47–55.

pubmed: 23693086 pmcid: 3672335 doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.12.005

Grewen K, Burchinal M, Vachet C, Gouttard S, Gilmore JH, Lin W, et al. Prenatal cocaine effects on brain structure in early infancy. NeuroImage. 2014;101:114–23.

pubmed: 24999039 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.070

Salzwedel AP, Grewen KM, Vachet C, Gerig G, Lin W, Gao W. Prenatal drug exposure affects neonatal brain functional connectivity. J Neurosci. 2015;35:5860–9.

pubmed: 25855194 pmcid: 4388938 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4333-14.2015

Zhao T, Li C, Wei W, Zhang H, Ma D, Song X, et al. Prenatal ketamine exposure causes abnormal development of prefrontal cortex in rat. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26865.

pubmed: 27226073 pmcid: 4881038 doi: 10.1038/srep26865

Thomason ME, Hect JL, Rauh VA, Trentacosta C, Wheelock MD, Eggebrecht AT, et al. Prenatal lead exposure impacts cross-hemispheric and long-range connectivity in the human fetal brain. NeuroImage. 2019;191:186–92.

pubmed: 30739062 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.017

Kougias DG, Sellinger EP, Willing J, Juraska JM. Perinatal exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of phthalates results in a lower number of neurons and synapses in the medial prefrontal cortex and decreased cognitive flexibility in adult male and female rats. J Neurosci. 2018;38:6864–72.

pubmed: 30012688 pmcid: 6070669 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0607-18.2018

Woodward NC, Haghani A, Johnson RG, Hsu TM, Saffari A, Sioutas C, et al. Prenatal and early life exposure to air pollution induced hippocampal vascular leakage and impaired neurogenesis in association with behavioral deficits. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:261.

pubmed: 30498214 pmcid: 6265287 doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0317-1

Ejaredar M, Nyanza EC, Ten Eycke K, Dewey D. Phthalate exposure and childrens neurodevelopment: a systematic review. Environ Res. 2015;142:51–60.

pubmed: 26101203 doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.014

van de Wijer L, Garcia LP, Hanswijk SI, Rando J, Middelman A, Ter Heine R, et al. Neurodevelopmental and behavioral consequences of perinatal exposure to the HIV drug efavirenz in a rodent model. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9:84.

pubmed: 30745561 pmcid: 6370772 doi: 10.1038/s41398-019-0420-y

Garcia LP, Van de Wijer L, Hanswijk SI, Rando J, Witteveen JS, Middelman A, et al. Perinatal exposure of rats to the HIV drug efavirenz affects medial prefrontal cortex cytoarchitecture. Biochemical Pharmacol. 2020;178:114050.

doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114050

Stegmann BJ, Carey JC. TORCH Infections. Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes infections. Curr Women’s Health Rep. 2002;2:253–8.

Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popovic M, Poljsak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:951–8.

pubmed: 26862926 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600651

Rubin EJ, Greene MF, Baden LR. Zika virus and microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:984–5.

pubmed: 26862812 doi: 10.1056/NEJMe1601862

Molnar Z, Kennedy S. Neurodevelopmental disorders: risks of Zika virus during the first trimester of pregnancy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12:315–6.

pubmed: 27150532 doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.71

Onorati M, Li Z, Liu F, Sousa AMM, Nakagawa N, Li M, et al. Zika virus disrupts phospho-TBK1 localization and mitosis in human neuroepithelial stem cells and radial glia. Cell Rep. 2016;16:2576–92.

pubmed: 27568284 pmcid: 5135012 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.038

Li C, Xu D, Ye Q, Hong S, Jiang Y, Liu X, et al. Zika virus disrupts neural progenitor development and leads to microcephaly in mice. Cell Stem Cell. 2016;19:120–6.

pubmed: 27179424 doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.017

Wu KY, Zuo GL, Li XF, Ye Q, Deng YQ, Huang XY, et al. Vertical transmission of Zika virus targeting the radial glial cells affects cortex development of offspring mice. Cell Res. 2016;26:645–54.

pubmed: 27174054 pmcid: 4897185 doi: 10.1038/cr.2016.58

Raper J, Kovacs-Balint Z, Mavigner M, Gumber S, Burke MW, Habib J, et al. Long-term alterations in brain and behavior after postnatal Zika virus infection in infant macaques. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2534.

pubmed: 32439858 pmcid: 7242369 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16320-7

Lu Y, Li X, Geng D, Mei N, Wu PY, Huang CC, et al. Cerebral micro-structural changes in COVID-19 patients - an MRI-based 3-month follow-up study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;25:100484.

pubmed: 32838240 pmcid: 7396952 doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100484

Egbert AR, Cankurtaran S, Karpiak S. Brain abnormalities in COVID-19 acute/subacute phase: a rapid systematic review. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:543–54.

pubmed: 32682993 pmcid: 7366124 doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.014

Kas A, Soret M, Pyatigoskaya N, Habert MO, Hesters A, Le Guennec L, et al. The cerebral network of COVID-19-related encephalopathy: a longitudinal voxel-based 18F-FDG-PET study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;1–15.

Lopez-Diaz A, Ayesa-Arriola R, Crespo-Facorro B, Ruiz-Veguilla M. COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: time for collaborative research. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;89:e29–e30.

pubmed: 33131716 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.011

Abbott A. Neuroscience: the brain, interrupted. Nature. 2015;518:24–6.

pubmed: 25652979 doi: 10.1038/518024a

Komitova M, Xenos D, Salmaso N, Tran KM, Brand T, Schwartz ML, et al. Hypoxia-induced developmental delays of inhibitory interneurons are reversed by environmental enrichment in the postnatal mouse forebrain. J Neurosci. 2013;33:13375–87.

pubmed: 23946395 pmcid: 3742925 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5286-12.2013

Fagel DM, Ganat Y, Cheng E, Silbereis J, Ohkubo Y, Ment LR, et al. Fgfr1 is required for cortical regeneration and repair after perinatal hypoxia. J Neurosci. 2009;29:1202–11.

pubmed: 19176828 pmcid: 2768410 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4516-08.2009

Delcour M, Russier M, Amin M, Baud O, Paban V, Barbe MF, et al. Impact of prenatal ischemia on behavior, cognitive abilities and neuroanatomy in adult rats with white matter damage. Behav Brain Res. 2012;232:233–44.

pubmed: 22521835 doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.029

Lefevre J, Germanaud D, Dubois J, Rousseau F, de Macedo Santos I, Angleys H, et al. Are developmental trajectories of cortical folding comparable between cross-sectional datasets of fetuses and preterm newborns? Cereb Cortex. 2016;26:3023–35.

pubmed: 26045567 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv123

Ang ES Jr., Gluncic V, Duque A, Schafer ME, Rakic P. Prenatal exposure to ultrasound waves impacts neuronal migration in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:12903–10.

pubmed: 16901978 pmcid: 1538990 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0605294103

Selemon LD, Ceritoglu C, Ratnanather JT, Wang L, Harms MP, Aldridge K, et al. Distinct abnormalities of the primate prefrontal cortex caused by ionizing radiation in early or midgestation. J Comp Neurol. 2013;521:1040–53.

pubmed: 22911497 pmcid: 3560314 doi: 10.1002/cne.23217

Kovalchuk A, Kolb B. Low dose radiation effects on the brain - from mechanisms and behavioral outcomes to mitigation strategies. Cell Cycle. 2017;16:1266–70.

pubmed: 28656797 pmcid: 5531620 doi: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1320003

Alves MB, Laureano DP, Dalle Molle R, Machado TD, Salvador APA, Miguel PM, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction increases impulsive behavior and is associated with altered dopamine transmission in both medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex in female rats. Physiol Behav. 2019;204:336–46.

pubmed: 30880239 doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.010

Alves MB, Dalle Molle R, Desai M, Ross MG, Silveira PP. Increased palatable food intake and response to food cues in intrauterine growth-restricted rats are related to tyrosine hydroxylase content in the orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Behav Brain Res. 2015;287:73–81.

pubmed: 25796489 doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.019

Vlassaks E, Gavilanes AW, Vles JS, Deville S, Kramer BW, Strackx E, et al. The effects of fetal and perinatal asphyxia on neuronal cytokine levels and ceramide metabolism in adulthood. J Neuroimmunol. 2013;255:97–101.

pubmed: 23078953 doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.09.011

Nalivaeva NN, Turner AJ, Zhuravin IA. Role of prenatal hypoxia in brain development, cognitive functions, and neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:825.

pubmed: 30510498 pmcid: 6254649 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00825

Allin M, Henderson M, Suckling J, Nosarti C, Rushe T, Fearon P, et al. Effects of very low birthweight on brain structure in adulthood. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46:46–53.

pubmed: 14974647 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00433.x

Bjuland KJ, Lohaugen GC, Martinussen M, Skranes J. Cortical thickness and cognition in very-low-birth-weight late teenagers. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89:371–80.

pubmed: 23273486 doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.12.003

Skranes J, Lohaugen GC, Martinussen M, Haberg A, Brubakk AM, Dale AM. Cortical surface area and IQ in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) young adults. Cortex A J Devoted Study Nerv Syst Behav. 2013;49:2264–71.

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.06.001

Nosarti C, Nam KW, Walshe M, Murray RM, Cuddy M, Rifkin L, et al. Preterm birth and structural brain alterations in early adulthood. NeuroImage Clin. 2014;6:180–91.

pubmed: 25379430 pmcid: 4215396 doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.005

Tokariev A, Stjerna S, Lano A, Metsaranta M, Palva JM, Vanhatalo S. Preterm birth changes networks of newborn cortical activity. Cereb Cortex. 2019;29:814–26.

pubmed: 30321291 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhy012

Leikos S, Tokariev A, Koolen N, Nevalainen P, Vanhatalo S. Cortical responses to tactile stimuli in preterm infants. Eur J Neurosci. 2020;51:1059–73.

pubmed: 31679163 doi: 10.1111/ejn.14613

Willsey AJ, Sanders SJ, Li M, Dong S, Tebbenkamp AT, Muhle RA, et al. Coexpression networks implicate human midfetal deep cortical projection neurons in the pathogenesis of autism. Cell. 2013;155:997–1007.

pubmed: 24267886 pmcid: 3995413 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.020

Zikopoulos B, Barbas H. Changes in prefrontal axons may disrupt the network in autism. J Neurosci. 2010;30:14595–609.

pubmed: 21048117 pmcid: 3073590 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2257-10.2010

Ariza J, Rogers H, Hashemi E, Noctor SC, Martinez-Cerdeno V. The number of chandelier and basket cells are differentially decreased in prefrontal cortex in autism. Cereb Cortex. 2018;28:411–20.

pubmed: 28122807 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhw349

Hashemi E, Ariza J, Rogers H, Noctor SC, Martinez-Cerdeno V. The number of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons is decreased in the prefrontal cortex in autism. Cereb Cortex. 2018;28:690.

pubmed: 28334402 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx063

Courchesne E, Mouton PR, Calhoun ME, Semendeferi K, Ahrens-Barbeau C, Hallet MJ, et al. Neuron number and size in prefrontal cortex of children with autism. JAMA. 2011;306:2001–10.

pubmed: 22068992 doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1638

Yang CJ, Tan HP, Du YJ. The developmental disruptions of serotonin signaling may involved in autism during early brain development. Neuroscience. 2014;267:1–10.

pubmed: 24583042 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.021

Supekar K, Uddin LQ, Khouzam A, Phillips J, Gaillard WD, Kenworthy LE, et al. Brain hyperconnectivity in children with autism and its links to social deficits. Cell Rep. 2013;5:738–47.

pubmed: 24210821 pmcid: 3894787 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.001

Solso S, Xu R, Proudfoot J, Hagler DJ Jr, Campbell K, Venkatraman V, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging provides evidence of possible axonal overconnectivity in frontal lobes in autism spectrum disorder toddlers. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79:676–84.

pubmed: 26300272 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.029

Courchesne E, Pierce K. Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2005;15:225–30.

pubmed: 15831407 doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.001

Petanjek Z, Sedmak D, Dzaja D, Hladnik A, Rasin MR, Jovanov-Milosevic N. The protracted maturation of associative layer IIIC pyramidal neurons in the human prefrontal cortex during childhood: a major role in cognitive development and selective alteration in autism. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:122.

pubmed: 30923504 pmcid: 6426783 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00122

Garcia-Cabezas MA, Barbas H, Zikopoulos B. Parallel development of chromatin patterns, neuron morphology, and connections: potential for disruption in autism. Front Neuroanat. 2018;12:70.

pubmed: 30174592 pmcid: 6107687 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00070

Zikopoulos B, Liu X, Tepe J, Trutzer I, John YJ, Barbas H. Opposite development of short- and long-range anterior cingulate pathways in autism. Acta Neuropathologica. 2018;136:759–78.

pubmed: 30191402 pmcid: 6208731 doi: 10.1007/s00401-018-1904-1

Kurochkin I, Khrameeva E, Tkachev A, Stepanova V, Vanyushkina A, Stekolshchikova E, et al. Metabolome signature of autism in the human prefrontal cortex. Commun Biol. 2019;2:234.

pubmed: 31263778 pmcid: 6588695 doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0485-4

Ambrosino S, de Zeeuw P, Wierenga LM, van Dijk S, Durston S. What can cortical development in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder teach us about the early developmental mechanisms involved? Cereb Cortex. 2017;27:4624–34.

pubmed: 28922857 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx182

Arnsten AF. The emerging neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the key role of the prefrontal association cortex. J Pediatrics. 2009;154:I–S43.

doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.018

Shaw P, Lerch J, Greenstein D, Sharp W, Clasen L, Evans A, et al. Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:540–9.

pubmed: 16651511 doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.5.540

Shaw P, Rabin C. New insights into attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using structural neuroimaging. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2009;11:393–8.

pubmed: 19785981 doi: 10.1007/s11920-009-0059-0

Neyens LG, Aldenkamp AP, Meinardi HM. Prospective follow-up of intellectual development in children with a recent onset of epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1999;34:85–90.

pubmed: 10210022 doi: 10.1016/S0920-1211(98)00118-1

Holmes GL. Cognitive impairment in epilepsy: the role of network abnormalities. Epileptic Disord. 2015;17:101–16.

pubmed: 25905906 pmcid: 5410366 doi: 10.1684/epd.2015.0739

Korman B, Krsek P, Duchowny M, Maton B, Pacheco-Jacome E, Rey G. Early seizure onset and dysplastic lesion extent independently disrupt cognitive networks. Neurology. 2013;81:745–51.

pubmed: 23873975 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a1aa2a

Hernan AE, Alexander A, Jenks KR, Barry J, Lenck-Santini PP, Isaeva E, et al. Focal epileptiform activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with long-term attention and sociability deficits. Neurobiol Dis. 2014;63:25–34.

pubmed: 24269731 doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.012

Kleen JK, Wu EX, Holmes GL, Scott RC, Lenck-Santini PP. Enhanced oscillatory activity in the hippocampal-prefrontal network is related to short-term memory function after early-life seizures. J Neurosci. 2011;31:15397–406.

pubmed: 22031886 pmcid: 3224083 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2196-11.2011

Kleen JK, Sesque A, Wu EX, Miller FA, Hernan AE, Holmes GL, et al. Early-life seizures produce lasting alterations in the structure and function of the prefrontal cortex. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;22:214–9.

pubmed: 21873119 pmcid: 3185212 doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.07.022

Hernan AE, Holmes GL, Isaev D, Scott RC, Isaeva E. Altered short-term plasticity in the prefrontal cortex after early life seizures. Neurobiol Dis. 2013;50:120–6.

pubmed: 23064435 doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.007

Kaindl AM, Asimiadou S, Manthey D, Hagen MV, Turski L, Ikonomidou C. Antiepileptic drugs and the developing brain. Cell Mol life Sci. 2006;63:399–413.

pubmed: 16389461 doi: 10.1007/s00018-005-5348-0

Veroniki AA, Cogo E, Rios P, Straus SE, Finkelstein Y, Kealey R, et al. Comparative safety of anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of congenital malformations and prenatal outcomes. BMC Med. 2017;15:95.

pubmed: 28472982 pmcid: 5418725 doi: 10.1186/s12916-017-0845-1

Veroniki AA, Rios P, Cogo E, Straus SE, Finkelstein Y, Kealey R, et al. Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs for neurological development in children exposed during pregnancy and breast feeding: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e017248.

pubmed: 28729328 pmcid: 5642793 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017248

Zhong S, Zhang S, Fan X, Wu Q, Yan L, Dong J, et al. A single-cell RNA-seq survey of the developmental landscape of the human prefrontal cortex. Nature. 2018;555:524–8.

pubmed: 29539641 doi: 10.1038/nature25980

Kovacs-Balint ZA, Payne C, Steele J, Li L, Styner M, Bachevalier J, et al. Structural development of cortical lobes during the first 6 months of life in infant macaques. Developmental Cogn Neurosci. 2021;48:100906.

doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100906

Silver DL, Rakic P, Grove EA, Haydar TF, Hensch TK, Huttner WB, et al. “Evolution and Ontogenetic Development of Cortical Structures” In Singer W, Sejnowski TJ, Rakic P. editors. The Neocortex, pp. 61–93. Strüngmann Forum Reports, vol. 27, J. R. Lupp, series editor. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2019.

Journal

Informations de publication

Résumé

Identifiants

Substances chimiques

Types de publication

Langues

Sous-ensembles de citation

Pagination

Subventions

Informations de copyright

Références

Auteurs

Sharon M Kolk (SM)

Pasko Rakic (P)

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Evaluation of Low-Value Services Across Major Medicare Advantage Insurers and Traditional Medicare.

Effectiveness of Virtual Yoga for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Classifications MeSH