Low-dose in vivo protection and neutralization across SARS-CoV-2 variants by monoclonal antibody combinations.


Journal

Nature immunology
ISSN: 1529-2916
Titre abrégé: Nat Immunol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 100941354

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
12 2021
Historique:
received: 16 06 2021
accepted: 08 10 2021
pubmed: 31 10 2021
medline: 21 12 2021
entrez: 30 10 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Prevention of viral escape and increased coverage against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern require therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting multiple sites of vulnerability on the coronavirus spike glycoprotein. Here we identify several potent neutralizing antibodies directed against either the N-terminal domain (NTD) or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Administered in combinations, these mAbs provided low-dose protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the K18-human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 mouse model, using both neutralization and Fc effector antibody functions. The RBD mAb WRAIR-2125, which targets residue F486 through a unique heavy-chain and light-chain pairing, demonstrated potent neutralizing activity against all major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In combination with NTD and other RBD mAbs, WRAIR-2125 also prevented viral escape. These data demonstrate that NTD/RBD mAb combinations confer potent protection, likely leveraging complementary mechanisms of viral inactivation and clearance.

Identifiants

pubmed: 34716452
doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-01068-z
pii: 10.1038/s41590-021-01068-z
pmc: PMC8642242
doi:

Substances chimiques

Antibodies, Monoclonal 0
Antibodies, Neutralizing 0
Antibodies, Viral 0
Epitopes 0
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1503-1514

Subventions

Organisme : NIH HHS
ID : S10 OD021527
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : 75N93019C00073
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : R01 AI078788
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : R01 AI050111
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIGMS NIH HHS
ID : P30 GM124165
Pays : United States

Informations de copyright

© 2021. The Author(s).

Références

Gottlieb, R. L. et al. Effect of bamlanivimab as monotherapy or in combination with etesevimab on viral load in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 325, 632–644 (2021).
pubmed: 33475701 pmcid: 7821080 doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.0202
O’Brien, M. P. et al. Subcutaneous REGEN-COV antibody combination to prevent COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 1184–1195 (2021).
pubmed: 34347950 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2109682
Starr, T. N. et al. SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies that maximize breadth and resistance to escape. Nature 597, 97–102 (2021).
pubmed: 34261126 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03807-6
Dong, J. et al. Genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralization by a two-antibody cocktail. Nat. Microbiol. 6, 1233–1244 (2021).
pubmed: 34548634 pmcid: 8543371 doi: 10.1038/s41564-021-00972-2
Martinez, D. R. et al. Prevention and therapy of SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.351 variant in mice. Cell Rep. 36, 109450 (2021).
pubmed: 34289384 pmcid: 8270748 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109450
Hoffmann, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181, 271–280 (2020).
pubmed: 32142651 pmcid: 7102627 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
McCallum, M. et al. N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2. Cell 184, 2332–2347 (2021).
pubmed: 33761326 pmcid: 7962585 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.028
Cerutti, G. et al. Potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies directed against spike N-terminal domain target a single supersite. Cell Host Microbe 29, 819–833 (2021).
pubmed: 33789084 pmcid: 7953435 doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.03.005
Chen, R. E. et al. Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies. Nat. Med. 27, 717–726 (2021).
pubmed: 33664494 pmcid: 8058618 doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01294-w
Planas, D. et al. Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization. Nature 596, 276–280 (2021).
pubmed: 34237773 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9
Hsieh, C. L. et al. Structure-based design of prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spikes. Science 369, 1501–1505 (2020).
pubmed: 32703906 doi: 10.1126/science.abd0826
Ju, B. et al. Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature 584, 115–119 (2020).
pubmed: 32454513 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2380-z
Rogers, T. F. et al. Isolation of potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and protection from disease in a small animal model. Science 369, 956–963 (2020).
pubmed: 32540903 pmcid: 7299280 doi: 10.1126/science.abc7520
Robbiani, D. F. et al. Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals. Nature 584, 437–442 (2020).
pubmed: 32555388 pmcid: 7442695 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2456-9
Zost, S. J. et al. Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Nature 584, 443–449 (2020).
pubmed: 32668443 pmcid: 7584396 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2548-6
Tortorici, M. A. et al. Ultrapotent human antibodies protect against SARS-CoV-2 challenge via multiple mechanisms. Science 370, 950–957 (2020).
pubmed: 32972994 pmcid: 7857395 doi: 10.1126/science.abe3354
Cao, Y. et al. Potent neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 identified by high-throughput single-cell sequencing of convalescent patients’ B cells. Cell 182, 73–84 (2020).
pubmed: 32425270 pmcid: 7231725 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.025
Joyce, M. G. et al. Efficacy of a broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 ferritin nanoparticle vaccine in nonhuman primates. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.24.436523 (2021).
Joyce, M. G. et al. SARS-CoV-2 ferritin nanoparticle vaccines elicit broad SARS coronavirus immunogenicity. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.09.443331 (2021).
Liu, L. et al. Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike. Nature 584, 450–456 (2020).
pubmed: 32698192 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2571-7
Sholukh, A. M. et al. Evaluation of cell-based and surrogate SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays. J. Clin. Microbiol. 59, e0052721 (2021).
pubmed: 34288726 doi: 10.1128/JCM.00527-21
Suryadevara, N. et al. Neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibodies recognizing the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Cell 184, 2316–2331 (2021).
pubmed: 33773105 pmcid: 7962591 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.029
Winkler, E. S. et al. Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 require intact Fc effector functions for optimal therapeutic protection. Cell 184, 1804–1820 (2021).
pubmed: 33691139 pmcid: 7879018 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.026
Schafer, A. et al. Antibody potency, effector function, and combinations in protection and therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 218, e20201993 (2021).
pubmed: 33211088 doi: 10.1084/jem.20201993
Ullah, I. et al. Live imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice reveals that neutralizing antibodies require Fc function for optimal efficacy. Immunity 54, 2143–2158 (2021).
pubmed: 34453881 pmcid: 8372518 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.015
Chi, X. et al. A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Science 369, 650–655 (2020).
pubmed: 32571838 pmcid: 7319273 doi: 10.1126/science.abc6952
Voss, W. N. et al. Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes. Science 372, 1108–1112 (2021).
pubmed: 33947773 doi: 10.1126/science.abg5268
Joyce, M. G. et al. A cryptic site of vulnerability on the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.15.992883 (2020).
Barnes, C. O. et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody structures inform therapeutic strategies. Nature 588, 682–687 (2020).
pubmed: 33045718 pmcid: 8092461 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2852-1
Dejnirattisai, W. et al. The antigenic anatomy of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. Cell 184, 2183–2200 (2021).
pubmed: 33756110 pmcid: 7891125 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.032
Liu, H. et al. A combination of cross-neutralizing antibodies synergizes to prevent SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV pseudovirus infection. Cell Host Microbe 29, 806–818 (2021).
pubmed: 33894127 pmcid: 8049401 doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.005
Yuan, M. et al. A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Science 368, 630–633 (2020).
pubmed: 32245784 pmcid: 7164391 doi: 10.1126/science.abb7269
Winkler, E. S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection of human ACE2-transgenic mice causes severe lung inflammation and impaired function. Nat. Immunol. 21, 1327–1335 (2020).
pubmed: 32839612 pmcid: 7578095 doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-0778-2
Oladunni, F. S. et al. Lethality of SARS-CoV-2 infection in K18 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice. Nat. Commun. 11, 6122 (2020).
pubmed: 33257679 pmcid: 7705712 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19891-7
Lo, M. et al. Effector-attenuating substitutions that maintain antibody stability and reduce toxicity in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 292, 3900–3908 (2017).
pubmed: 28077575 pmcid: 5339770 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.767749
Weisblum, Y. et al. Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants. Elife 9, e61312 (2020).
pubmed: 33112236 pmcid: 7723407 doi: 10.7554/eLife.61312
Baum, A. et al. Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies. Science 369, 1014–1018 (2020).
pubmed: 32540904 doi: 10.1126/science.abd0831
Zhou, H. et al. Structural definition of a neutralization epitope on the N-terminal domain of MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein. Nat. Commun. 10, 3068 (2019).
pubmed: 31296843 pmcid: 6624210 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10897-4
Dussupt, V. et al. Potent Zika and dengue cross-neutralizing antibodies induced by Zika vaccination in a dengue-experienced donor. Nat. Med. 26, 228–235 (2020).
pubmed: 32015557 pmcid: 7018608 doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0746-2
Wang, L. et al. Ultrapotent antibodies against diverse and highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants. Science 373, eabh1766 (2021).
pubmed: 34210892 doi: 10.1126/science.abh1766
Hansen, J. et al. Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail. Science 369, 1010–1014 (2020).
pubmed: 32540901 pmcid: 7299284 doi: 10.1126/science.abd0827
Andreano, E. et al. Extremely potent human monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent patients. Cell 184, 1821–1835 (2021).
pubmed: 33667349 pmcid: 7901298 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.035
Jones, B. E. et al. The neutralizing antibody, LY-CoV555, protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates. Sci. Transl. Med. 13, eabf1906 (2021).
pubmed: 33820835 pmcid: 8284311 doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf1906
Sun, Y. et al. Structure-based development of three- and four-antibody cocktails against SARS-CoV-2 via multiple mechanisms. Cell Res. 31, 597–600 (2021).
pubmed: 33782529 pmcid: 8005859 doi: 10.1038/s41422-021-00497-7
Yan, R. et al. Structural basis for bivalent binding and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by human potent neutralizing antibodies. Cell Res. 31, 517–525 (2021).
pubmed: 33731853 pmcid: 7966918 doi: 10.1038/s41422-021-00487-9
Rappazzo, C. G. et al. Broad and potent activity against SARS-like viruses by an engineered human monoclonal antibody. Science 371, 823–829 (2021).
pubmed: 33495307 pmcid: 7963221 doi: 10.1126/science.abf4830
Atyeo, C. et al. Distinct early serological signatures track with SARS-CoV-2 survival. Immunity 53, 524–532 (2020).
pubmed: 32783920 pmcid: 7392190 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.020
Gorman, M. J. et al. Fab and Fc contribute to maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2 following NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine with Matrix-M vaccination. Cell Rep. Med. 2, 100405 (2021).
pubmed: 34485950 pmcid: 8405506 doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100405
Yuan, M. et al. Structural basis of a shared antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Science 369, 1119–1123 (2020).
pubmed: 32661058 pmcid: 7402627 doi: 10.1126/science.abd2321
Brown, E. P. et al. High-throughput, multiplexed IgG subclassing of antigen-specific antibodies from clinical samples. J. Immunol. Methods 386, 117–123 (2012).
pubmed: 23023091 pmcid: 3475184 doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.09.007
Tomaras, G. D. et al. Initial B-cell responses to transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1: virion-binding immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies followed by plasma anti-gp41 antibodies with ineffective control of initial viremia. J. Virol. 82, 12449–12463 (2008).
pubmed: 18842730 pmcid: 2593361 doi: 10.1128/JVI.01708-08
Moore, M. J. et al. Retroviruses pseudotyped with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein efficiently infect cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. J. Virol. 78, 10628–10635 (2004).
pubmed: 15367630 pmcid: 516384 doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.19.10628-10635.2004
Kirchdoerfer, R. N. et al. Stabilized coronavirus spikes are resistant to conformational changes induced by receptor recognition or proteolysis. Sci. Rep. 8, 15701 (2018).
pubmed: 30356097 pmcid: 6200764 doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34171-7
Zhou, T. et al. Structure-based design with tag-based purification and in-process biotinylation enable streamlined development of SARS-CoV-2 spike molecular probes. Cell Rep. 33, 108322 (2020).
pubmed: 33091382 pmcid: 7550166 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108322
Ackerman, M. E. et al. A robust, high-throughput assay to determine the phagocytic activity of clinical antibody samples. J. Immunol. Methods 366, 8–19 (2011).
pubmed: 21192942 doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.12.016
Fischinger, S. et al. A high-throughput, bead-based, antigen-specific assay to assess the ability of antibodies to induce complement activation. J. Immunol. Methods 473, 112630 (2019).
pubmed: 31301278 pmcid: 6722412 doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.07.002
ter Meulen, J. et al. Human monoclonal antibody combination against SARS coronavirus: synergy and coverage of escape mutants. PLoS Med. 3, e237 (2006).
pubmed: 16796401 pmcid: 1483912 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030237
Davidson, E. & Doranz, B. J. A high-throughput shotgun mutagenesis approach to mapping B cell antibody epitopes. Immunology 143, 13–20 (2014).
pubmed: 24854488 pmcid: 4137951 doi: 10.1111/imm.12323
Strong, M. et al. Toward the structural genomics of complexes: crystal structure of a PE/PPE protein complex from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 8060–8065 (2006).
pubmed: 16690741 pmcid: 1472429 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0602606103
McCoy, A. J. et al. Phaser crystallographic software. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 40, 658–674 (2007).
pubmed: 19461840 pmcid: 2483472 doi: 10.1107/S0021889807021206
Emsley, P. & Cowtan, K. Coot: model-building tools for molecular graphics. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 60, 2126–2132 (2004).
pubmed: 15572765 doi: 10.1107/S0907444904019158
Adams, P. D., Mustyakimov, M., Afonine, P. V. & Langan, P. Generalized X-ray and neutron crystallographic analysis: more accurate and complete structures for biological macromolecules. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 65, 567–573 (2009).
pubmed: 19465771 pmcid: 2685734 doi: 10.1107/S0907444909011548
Otwinowski, Z. & Minor, W. Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode. Methods Enzymol. 276, 307–326 (1997).
pubmed: 27799103 doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(97)76066-X
Scheres, S. H. RELION: implementation of a Bayesian approach to cryo-EM structure determination. J. Struct. Biol. 180, 519–530 (2012).
pubmed: 23000701 pmcid: 3690530 doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.09.006
Punjani, A., Rubinstein, J. L., Fleet, D. J. & Brubaker, M. A. cryoSPARC: algorithms for rapid unsupervised cryo-EM structure determination. Nat. Methods 14, 290–296 (2017).
pubmed: 28165473 doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4169
Pettersen, E. F. et al. UCSF Chimera—a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J. Comput. Chem. 25, 1605–1612 (2004).
pubmed: 15264254 doi: 10.1002/jcc.20084
Schmidt, F. et al. Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses. J. Exp. Med. 217, e20201181 (2020).
pubmed: 32692348 pmcid: 7372514 doi: 10.1084/jem.20201181

Auteurs

Vincent Dussupt (V)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Rajeshwer S Sankhala (RS)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Letzibeth Mendez-Rivera (L)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Samantha M Townsley (SM)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Fabian Schmidt (F)

Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.

Lindsay Wieczorek (L)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Kerri G Lal (KG)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Gina C Donofrio (GC)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Ursula Tran (U)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Nathaniel D Jackson (ND)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Weam I Zaky (WI)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Michelle Zemil (M)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Sarah R Tritsch (SR)

Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.

Wei-Hung Chen (WH)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Elizabeth J Martinez (EJ)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Aslaa Ahmed (A)

Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.

Misook Choe (M)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

William C Chang (WC)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Agnes Hajduczki (A)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Ningbo Jian (N)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Caroline E Peterson (CE)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Phyllis A Rees (PA)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Magdalena Rutkowska (M)

Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.

Bonnie M Slike (BM)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Christopher N Selverian (CN)

Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Isabella Swafford (I)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

I-Ting Teng (IT)

Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Paul V Thomas (PV)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Tongqing Zhou (T)

Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Clayton J Smith (CJ)

NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Jeffrey R Currier (JR)

Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.

Peter D Kwong (PD)

Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Morgane Rolland (M)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Edgar Davidson (E)

Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Benjamin J Doranz (BJ)

Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Christopher N Mores (CN)

Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.

Theodora Hatziioannou (T)

Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.

William W Reiley (WW)

Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, USA.

Paul D Bieniasz (PD)

Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.

Dominic Paquin-Proulx (D)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Gregory D Gromowski (GD)

Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.

Victoria R Polonis (VR)

U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.

Nelson L Michael (NL)

Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.

Kayvon Modjarrad (K)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.

M Gordon Joyce (MG)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. gjoyce@eidresearch.org.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA. gjoyce@eidresearch.org.

Shelly J Krebs (SJ)

Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. skrebs@hivresearch.org.
U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. skrebs@hivresearch.org.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA. skrebs@hivresearch.org.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH