Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis.
Journal
Journal of immunology research
ISSN: 2314-7156
Titre abrégé: J Immunol Res
Pays: Egypt
ID NLM: 101627166
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2021
2021
Historique:
received:
19
08
2021
accepted:
30
09
2021
entrez:
11
11
2021
pubmed:
12
11
2021
medline:
4
3
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected human disease, caused by different species of pigmented dematiaceous fungi that cause subcutaneous infections. This disease has been considered an occupational disease, occurring among people working in the field of agriculture, particularly in low-income countries. In 1914, the first case of CBM was described in Brazil, and although efforts have been made, few scientific and technological advances have been made in this area. In the field of fungi and host cell relationship, a very reduced number of antigens were characterized, but available data suggest that ectoantigens bind to the cell membrane of host cells and modulate the phagocytic, immunological, and microbicidal responses of immune cells. Furthermore, antigens cleave extracellular proteins in tissues, allowing fungi to spread. On the contrary, if phagocytic cells are able to present antigens in MHC molecules to T lymphocytes in the presence of costimulation and IL-12, a Th1 immune response will develop and a relative control of the disease will be observed. Despite knowledge of the resistance and susceptibility in CBM, up to now, no effective vaccines have been developed. In the field of chemotherapy, most patients are treated with conventional antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole and terbinafine, but these drugs exhibit limitations, considering that not all patients heal cutaneous lesions. Few advances in treatment have been made so far, but one of the most promising ones is based on the use of immunomodulators, such as imiquimod. Data about a standard treatment are missing in the medical literature; part of it is caused by the existence of a diversity of etiologic agents and clinical forms. The present review summarizes the advances made in the field of CBM related to the diversity of pathogenic species, fungi and host cell relationship, antigens, innate and acquired immunity, clinical forms of CBM, chemotherapy, and diagnosis.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34761009
doi: 10.1155/2021/9742832
pmc: PMC8575639
doi:
Substances chimiques
Antifungal Agents
0
Antigens
0
Immunologic Factors
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
9742832Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2021 Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero et al.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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