Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease.
Antiviral Agents
/ pharmacology
Autophagy
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins
/ chemistry
Immune Evasion
Immunomodulation
Inflammasomes
/ immunology
Ion Channels
/ metabolism
Oncogene Proteins, Viral
/ chemistry
Viral Matrix Proteins
/ chemistry
Viral Proteins
/ chemistry
Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
/ chemistry
Viral Structural Proteins
/ chemistry
Viroporin Proteins
/ chemistry
Virus Diseases
/ drug therapy
Viruses
/ drug effects
HCV
HIV
HPV
SARS-CoV
immune evasion
immune modulation
influenza
ion channels
viroporins
viruses
Journal
Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
Titre abrégé: Viruses
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101509722
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
27 10 2021
27 10 2021
Historique:
received:
12
07
2021
revised:
07
09
2021
accepted:
10
10
2021
entrez:
27
11
2021
pubmed:
28
11
2021
medline:
15
12
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses express proteins capable of forming pores in host cellular membranes, termed "Viroporins". They are a family of small hydrophobic proteins, with at least one amphipathic domain, which characteristically form oligomeric structures with central hydrophilic domains. Consequently, they can facilitate the transport of ions through the hydrophilic core. Viroporins localise to host membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate ion homeostasis creating a favourable environment for viral infection. Viroporins also contribute to viral immune evasion via several mechanisms. Given that viroporins are often essential for virion assembly and egress, and as their structural features tend to be evolutionarily conserved, they are attractive targets for anti-viral therapeutics. This review discusses the current knowledge of several viroporins, namely Influenza A virus (IAV) M2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral protein U (Vpu), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) p7, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E5, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Open Reading Frame (ORF)3a and Polyomavirus agnoprotein. We highlight the intricate but broad immunomodulatory effects of these viroporins and discuss the current antiviral therapies that target them; continually highlighting the need for future investigations to focus on novel therapeutics in the treatment of existing and future emergent viruses.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34834972
pii: v13112165
doi: 10.3390/v13112165
pmc: PMC8618147
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Antiviral Agents
0
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins
0
Inflammasomes
0
Ion Channels
0
M2 protein, Influenza A virus
0
ORF3A protein, SARS coronavirus
0
Oncogene Proteins, Viral
0
Viral Matrix Proteins
0
Viral Proteins
0
Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
0
Viral Structural Proteins
0
Viroporin Proteins
0
agnoprotein, polyomavirus
0
oncogene protein E5, Human papillomavirus type 16
0
p7 protein, Hepatitis C virus
0
vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Références
J Virol. 2015 Mar;89(6):3247-55
pubmed: 25568205
Protein Cell. 2010 Oct;1(10):944-55
pubmed: 21204021
J Gen Virol. 2013 Oct;94(Pt 10):2236-2248
pubmed: 23907396
Protein Sci. 2002 Mar;11(3):546-57
pubmed: 11847278
PLoS One. 2017 Jul 20;12(7):e0181558
pubmed: 28727803
Viruses. 2015 Aug 06;7(8):4461-81
pubmed: 26258788
Virology. 1991 Mar;181(1):62-9
pubmed: 1847269
Virology. 1998 Apr 25;244(1):39-49
pubmed: 9581776
J Virol. 2019 Feb 5;93(4):
pubmed: 30541828
J Virol. 2013 Jun;87(11):6062-72
pubmed: 23536685
Sci Rep. 2019 Apr 18;9(1):6267
pubmed: 31000776
Retrovirology. 2014 Feb 06;11:15
pubmed: 24498878
Sci Rep. 2015 Jan 07;5:7653
pubmed: 25563170
PLoS Pathog. 2017 Dec 18;13(12):e1006774
pubmed: 29253880
J Virol. 2010 Dec;84(23):12185-99
pubmed: 20861257
Cell Host Microbe. 2014 Feb 12;15(2):239-47
pubmed: 24528869
Nature. 2013 Jun 27;498(7455):521-5
pubmed: 23739335
Retrovirology. 2011 Feb 10;8:9
pubmed: 21310048
FEBS Lett. 1996 Nov 25;398(1):12-8
pubmed: 8946945
Sci China Life Sci. 2010 Sep;53(9):1098-105
pubmed: 21104370
J Hepatol. 2014 Nov;61(1 Suppl):S3-S13
pubmed: 25443344
J Virol. 2011 May;85(10):5070-80
pubmed: 21389130
PLoS Pathog. 2009 Feb;5(2):e1000300
pubmed: 19214216
J Biol Chem. 2001 May 11;276(19):15920-8
pubmed: 11278695
Intervirology. 2004;47(1):48-56
pubmed: 15044836
Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Feb;10(2):320-6
pubmed: 15030705
J Biol Chem. 2004 Jan 2;279(1):788-95
pubmed: 14561767
Immunol Rev. 2015 May;265(1):1-5
pubmed: 25879279
J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 18;277(42):39880-6
pubmed: 12183461
PLoS Pathog. 2010 Apr 29;6(4):e1000869
pubmed: 20442859
J Virol. 1993 Aug;67(8):5056-61
pubmed: 8331740
Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2007 Jul;9(2):71-86
pubmed: 17489436
J Virol. 2002 Jan;76(1):220-31
pubmed: 11739687
Microbiol Immunol. 2012 Sep;56(9):639-46
pubmed: 22708997
Virology. 2006 May 25;349(1):13-21
pubmed: 16466763
Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):276-8
pubmed: 12958366
J Cell Biol. 2000 Jan 24;148(2):305-15
pubmed: 10648563
J Virol. 2008 Oct;82(20):10042-51
pubmed: 18684816
Elife. 2019 Feb 05;8:
pubmed: 30717826
BMJ. 2016 Dec 7;355:i6258
pubmed: 27927672
J Virol. 2012 Aug;86(16):8499-506
pubmed: 22647704
Antiviral Res. 2005 Feb;65(2):69-78
pubmed: 15708633
Oncogene. 2008 Apr 17;27(18):2532-41
pubmed: 17982485
PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20215
pubmed: 21698289
Cell Microbiol. 2008 May;10(5):1040-57
pubmed: 18076669
Open Virol J. 2012;6:249-56
pubmed: 23341860
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012 Jul;2(7):a006890
pubmed: 22762018
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Aug 07;18(8):
pubmed: 28783091
J Virol. 2010 Dec;84(24):12958-70
pubmed: 20926557
Virology. 2012 Nov 10;433(1):12-26
pubmed: 22840425
J Virol. 1992 Jan;66(1):226-34
pubmed: 1727486
J Gen Virol. 2010 Feb;91(Pt 2):521-30
pubmed: 19812262
Nat Med. 2001 Dec;7(12):1306-12
pubmed: 11726970
J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 7;281(14):8997-9000
pubmed: 16407184
J Cell Biol. 1996 May;133(4):733-47
pubmed: 8666660
J Biol Chem. 2009 Dec 11;284(50):35060-72
pubmed: 19837671
J Virol. 2010 Feb;84(4):1696-703
pubmed: 19955310
Hepatology. 2011 Jul;54(1):79-90
pubmed: 21520195
Biochemistry. 2013 Jan 8;52(1):171-7
pubmed: 23240720
Cell Rep. 2015 Feb 3;10(4):586-99
pubmed: 25620704
Annu Rev Virol. 2016 Sep 29;3(1):237-261
pubmed: 27578435
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 Jul 02;10(8):563-74
pubmed: 22751485
mBio. 2013 Nov 05;4(6):e00608-13
pubmed: 24194536
Front Pharmacol. 2018 Nov 15;9:1282
pubmed: 30498445
Mol Cell Biol. 2013 Sep;33(18):3644-58
pubmed: 23858057
Mol Cancer. 2013 May 07;12:38
pubmed: 23651589
J Virol. 2004 May;78(9):4408-20
pubmed: 15078922
J Virol. 1993 Aug;67(8):4521-32
pubmed: 8392596
Immunol Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;82(1):38-46
pubmed: 14984593
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Oct 14;94(21):11301-6
pubmed: 9326604
FASEB J. 2019 Aug;33(8):8732-8744
pubmed: 31163989
Carcinogenesis. 2009 May;30(5):753-7
pubmed: 19321801
EMBO J. 1989 Dec 20;8(13):4099-105
pubmed: 2556261
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2016 Mar;72:100-108
pubmed: 26794463
Virology. 1995 Dec 1;214(1):222-8
pubmed: 8525619
J Exp Med. 1997 Apr 7;185(7):1295-305
pubmed: 9104816
J Virol. 1996 Feb;70(2):809-19
pubmed: 8551619
Antivir Ther. 2006;11(4):507-19
pubmed: 16856625
J Virol. 2008 Jan;82(2):893-902
pubmed: 17959659
Hepatology. 2014 Jan;59(1):318-27
pubmed: 24115039
Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Oct 22;6(4):367-80
pubmed: 19837376
Cell Rep. 2019 Apr 16;27(3):776-792.e7
pubmed: 30995476
Hepatology. 2008 Dec;48(6):1779-90
pubmed: 18828153
PLoS Pathog. 2009 Sep;5(9):e1000574
pubmed: 19730691
J Virol. 2009 Aug;83(16):8021-31
pubmed: 19494001
J Adolesc Health. 2010 Apr;46(4 Suppl):S20-6
pubmed: 20307840
Rev Med Virol. 2013 Jul;23(4):221-40
pubmed: 23444290
Biochem J. 2017 Feb 20;474(5):715-730
pubmed: 28087685
Virology. 1999 Feb 15;254(2):213-9
pubmed: 9986787
EMBO J. 1985 Nov;4(11):3021-4
pubmed: 4065098
Front Microbiol. 2012 Apr 24;3:152
pubmed: 22536200
J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 2;287(1):58-67
pubmed: 22072710
J Leukoc Biol. 2014 Aug;96(2):255-63
pubmed: 24659790
Blood. 2010 Sep 16;116(11):1876-84
pubmed: 20530791
Virol J. 2015 Feb 01;12:7
pubmed: 25638270
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 15;103(33):12540-5
pubmed: 16894145
N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 1;383(14):1340-1348
pubmed: 32997908
PLoS Pathog. 2010 Jun 17;6(6):e1000955
pubmed: 20585562
Cells. 2019 Jun 29;8(7):
pubmed: 31261944
Viruses. 2016 Mar 03;8(3):67
pubmed: 26950141
PLoS Pathog. 2010 Mar 12;6(3):e1000801
pubmed: 20300659
Biotechnol Lett. 2020 Mar;42(3):403-418
pubmed: 31915962
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Dec 22;19(1):
pubmed: 29271914
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Feb;54(2):835-45
pubmed: 19995924
Oncotarget. 2013 Feb;4(2):192-205
pubmed: 23545251
Virology. 2008 Aug 15;378(1):58-68
pubmed: 18579178
Cell Death Dis. 2018 Sep 5;9(9):904
pubmed: 30185776
Virology. 2003 May 25;310(1):100-8
pubmed: 12788634
Antiviral Res. 2010 May;86(2):144-53
pubmed: 20156486
Oncogene. 2002 Aug 15;21(36):5574-81
pubmed: 12165856
J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2013 Oct;33(5):735-742
pubmed: 24142729
J Virol. 2013 Mar;87(5):2455-62
pubmed: 23236060
FEBS Lett. 2004 May 7;565(1-3):111-6
pubmed: 15135062
J Virol. 2000 Oct;74(19):9083-9
pubmed: 10982354
J Virol. 2012 May;86(9):5341-51
pubmed: 22357280
J Virol. 2002 Apr;76(8):3720-30
pubmed: 11907211
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2013 May 1;304(9):L582-92
pubmed: 23457187
Respirology. 2003 Nov;8 Suppl:S20-4
pubmed: 15018129
J Gen Virol. 2004 Feb;85(Pt 2):451-461
pubmed: 14769903
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Aug;14(8):479-93
pubmed: 27396566
Autophagy. 2019 Jul;15(7):1163-1181
pubmed: 30741586
J Biol Chem. 2010 Oct 8;285(41):31446-61
pubmed: 20667830
J Virol. 2004 Feb;78(3):1333-43
pubmed: 14722288
PLoS Pathog. 2006 May;2(5):e39
pubmed: 16699598
J Virol. 2015 May;89(10):5687-700
pubmed: 25822027
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2016 Jun 29;80(3):679-731
pubmed: 27357278
PLoS One. 2010 Feb 02;5(2):e9005
pubmed: 20126395
Viruses. 2021 Jul 27;13(8):
pubmed: 34452331
PLoS One. 2015 Sep 16;10(9):e0137951
pubmed: 26375588
J Virol. 2010 Nov;84(22):11614-23
pubmed: 20810727
Arch Virol. 2003 Aug;148(8):1445-53
pubmed: 12898324
Oncogene. 2008 Feb 14;27(8):1071-8
pubmed: 17704805
Nat Microbiol. 2020 Apr;5(4):562-569
pubmed: 32094589
Traffic. 2006 Mar;7(3):298-307
pubmed: 16497224
J Virol. 2009 May;83(9):4574-90
pubmed: 19244337
J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 2;274(14):9854-60
pubmed: 10092677
Carcinogenesis. 2010 Mar;31(3):402-10
pubmed: 20015862
J Virol. 2004 Aug;78(16):8593-600
pubmed: 15280468
PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27660
pubmed: 22110710
Int J Cancer. 2010 Apr 1;126(7):1675-82
pubmed: 19876920
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2017 Nov 1;313(5):L845-L858
pubmed: 28775098
J Virol. 2006 Jan;80(1):210-7
pubmed: 16352545
FEBS Lett. 2003 Jan 30;535(1-3):34-8
pubmed: 12560074
Cancer Res. 2020 Feb 15;80(4):732-746
pubmed: 31848196
J Virol. 2009 Aug;83(16):7931-47
pubmed: 19515779
J Virol. 2012 Feb;86(3):1789-801
pubmed: 22114333
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;13(2):126-142
pubmed: 29159704
Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Mar 19;19(3):
pubmed: 29562663
J Virol. 1996 Oct;70(10):7108-15
pubmed: 8794357
Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jul 24;19(8):
pubmed: 30042322
Cell. 1990 Dec 21;63(6):1129-36
pubmed: 2175676
Virology. 2001 Dec 20;291(2):198-207
pubmed: 11878889
Cell Rep. 2014 Jun 26;7(6):2019-30
pubmed: 24910430
Oncogene. 2005 Apr 7;24(15):2585-8
pubmed: 15735736
Mol Med Rep. 2017 Dec;16(6):9533-9538
pubmed: 29039530
mBio. 2018 Jul 24;9(4):
pubmed: 30042202
J Virol. 1998 Jun;72(6):5189-97
pubmed: 9573291
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Sep 03;21(17):
pubmed: 32899231
Science. 1964 May 15;144(3620):862-3
pubmed: 14151624
Adv Virus Res. 2008;72:155-205
pubmed: 19081491
Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Jul;20(7):1587-96
pubmed: 16543409
J Virol. 2012 Apr;86(8):4496-504
pubmed: 22301152
Virol J. 2007 Oct 30;4:116
pubmed: 17971213
Virol J. 2009 Jun 02;6:68
pubmed: 19490630
Cell Microbiol. 2008 Apr;10(4):821-7
pubmed: 18081727
Science. 2012 Jul 13;337(6091):199-204
pubmed: 22745253
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006 Apr;63(7-8):930-8
pubmed: 16596339
J Virol. 2004 Jul;78(13):6723-34
pubmed: 15194747
Cell Host Microbe. 2007 Sep 13;2(3):193-203
pubmed: 18005734
J Virol. 2005 Aug;79(15):10083-7
pubmed: 16014971
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009 Nov;41(11):2232-9
pubmed: 19398035
Biomed Pharmacother. 2015 Mar;70:103-10
pubmed: 25776487
Viruses. 2016 Dec 01;8(12):
pubmed: 27916968
Carcinogenesis. 2006 Nov;27(11):2341-53
pubmed: 16973673
Oncol Rep. 2013 Jan;29(1):95-102
pubmed: 23128977
Virology. 2018 Jun;519:1-11
pubmed: 29609071
J Gen Virol. 2007 Nov;88(Pt 11):3067-3077
pubmed: 17947532
Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Nov 18;8(5):389-91
pubmed: 21075348
Cell. 1998 May 29;93(5):681-4
pubmed: 9630213
Cell Calcium. 2009 Jul;46(1):1-17
pubmed: 19535138
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jan 7;94(1):97-102
pubmed: 8990167
Virology. 2013 Jul 5;441(2):182-96
pubmed: 23582304
Int J Cancer. 2005 Jan 10;113(2):276-83
pubmed: 15386416
Virology. 2014 Nov;468-470:88-95
pubmed: 25151063
PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21646
pubmed: 21747943
J Virol. 2013 Feb;87(4):2046-57
pubmed: 23221546
PLoS Pathog. 2010 Sep 02;6(9):e1001087
pubmed: 20824094
Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Mar 19;5(3):285-97
pubmed: 19286137
J Virol. 2011 Oct;85(19):9834-46
pubmed: 21813615
Int J Cancer. 2006 Nov 1;119(9):2105-12
pubmed: 16823848
FASEB J. 2009 Nov;23(11):3829-42
pubmed: 19596899
Carcinogenesis. 2009 Jan;30(1):141-9
pubmed: 18849297
Viruses. 2019 Jan 06;11(1):
pubmed: 30621318
Virol J. 2008 Feb 26;5:30
pubmed: 18302753
J Exp Med. 2001 Nov 5;194(9):1299-311
pubmed: 11696595
Elife. 2014 Apr 29;3:e02362
pubmed: 24843023
Biophys J. 2010 Sep 22;99(6):1718-25
pubmed: 20858415
Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Nov 18;8(5):397-409
pubmed: 21075351
Sci Signal. 2012 Feb 21;5(212):ra16
pubmed: 22355189
Virology. 2010 Apr 10;399(2):322-31
pubmed: 20138326
Cell. 1992 May 15;69(4):577-8
pubmed: 1375129
PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43519
pubmed: 22927980
Biologicals. 2015 Sep;43(5):344-8
pubmed: 26212000
Scand J Immunol. 2018 Dec;88(6):e12727
pubmed: 30341772
Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2016 Sep;11(5):492-500
pubmed: 27254748
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jul 17;18(7):
pubmed: 28714909
Virology. 2013 Jun 5;440(2):190-203
pubmed: 23528733
Virology. 1991 Feb;180(2):617-24
pubmed: 1989386
iScience. 2020 Jul 24;23(7):101257
pubmed: 32599557
J Cell Physiol. 2016 Oct;231(10):2115-27
pubmed: 26831433
J Virol. 2011 Apr;85(8):4025-30
pubmed: 21289121
Retrovirology. 2018 Jan 12;15(1):6
pubmed: 29329537
J Biol Chem. 1987 Nov 15;262(32):15538-44
pubmed: 3479429
J Cell Biol. 2000 Oct 16;151(2):F9-14
pubmed: 11038194
PLoS Pathog. 2011 Feb 03;7(2):e1001265
pubmed: 21304933
FEBS Lett. 2003 Sep 18;552(1):28-34
pubmed: 12972148
J Biol Chem. 2015 Apr 24;290(17):10919-33
pubmed: 25759385
Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2022;20:766-778
pubmed: 35126886
Hong Kong Med J. 2009 Dec;15 Suppl 8:19-20
pubmed: 20393207
Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(1):45-52
pubmed: 25483514
J Cell Sci. 2007 Nov 1;120(Pt 21):3850-8
pubmed: 17940069
J Biol Chem. 2020 May 22;295(21):7327-7340
pubmed: 32291285
J Cell Biochem. 2017 Oct;118(10):3268-3280
pubmed: 28295503
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2010 Oct;17(10):1576-83
pubmed: 20739505
FEBS Lett. 2004 Jan 16;557(1-3):99-103
pubmed: 14741348
J Virol. 2011 Jan;85(1):51-63
pubmed: 20980512
Mol Cell. 2004 Apr 23;14(2):259-67
pubmed: 15099524
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 30;100(20):11646-51
pubmed: 14504405
Retrovirology. 2017 Mar 14;14(1):18
pubmed: 28288652
PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(4):e1003299
pubmed: 23633949
J Cell Physiol. 2019 Jun;234(6):8295-8315
pubmed: 30390301
FASEB J. 2019 Aug;33(8):8865-8877
pubmed: 31034780
J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011 Jan;31(1):173-81
pubmed: 20939681
World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Feb 14;22(6):1953-65
pubmed: 26877603
J Virol. 2009 Dec;83(24):13032-6
pubmed: 19793820
J Virol. 2020 Jan 6;94(2):
pubmed: 31666385
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Mar;71(3):731-8
pubmed: 26620101
Virus Genes. 2017 Apr;53(2):151-164
pubmed: 28233195
PLoS Pathog. 2008 May 02;4(5):e1000054
pubmed: 18451981
Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):404-10
pubmed: 20383149
Cell Mol Immunol. 2020 Aug;17(8):881-883
pubmed: 32555321
Oncotarget. 2015 Apr 20;6(11):9370-86
pubmed: 25826082
EMBO J. 2000 Dec 15;19(24):6751-8
pubmed: 11118210
Dev Cell. 2021 Feb 22;56(4):427-442.e5
pubmed: 33422265
AIDS Res Ther. 2016 Feb 08;13:7
pubmed: 26858771
J Cell Physiol. 2012 Aug;227(8):3119-27
pubmed: 22034072
Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1282:1-23
pubmed: 25720466
Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2019 May;14(3):153-160
pubmed: 30882484
PLoS Pathog. 2011 Jul;7(7):e1002144
pubmed: 21814513
Nature. 1978 Apr 20;272(5655):694-9
pubmed: 205795
Virus Res. 2005 May;109(2):191-202
pubmed: 15763150
J Virol. 2010 Jan;84(2):1097-109
pubmed: 19889773
J Biol Chem. 2017 Mar 24;292(12):5070-5088
pubmed: 28130444
J Virol. 2008 Feb;82(3):1558-69
pubmed: 17989177
PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(5):e1003355
pubmed: 23658526
Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017 Feb;13(2):291-297
pubmed: 27929754
J Virol. 2010 Oct;84(20):10619-29
pubmed: 20686024
FEBS Lett. 2006 Dec 22;580(30):6807-12
pubmed: 17141229
Virology. 2010 Nov 10;407(1):137-42
pubmed: 20813390
Annu Rev Immunol. 2015;33:257-90
pubmed: 25581309
Front Immunol. 2021 Feb 25;12:593161
pubmed: 33717073
PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(3):e1002609
pubmed: 22479182
Oncogene. 1997 Sep 18;15(12):1437-44
pubmed: 9333019
J Virol. 2006 Apr;80(8):3765-72
pubmed: 16571793
Nature. 2020 Jul;583(7816):459-468
pubmed: 32353859
PLoS Pathog. 2009 May;5(5):e1000450
pubmed: 19478868
Innate Immun. 2018 Nov;24(8):490-500
pubmed: 30282499
J Virol. 2014 Jun;88(12):6556-75
pubmed: 24672035
Exp Cell Res. 1998 May 25;241(1):76-83
pubmed: 9633515
J Virol. 1994 Feb;68(2):911-9
pubmed: 7507186
Science. 2005 Oct 28;310(5748):676-9
pubmed: 16195424
Viruses. 2015 Jun 24;7(7):3380-91
pubmed: 26114475
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 15;103(33):12481-6
pubmed: 16885212
Nat Rev Immunol. 2014 May;14(5):315-28
pubmed: 24762827
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Dec 7;96(25):14336-41
pubmed: 10588706
J Virol. 1995 May;69(5):3185-92
pubmed: 7707548
J Virol. 2005 May;79(9):5839-46
pubmed: 15827198
Acta Neuropathol. 2002 Aug;104(2):130-6
pubmed: 12111355
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Feb 21;114(8):2018-2023
pubmed: 28159892
Virology. 2014 Sep;464-465:375-384
pubmed: 25113908
PLoS One. 2009 Dec 17;4(12):e8342
pubmed: 20020050
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Jun;48(6):2325-30
pubmed: 15155246