Elucidating the removal of organic micropollutants on biological ion exchange resins.

Biological ion exchange (BIEX) refers to operating ion exchange (IX) filters with infrequent regeneration to favor the microbial growth on resin surface and thereby contribute to the removal of organic matter through biodegradation. However, the extent of biodegradation on BIEX resins is still debatable due to the difficulty in discriminating between biodegradation and IX. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of BIEX resins for the removal of organic micropollutants and thereby validate the occurrence of biodegradation. The removals of biodegradable micropollutants (neutral: caffeine and estradiol; negative: ibuprofen and naproxen) and nonbiodegradable micropollutants with different charges (neutral: atrazine and thiamethoxam; negative: PFOA and PFOS) were respectively monitored during batch tests with biotic and abiotic BIEX resins. Results demonstrated that biodegradation contributed to the removal of caffeine, estradiol, and ibuprofen, confirming that biodegradation occurred on the BIEX resins. Furthermore, biodegradation contributed to a lower extent to the removal of naproxen probably due to the absence of an adapted bacterial community (Biotic: 49% vs Abiotic: 38% after 24 h batch test). The removal of naproxen, PFOS, and PFOA were attributable to ion exchange with previously retained natural organic matter on BIEX resins. Nonbiodegradable and neutral micropollutants (atrazine and thiamethoxam) were minimally (6%-10%) removed during the batch tests. Overall, the present study corroborates that biomass found on BIEX resins contribute to the removal of micropollutants through biodegradation and ion exchange resins can be used as biomass support for biofiltration.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.