Why are you (un)conscientious? The dynamic interplay of goals, states, and traits in everyday life.
conscientiousness
ecological momentary assessment
goals
personality states
Journal
Journal of personality
ISSN: 1467-6494
Titre abrégé: J Pers
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 2985194R
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 2023
08 2023
Historique:
revised:
03
11
2021
received:
22
07
2021
accepted:
05
01
2022
medline:
20
6
2023
pubmed:
18
1
2022
entrez:
17
1
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Personality involves both trait and state components, personal goals serving a crucial regulatory function for the expression of personality states. The present study investigates the dynamic interplay between conscientiousness-related goals, conscientious personality states, and trait conscientiousness. A sample of 244 community participants responded to a baseline survey (T1), a 5-times-a-day Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) for 15 days, and a post-EMA survey (T2). Pre-registered multilevel analyses indicated significant contemporaneous positive and negative associations between momentary conscientious and unconscientious goals and state conscientiousness, respectively. Cross-lagged associations also emerged, with goals predicting future states of conscientiousness. A latent growth model was fitted on a subsample of participants (N = 159). Results indicated that change in trait conscientiousness from T1 to T2 was explained by growth in conscientiousness-related goals during the EMA phase, with a mediating effect of growth in state conscientiousness. Overall, the results corroborate the importance of goals for modeling contemporaneous and cross-lagged personality dynamics, both in short and longer timeframes.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
977-991Informations de copyright
© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Personality published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Allemand, M., & Flückiger, C. (2017). Changing personality traits : Some considerations from psychotherapy process-outcome research for intervention efforts on intentional personality change. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 27(4), 476-494. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-145592
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). The HEXACO-60: A short measure of the major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(4), 340-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902935878
Baird, B. M., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2017). The role of response styles in the assessment of intraindividual personality variability. Journal of Research in Personality, 69, 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.015
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. M., & Walker, S. C. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Baumert, A., Schmitt, M., Perugini, M., Johnson, W., Blum, G., Borkenau, P., Costantini, G., Denissen, J. J. A., Fleeson, W., Grafton, B., Jayawickreme, E., Kurzius, E., MacLeod, C., Miller, L. C., Read, S. J., Roberts, B., Robinson, M. D., Wood, D., & Wrzus, C. (2017). Integrating personality structure, personality process, and personality development. European Journal of Personality, 31(5), 503-528. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2115
Bleidorn, W. (2009). Linking personality states, current social roles and major life goals. European Journal of Personality, 23(6), 509-530. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.731
Bleidorn, W., Hill, P. L., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Hopwood, C. J., Jokela, M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., Wagner, J., Wrzus, C., Zimmermann, J., & Roberts, B. (2019). The policy relevance of personality traits. American Psychologist, 74(9), 1056-1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000503
Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Hill, P. L., Jokela, M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., Roberts, B. W., Wagner, J., Wrzus, C., & Zimmermann, J. (2021). Personality trait stability and change. Personality Science, 2, e6009. https://doi.org/10.5964/ps.6009
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2012). The case for conscientiousness: Evidence and implications for a personality trait marker of health and longevity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45(3), 278-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9454-6
Bringmann, L. F., Pe, M. L., Vissers, N., Ceulemans, E., Borsboom, D., Vanpaemel, W., Tuerlinckx, F., & Kuppens, P. (2016). Assessing temporal emotion dynamics using networks. Assessment, 23(4), 425-435. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116645909
Chun, W. Y., Kruglanski, A. W., Sleeth-Keppler, D., & Friedman, R. S. (2011). Multifinality in implicit choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(5), 1124-1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023778
Corker, K. S., Oswald, F. L., & Donnellan, M. B. (2012). Conscientiousness in the classroom: A process explanation. Journal of Personality, 80(4), 995-1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00750.x
Costantini, G., & Perugini, M. (2016). The network of conscientiousness. Journal of Research in Personality, 65, 68-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.10.003
Costantini, G., & Perugini, M. (2017). Network analysis for psychological situations. In J. F. Rauthmann, R. Sherman, & D. Funder (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of psychological situations. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190263348.013.16
Costantini, G., & Perugini, M. (2018). A framework for testing causality in personality research. European Journal of Personality, 32(3), 254-268. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2150
Costantini, G., Richetin, J., Borsboom, D., Fried, E. I., Rhemtulla, M., & Perugini, M. (2015). Development of indirect measures of conscientiousness: Combining a facets approach and network analysis. European Journal of Personality, 29(5), 548-567. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2014
Costantini, G., Saraulli, D., & Perugini, M. (2020). Uncovering the motivational core of traits: The case of conscientiouness. European Journal of Personality, 34(6), 1073-1094. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2237
Cramer, A. O. J., van der Sluis, S., Noordhof, A., Wichers, M., Geschwind, N., Aggen, S. H., Kendler, K. S., & Borsboom, D. (2012). Dimensions of normal personality as networks in search of equilibrium: You can’t like parties if you don’t like people. European Journal of Personality, 26(4), 414-431. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1866
Crowe, M. L., Edershile, E. A., Wright, A. G. C., Campbell, W. K., Lynam, D. R., & Miller, J. D. (2018). Development and validation of the narcissistic vulnerability scale: An adjective rating scale. Psychological Assessment, 30(7), 978-983. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000578
De Young, C. G., & Weisberg, Y. J. (2018). Cybernetic approaches to personality and social behavior. In M. Snyder, & K. Deaux (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology (2nd ed., pp. 387-414). Oxford University Press.
Di Sarno, M., Zimmermann, J., Madeddu, F., Casini, E., & Di Pierro, R. (2020). Shame behind the corner? A daily diary investigation of pathological narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 85, 103924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103924
Elliot, A. J., & Fryer, J. W. (2008). The goal construct in psychology. In J. Y. Shah, & W. L. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp. 235-250). Guilford Press.
Fishbach, A., & Ferguson, M. J. (2007). The goal construct in social psychology. Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 490-515). The Guilford Press.
Friedman, H. S., & Kern, M. L. (2014). Personality, well-being, and health. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 719-742. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115123
Geldhof, G. J., Preacher, K. J., & Zyphur, M. J. (2014). Reliability estimation in a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis framework. Psychological Methods, 19, 72-91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032138
Hallquist, M. N., & Wiley, J. F. (2018). MplusAutomation: An R package for facilitating large-scale latent variable analyses in Mplus. Structural Equation Modeling, 25(4), 621-638. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1402334
Hamaker, E. L., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2014). To center or not to center? Investigating inertia with a multilevel autoregressive model. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1492. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01492
Heimpel, S. A., Elliot, A. J., & Wood, J. V. (2006). Basic personality dispositions, self-esteem, and personal goals: An approach-avoidance analysis. Journal of Personality, 74(5), 1293-1320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00410.x
Heller, D., Komar, J., & Lee, W. B. (2007). The dynamics of personality states, goals, and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(6), 898-910. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301010
Heller, D., Perunovic, W. Q. E., & Reichman, D. (2009). The future of person-situation integration in the interface between traits and goals: A bottom-up framework. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.011
Hopwood, C. J. (2018). Interpersonal dynamics in personality and personality disorders. European Journal of Personality, 32(5), 499-524. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2155
Horstmann, K. T., & Ziegler, M. (2020). Assessing personality states: What to consider when constructing personality state measures. European Journal of Personality, 34(6), 1037-1059. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2266
Hudson, N. W., Fraley, R. C., Chopik, W. J., & Briley, D. A. (2020). Change goals robustly predict trait growth: A mega-analysis of a dozen intensive longitudinal studies examining volitional change. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(6), 723-732. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619878423
Jackson, J. J., Wood, D., Bogg, T., Walton, K. E., Harms, P. D., & Roberts, B. W. (2010). What do conscientious people do? Development and validation of the Behavioral Indicators of Conscientiousness (BIC). Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 501-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.005
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102-138). Guilford Press.
Johnson, P. C. D. (2014). Extension of Nakagawa & Schielzeth’s R2GLMM to random slopes models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5(9), 944-946. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12225
Kern, M. L., & Friedman, H. S. (2008). Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review. Health Psychology, 27(5), 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.505
Kuppens, P., & Verduyn, P. (2015). Looking at emotion regulation through the window of emotion dynamics. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.960505
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329-358. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8
Lischetzke, T., Pfeifer, H., Crayen, C., & Eid, M. (2012). Motivation to regulate mood as a mediator between state extraversion and pleasant-unpleasant mood. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(4), 414-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.04.002
Lorah, J. (2018). Effect size measures for multilevel models: Definition, interpretation, and TIMSS example. Large-Scale Assessments in Education, 6(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-018-0061-2
Lüdecke, D., Ben-Shachar, M. S., Patil, I., Waggoner, P., & Makowski, D. (2021). performance: An R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(60), 3139. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03139
Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U., & Husemann, N. (2009). Goal and personality trait development in a transitional period: Assessing change and stability in personality development. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(4), 428-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208329215
McArdle, J. J., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2003). Growth curve analysis in contemporary psychological research. In I. B. Weiner (Ed.), Handbook of psychology (pp. 447-480). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0218
McCabe, K. O., & Fleeson, W. (2012). What is extraversion for? Integrating trait and motivational perspectives and identifying the purpose of extraversion. Psychological Science, 23(12), 1498-1505. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612444904
McCabe, K. O., & Fleeson, W. (2016). Are traits useful? Explaining trait manifestations as tools in the pursuit of goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(2), 287-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039490
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. J. (1990). Personality in adulthood. Guilford Press.
McCrae, R. R., & Sutin, A. R. (2018). A Five-Factor Theory perspective on causal analysis. European Journal of Personality, 32, 151-166. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2134
Mehl, M. R., & T. S. Conner (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of research methods for studying daily life. Guilford Press.
Mõttus, R., Wood, D., Condon, D. M., Back, M. D., Baumert, A., Costantini, G., Epskamp, S., Greiff, S., Johnson, W., Lukaszewski, A., Murray, A., Revelle, W., Wright, A. G. C., Yarkoni, T., Ziegler, M., & Zimmermann, J. (2020). Descriptive, predictive and explanatory personality research: Different goals, different approaches, but a shared need to move beyond the Big Few traits. European Journal of Personality, 34, 1175-1201. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hvk5p
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
Nakagawa, S., & Schielzeth, H. (2013). A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 4(2), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x
Naragon-Gainey, K., & Simms, L. J. (2017). Clarifying the links of conscientiousness with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Journal of Personality, 85, 880-892. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12295
Ozer, D. J., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401-421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127
Pe, M. L., & Kuppens, P. (2012). The dynamic interplay between emotions in daily life: Augmentation, blunting, and the role of appraisal overlap. Emotion, 12(6), 1320-1328. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028262
Poropat, A. E. (2009). A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 322-338. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014996
Quirin, M., Robinson, M. D., Rauthmann, J. F., Kuhl, J., Read, S. J., Tops, M., & DeYoung, C. G. (2020). The Dynamics of Personality Approach (DPA): 20 tenets for uncovering the causal mechanisms of personality. European Journal of Personality, 34(6), 947-968. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2295
R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Reisz, Z., Boudreaux, M. J., & Ozer, D. J. (2013). Personality traits and the prediction of personal goals. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 699-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.023
Richetin, J., Conner, M., & Perugini, M. (2011). Not doing is not the opposite of doing: Implications for attitudinal models of behavioral prediction. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(1), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210390522
Roberts, B. W., Lejuez, C., Krueger, R. F., Richards, J. M., & Hill, P. L. (2014). What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed? Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1315-1330 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031109
Roberts, B. W., Luo, J., Briley, D. A., Chow, P. I., Su, R., & Hill, P. L. (2017). A systematic review of personality trait change through intervention. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 117-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000088
Roberts, B. W., O'Donnell, M., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Goal and personality trait development in emerging adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(4), 541-550. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.541
Roberts, B. W., & Robins, R. W. (2000). Broad dispositions, broad aspirations: The intersection of personality traits and major life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(10), 1284-1296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200262009
Robinson, O. C., Noftle, E. E., Guo, J., Asadi, S., & Zhang, X. (2015). Goals and plans for Big Five personality trait change in young adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 59, 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.08.002
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v48/i02/
Sened, H., Lazarus, G., Gleason, M. E. J., Rafaeli, E., & Fleeson, W. (2018). The use of intensive longitudinal methods in explanatory personality research. European Journal of Personality, 32(3), 269-285. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2143
Stieger, M., Nißen, M., Rüegger, D., Kowatsch, T., Flückiger, C., & Allemand, M. (2018). PEACH, a smartphone- and conversational agent-based coaching intervention for intentional personality change: Study protocol of a randomized, wait-list controlled trial. BMC Psychology, 6(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-018-0257-9
Stieger, M., Wepfer, S., Rüegger, D., Kowatsch, T., Roberts, B. W., & Allemand, M. (2020). Becoming more conscientious or more open to experience? Effects of a two-week smartphone-based intervention for personality change. European Journal of Personality, 34(3), 345-366. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2267
Wang, L. P., & Maxwell, S. E. (2015). On disaggregating between-person and within-person effects with longitudinal data using multilevel models. Psychological Methods, 20(1), 63-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000030
Wilson, R. E., Thompson, R. J., & Vazire, S. (2017). Are fluctuations in personality states more than fluctuations in affect? Journal of Research in Personality, 69, 110-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.006
Wilt, J., & Revelle, W. (2015). Affect, behaviour, cognition and desire in the Big Five: An analysis of item content and structure. European Journal of Personality, 29(4), 478-497. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2002
Zimmermann, J., Woods, W. C., Ritter, S., Happel, M., Masuhr, O., Jaeger, U., Spitzer, C., & Wright, A. G. C. (2019). Integrating structure and dynamics in personality assessment: First steps toward the development and validation of a personality dynamics diary. Psychological Assessment, 31(4), 516-531. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000625