Costs and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With NMO Spectrum Disorders and MOG-Antibody-Associated Disease: CHANCE


Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
15 03 2022
Historique:
received: 25 05 2021
accepted: 30 12 2021
pubmed: 28 1 2022
medline: 7 4 2022
entrez: 27 1 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

To evaluate costs and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). In this multicenter cross-sectional study, data on consumption of medical and nonmedical resources and work ability were assessed via patient questionnaires. Costs were analyzed in Euros for 2018 from the societal perspective. HRQoL was captured by the EuroQoL Group 5 Dimension 5 Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. Clinical data were retrieved from the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS) database. Two hundred twelve patients (80% women, median age 50 [19-83] years, median disease duration 7 [0-43] years, median Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score 3.5 [0-8.5], 66% aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G [IgG] positive, 22% MOG IgG positive, 12% double seronegative) were analyzed. The mean total annual per capita cost of illness accounted for €59,574 (95% CI 51,225-68,293 or US dollars [USD] 70,297, 95% CI 60,445-80,586), and the mean index value of the EQ-5D-5L was 0.693 (95% CI 0.65-0.73). The most important cost drivers were informal care costs (28% of total costs), indirect costs (23%), and drugs (16%), especially immunotherapeutics. Costs showed a positive correlation with disease severity (ρ = 0.56, 95% CI 0.45-0.65); in the EDSS score 6.5 to 8.5 subgroup, the mean annual costs were €129,687 (95% CI 101,946-160,336 or USD 153,031, 95% CI 120,296-189,196). The HRQoL revealed a negative correlation to disease severity (ρ = -0.69, 95% CI -0.76 to -0.61); in the EDSS score 6.5 to 8.5 subgroup, the EQ-5D-5L mean index value was 0.195 (95% CI 0.13-0.28). Neither antibody status nor disease duration influenced the total annual costs or HRQoL. These German data from the era without approved preventive immunotherapies show enormous effects of the diseases on costs and quality of life. An early and cost-effective therapy should be provided to prevent long-term disability and to preserve quality of life.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
To evaluate costs and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD).
METHODS
In this multicenter cross-sectional study, data on consumption of medical and nonmedical resources and work ability were assessed via patient questionnaires. Costs were analyzed in Euros for 2018 from the societal perspective. HRQoL was captured by the EuroQoL Group 5 Dimension 5 Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. Clinical data were retrieved from the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS) database.
RESULTS
Two hundred twelve patients (80% women, median age 50 [19-83] years, median disease duration 7 [0-43] years, median Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score 3.5 [0-8.5], 66% aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G [IgG] positive, 22% MOG IgG positive, 12% double seronegative) were analyzed. The mean total annual per capita cost of illness accounted for €59,574 (95% CI 51,225-68,293 or US dollars [USD] 70,297, 95% CI 60,445-80,586), and the mean index value of the EQ-5D-5L was 0.693 (95% CI 0.65-0.73). The most important cost drivers were informal care costs (28% of total costs), indirect costs (23%), and drugs (16%), especially immunotherapeutics. Costs showed a positive correlation with disease severity (ρ = 0.56, 95% CI 0.45-0.65); in the EDSS score 6.5 to 8.5 subgroup, the mean annual costs were €129,687 (95% CI 101,946-160,336 or USD 153,031, 95% CI 120,296-189,196). The HRQoL revealed a negative correlation to disease severity (ρ = -0.69, 95% CI -0.76 to -0.61); in the EDSS score 6.5 to 8.5 subgroup, the EQ-5D-5L mean index value was 0.195 (95% CI 0.13-0.28). Neither antibody status nor disease duration influenced the total annual costs or HRQoL.
DISCUSSION
These German data from the era without approved preventive immunotherapies show enormous effects of the diseases on costs and quality of life. An early and cost-effective therapy should be provided to prevent long-term disability and to preserve quality of life.

Identifiants

pubmed: 35082170
pii: WNL.0000000000200052
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200052
pmc: PMC8935443
doi:

Substances chimiques

Aquaporin 4 0
Autoantibodies 0
Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e1184-e1196

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

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Auteurs

Martin W Hümmert (MW)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Louisa M Schöppe (LM)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Judith Bellmann-Strobl (J)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Nadja Siebert (N)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Friedemann Paul (F)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Ankelien Duchow (A)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Hannah Pellkofer (H)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Tania Kümpfel (T)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Joachim Havla (J)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Sven Jarius (S)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Brigitte Wildemann (B)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Achim Berthele (A)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Florian Then Bergh (FT)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Marc Pawlitzki (M)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Luisa Klotz (L)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Ingo Kleiter (I)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Martin Stangel (M)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Stefan Gingele (S)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Martin S Weber (MS)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Juergen H Faiss (JH)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Refik Pul (R)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Annette Walter (A)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Uwe K Zettl (UK)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Makbule Senel (M)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Jan-Patrick Stellmann (JP)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Vivien Häußler (V)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Kerstin Hellwig (K)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Ilya Ayzenberg (I)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Orhan Aktas (O)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Marius Ringelstein (M)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Olivia Schreiber-Katz (O)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Corinna Trebst (C)

From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., L.M.S., M. Stangle, S.G., O.S.-K., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S, N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (J.B.-S., N.S., F.P., A.D.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Department of Neurology (F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K., J.H.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich; Institute of Neuropathology (H.P., M.S.W.), Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (M.P., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Department of Neurology (I.K., K.H., I.A.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Neurology (J.H.F.), Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section (U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M. Senel), University of Ulm; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (J.-P.S., V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 20. Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (I.A.), Moscow, Russia; and Department of Neurology (O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, and Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany. trebst.corinna@mh-hannover.de.

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