Evaluation of the dystrophin carboxy-terminal domain for micro-dystrophin gene therapy in cardiac and skeletal muscles in the DMD
Journal
Gene therapy
ISSN: 1476-5462
Titre abrégé: Gene Ther
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9421525
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Sep 2022
Sep 2022
Historique:
received:
12
04
2021
accepted:
13
01
2022
revised:
09
12
2021
pubmed:
3
2
2022
medline:
21
9
2022
entrez:
2
2
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a muscle wasting disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin. Gene therapy using micro-dystrophin (MD) transgenes and recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors hold great promise. To overcome the limited packaging capacity of rAAV vectors, most MD do not include dystrophin carboxy-terminal (CT) domain. Yet, the CT domain is known to recruit α1- and β1-syntrophins and α-dystrobrevin, a part of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC), which is a signaling and structural mediator of muscle cells. In this study, we explored the impact of inclusion of the dystrophin CT domain on ΔR4-23/ΔCT MD (MD1), in DMD
Identifiants
pubmed: 35105949
doi: 10.1038/s41434-022-00317-6
pii: 10.1038/s41434-022-00317-6
doi:
Substances chimiques
Dystrophin
0
Dystrophin-Associated Protein Complex
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
520-535Commentaires et corrections
Type : CommentIn
Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Références
Mendell JR, Lloyd-Puryear M. Report of MDA muscle disease symposium on newborn screening for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2013;48:21–6.
pubmed: 23716304
doi: 10.1002/mus.23810
Hoffman EP, Brown RH, Kunkel LM. Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus. Cell. 1987;51:919–28.
pubmed: 3319190
doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90579-4
Bhat HF, Mir SS, Dar KB, Bhat ZF, Shah RA, Ganai NA. ABC of multifaceted dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC). J Cell Physiol. 2018;233:5142–59.
pubmed: 28464259
doi: 10.1002/jcp.25982
Ervasti JM, Ohlendieck K, Kahl SD, Gaver MG, Campbell KP. Deficiency of a glycoprotein component of the dystrophin complex in dystrophic muscle. Nature. 1990;345:315–9.
pubmed: 2188135
doi: 10.1038/345315a0
Bushby K, Finkel R, Birnkrant DJ, Case LE, Clemens PR, Cripe L, et al. Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 1: diagnosis, and pharmacological and psychosocial management. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:77–93.
pubmed: 19945913
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70271-6
Wang D, Zhong L, Nahid MA, Gao G. The potential of adeno-associated viral vectors for gene delivery to muscle tissue. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2014;11:345–64.
pubmed: 24386892
pmcid: 4098646
doi: 10.1517/17425247.2014.871258
Rivera VM, Gao G, Grant RL, Schnell MA, Zoltick PW, Rozamus LW, et al. Long-term pharmacologically regulated expression of erythropoietin in primates following AAV-mediated gene transfer. Blood. 2005;105:1424–30.
pubmed: 15507527
doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2501
Wu Z, Yang H, Colosi P. Effect of genome size on AAV vector packaging. Mol Ther Janv. 2010;18:80–6.
doi: 10.1038/mt.2009.255
Harper SQ, Hauser MA, DelloRusso C, Duan D, Crawford RW, Phelps SF, et al. Modular flexibility of dystrophin: Implications for gene therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Med. 2002;8:253–61.
pubmed: 11875496
doi: 10.1038/nm0302-253
Athanasopoulos T, Graham I, Foster H, Dickson G. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors as therapeutic tools for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Gene Ther. 2004;11:S109–21.
pubmed: 15454965
doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302379
Muntoni F, Torelli S, Ferlini A. Dystrophin and mutations: one gene, several proteins, multiple phenotypes. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:731–40.
pubmed: 14636778
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00585-4
Gregorevic P, Allen JM, Minami E, Blankinship MJ, Haraguchi M, Meuse L, et al. rAAV6-microdystrophin preserves muscle function and extends lifespan in severely dystrophic mice. Nat Med. 2006;12:787–9.
pubmed: 16819550
pmcid: 4244883
doi: 10.1038/nm1439
Foster H, Sharp PS, Athanasopoulos T, Trollet C, Graham IR, Foster K, et al. Codon and mRNA sequence optimization of microdystrophin transgenes improves expression and physiological outcome in dystrophic mdx mice following AAV2/8 Gene Transfer. Mol Ther. 2008;16:1825–32.
pubmed: 18766174
doi: 10.1038/mt.2008.186
Bostick B, Yue Y, Lai Y, Long C, Li D, Duan D. Adeno-associated virus serotype-9 microdystrophin gene therapy ameliorates electrocardiographic abnormalities in mdx mice. Hum Gene Ther. 2008;19:851–6.
pubmed: 18666839
pmcid: 2888653
doi: 10.1089/hum.2008.058
Yue Y, Pan X, Hakim CH, Kodippili K, Zhang K, Shin J-H, et al. Safe and bodywide muscle transduction in young adult Duchenne muscular dystrophy dogs with adeno-associated virus. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24:5880–90.
pubmed: 26264580
pmcid: 4581611
doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddv310
Le Guiner C, Servais L, Montus M, Larcher T, Fraysse B, Moullec S, et al. Long-term microdystrophin gene therapy is effective in a canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun. 2017;8:16105.
pubmed: 28742067
pmcid: 5537486
doi: 10.1038/ncomms16105
Hakim CH, Wasala NB, Pan X, Kodippili K, Yue Y, Zhang K, et al. A five-repeat micro-dystrophin gene ameliorated dystrophic phenotype in the severe DBA/2J-mdx model of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2017;6:216–30.
pubmed: 28932757
pmcid: 5596503
doi: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.06.006
Duan D, Systemic AAV. Micro-dystrophin gene therapy for duchenne muscular dystrophy. Mol Ther. 2018;26:2337–56.
pubmed: 30093306
pmcid: 6171037
doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.011
Lai Y, Thomas GD, Yue Y, Yang HT, Li D, Long C, et al. Dystrophins carrying spectrin-like repeats 16 and 17 anchor nNOS to the sarcolemma and enhance exercise performance in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:624–35.
pubmed: 19229108
pmcid: 2648692
doi: 10.1172/JCI36612
Gregorevic P, Blankinship MJ, Allen JM, Chamberlain JS. Systemic microdystrophin gene delivery improves skeletal muscle structure and function in old dystrophic mdx mice. Mol Ther. 2008;16:657–64.
pubmed: 18334986
doi: 10.1038/mt.2008.28
Shin J-H, Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Hayashita-Kinoh H, Ohshima-Hosoyama S, Kinoshita K, Chiyo T. et al. Improvement of cardiac fibrosis in dystrophic mice by rAAV9-mediated microdystrophin transduction. Gene Ther. 2011;18:910–9.
pubmed: 21451578
doi: 10.1038/gt.2011.36
Bostick B, Shin J-H, Yue Y, Duan D. AAV-microdystrophin therapy improves cardiac performance in aged female mdx mice. Mol Ther. 2011;19:1826–32.
pubmed: 21811246
pmcid: 3188746
doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.154
Wang B, Li J, Fu FH, Xiao X. Systemic human minidystrophin gene transfer improves functions and life span of dystrophin and dystrophin/utrophin-deficient mice. J Orthopaedic Res. 2009;27:421–6.
doi: 10.1002/jor.20781
Guiner CL, McIntyre M, Larcher T, Adjali O, Lafoux A, Toumaniantz G, et al. Dose finding study in the DMDmdx rat model to determine the efficacious dose of a rAAV9 vector encoding a human mini-dystrophin after IV administration. Neuromuscular Disorders. 2017;27:S188.
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.344
Mendell JR, Sahenk Z, Lehman K, Nease C, Lowes LP, Miller NF, et al. Assessment of Systemic Delivery of rAAVrh74.MHCK7.micro-dystrophin in Children With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:1122–31.
pubmed: 32539076
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1484
Moorehead T, Yong F, Neelakantan S, Beaverson K, Binks M. Safety and tolerability of PF-06939926 in ambulatory boys with duchenne muscular dystrophy: a phase 1b multicenter, open- label, dose ascending study. Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther. 2020;28:272.
Koo T. Studies on gene transfer in skeletal muscle cells and tissues using recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Thesis. 2010.
Suzuki A, Yoshida M, Ozawa E. Mammalian alpha 1- and beta 1-syntrophin bind to the alternative splice-prone region of the dystrophin COOH terminus. J Cell Biol. 1995;128:373–81.
pubmed: 7844151
doi: 10.1083/jcb.128.3.373
Sadoulet-Puccio HM, Rajala M, Kunkel LM. Dystrobrevin and dystrophin: an interaction through coiled-coil motifs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:12413–8.
pubmed: 9356463
pmcid: 24974
doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.23.12413
Yoshida M, Hama H, Ishikawa-Sakurai M, Imamura M, Mizuno Y, Araishi K, et al. Biochemical evidence for association of dystrobrevin with the sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex as a basis for understanding sarcoglycanopathy. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9:1033–40.
pubmed: 10767327
doi: 10.1093/hmg/9.7.1033
Bhat HF, Adams ME, Khanday FA. Syntrophin proteins as Santa Claus: role(s) in cell signal transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013;70:2533–54.
pubmed: 23263165
doi: 10.1007/s00018-012-1233-9
Matamoros M, Pérez-Hernández M, Guerrero-Serna G, Amorós I, Barana A, Núñez M, et al. Nav1.5 N-terminal domain binding to α1-syntrophin increases membrane density of human Kir2.1, Kir2.2 and Nav1.5 channels. Cardiovasc Res. 2016;110:279–90.
pubmed: 26786162
pmcid: 4836625
doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvw009
Leyva-Leyva M, Sandoval A, Felix R, González-Ramírez R. Biochemical and functional interplay between ion channels and the components of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex. J Membr Biol. 2018;251:535–50.
pubmed: 29779049
doi: 10.1007/s00232-018-0036-9
Sabourin J, Lamiche C, Vandebrouck A, Magaud C, Rivet J, Cognard C, et al. Regulation of TRPC1 and TRPC4 cation channels requires an α1-syntrophin-dependent complex in skeletal mouse myotubes. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:36248–61.
pubmed: 19812031
pmcid: 2794741
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.012872
Vandebrouck A, Sabourin J, Rivet J, Balghi H, Sebille S, Kitzis A, et al. Regulation of capacitative calcium entries by alpha1-syntrophin: association of TRPC1 with dystrophin complex and the PDZ domain of alpha1-syntrophin. FASEB J. 2007;21:608–17.
pubmed: 17202249
doi: 10.1096/fj.06-6683com
Dombernowsky NW, Ölmestig JNE, Witting N, Kruuse C. Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies - Still a possible treatment modality? Neuromuscul Disord. 2018;28:914–26.
pubmed: 30352768
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.09.001
Crawford GE, Faulkner JA, Crosbie RH, Campbell KP, Froehner SC, Chamberlain JS. Assembly of the dystrophin-associated protein complex does not require the dystrophin cooh-terminal domain. J Cell Biol. 2000;150:1399–410.
pubmed: 10995444
pmcid: 2150715
doi: 10.1083/jcb.150.6.1399
Koo T, Malerba A, Athanasopoulos T, Trollet C, Boldrin L, Ferry A, et al. Delivery of AAV2/9-microdystrophin genes incorporating helix 1 of the coiled-coil motif in the C-Terminal domain of dystrophin improves muscle pathology and restores the level of α1-syntrophin and α-dystrobrevin in skeletal muscles of mdx mice. Hum Gene Ther. 2011;22:1379–88.
pubmed: 21453126
pmcid: 3225045
doi: 10.1089/hum.2011.020
McGreevy JW, Hakim CH, McIntosh MA, Duan D. Animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: from basic mechanisms to gene therapy. Dis Model Mech. 2015;8:195–213.
pubmed: 25740330
pmcid: 4348559
doi: 10.1242/dmm.018424
Tandon A, Jefferies JL, Villa CR, Hor KN, Wong BL, Ware SM, et al. Dystrophin genotype-cardiac phenotype correlations in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115:967–71.
pubmed: 25702278
pmcid: 5568575
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.01.030
Johnson EK, Zhang L, Adams ME, Phillips A, Freitas MA, Froehner SC, et al. Proteomic analysis reveals new cardiac-specific dystrophin-associated proteins. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e43515.
pubmed: 22937058
pmcid: 3427372
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043515
Larcher T, Lafoux A, Tesson L, Remy S, Thepenier V, François V, et al. Characterization of dystrophin deficient rats: a new model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e110371.
pubmed: 25310701
pmcid: 4195719
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110371
Li X, Eastman EM, Schwartz RJ, Draghia-Akli R. Synthetic muscle promoters: activities exceeding naturally occurring regulatory sequences. Nat Biotechnol. 1999;17:241–5.
pubmed: 10096290
doi: 10.1038/6981
D’Costa S, Blouin V, Broucque F, Penaud-Budloo M, François A, Perez IC, et al. Practical utilization of recombinant AAV vector reference standards: focus on vector genomes titration by free ITR qPCR. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2016;5:16019.
pubmed: 27069952
pmcid: 4813604
doi: 10.1038/mtm.2016.19
Salvetti A, Orève S, Chadeuf G, Favre D, Cherel Y, Champion-Arnaud P, et al. Factors influencing recombinant adeno-associated virus production. Hum Gene Ther. 1998;9:695–706.
pubmed: 9551617
doi: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.5-695
Shinoda K, Tomita M, Ishihama Y. emPAI Calc—for the estimation of protein abundance from large-scale identification data by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics. 2010;26:576–7.
pubmed: 20031975
doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp700
Ishihama Y, Oda Y, Tabata T, Sato T, Nagasu T, Rappsilber J, et al. Exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) for estimation of absolute protein amount in proteomics by the number of sequenced peptides per protein. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2005;4:1265–72.
pubmed: 15958392
doi: 10.1074/mcp.M500061-MCP200
Fraysse B, Desaphy J-F, Rolland J-F, Pierno S, Liantonio A, Giannuzzi V, et al. Fiber type-related changes in rat skeletal muscle calcium homeostasis during aging and restoration by growth hormone. Neurobiol Dis. 2006;21:372–80.
pubmed: 16153853
doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.07.012
Louch WE, Sheehan KA, Wolska BM. Methods in cardiomyocyte isolation, culture, and gene transfer. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011;51:288–98.
pubmed: 21723873
pmcid: 3164875
doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.06.012
Grynkiewicz G, Poenie M, Tsien RY. A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties. J Biol Chem. 1985;260:3440–50.
pubmed: 3838314
doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)83641-4
Dyle MC, Ebert SM, Cook DP, Kunkel SD, Fox DK, Bongers KS, et al. Systems-based discovery of tomatidine as a natural small molecule inhibitor of skeletal muscle atrophy. J Biol Chem. 2014;289:14913–24.
pubmed: 24719321
pmcid: 4031541
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.556241
Moorwood C, Liu M, Tian Z, Barton ER. Isometric and eccentric force generation assessment of skeletal muscles isolated from murine models of muscular dystrophies. J Vis Exp. 2013;31:e50036.
Chapdelaine P, Gérard C, Sanchez N, Cherif K, Rousseau J, Ouellet DL, et al. Development of an AAV9 coding for a 3XFLAG-TALEfrat#8-VP64 able to increase in vivo the human frataxin in YG8R mice. Gene Ther. 2016;23:606–14.
pubmed: 27082765
pmcid: 4940929
doi: 10.1038/gt.2016.36
Mayra A, Tomimitsu H, Kubodera T, Kobayashi M, Piao W, Sunaga F, et al. Intraperitoneal AAV9-shRNA inhibits target expression in neonatal skeletal and cardiac muscles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;405:204–9.
pubmed: 21219850
doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.009
Madhavan R, Jarrett HW. Phosphorylation of dystrophin and alpha-syntrophin by Ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999;1434:260–74.
pubmed: 10525145
doi: 10.1016/S0167-4838(99)00193-4
Madhavan R, Jarrett HW. Calmodulin-activated phosphorylation of dystrophin. Biochemistry. 1994;33:5797–804.
pubmed: 8180208
doi: 10.1021/bi00185a018
Sato S, Omori Y, Katoh K, Kondo M, Kanagawa M, Miyata K, et al. Pikachurin, a dystroglycan ligand, is essential for photoreceptor ribbon synapse formation. Nat Neurosci. 2008;11:923–31.
pubmed: 18641643
doi: 10.1038/nn.2160
Pacak CA, Mah CS, Thattaliyath BD, Conlon TJ, Lewis MA, Cloutier DE, et al. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 leads to preferential cardiac transduction in vivo. Circ Res. 2006;99:e3–9.
pubmed: 16873720
doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000237661.18885.f6
Banks GB, Judge LM, Allen JM, Chamberlain JS. The polyproline site in hinge 2 influences the functional capacity of truncated dystrophins. PLoS Genet. 2010;6:e1000958.
pubmed: 20502633
pmcid: 2873924
doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000958
Lorin C, Vögeli I, Niggli E. Dystrophic cardiomyopathy: role of TRPV2 channels in stretch-induced cell damage. Cardiovasc Res. 2015;106:153–62.
pubmed: 25616416
doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvv021
Parekh AB, Penner R. Store depletion and calcium influx. Physiol Rev. 1997;77:901–30.
pubmed: 9354808
doi: 10.1152/physrev.1997.77.4.901
Hermans MCE, Pinto YM, Merkies ISJ, de Die-Smulders CEM, Crijns HJGM, Faber CG. Hereditary muscular dystrophies and the heart. Neuromuscul Disord. 2010;20:479–92.
pubmed: 20627570
doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.04.008
Szabó PL, Ebner J, Koenig X, Hamza O, Watzinger S, Trojanek S, et al. Cardiovascular phenotype of the Dmdmdx rat - a suitable animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dis Model Mech. 2021;22:14.
England SB, Nicholson LV, Johnson MA, Forrest SM, Love DR, Zubrzycka-Gaarn EE, et al. Very mild muscular dystrophy associated with the deletion of 46% of dystrophin. Nature. 1990;343:180–2.
pubmed: 2404210
doi: 10.1038/343180a0
Yue Y, Liu M, Duan D. C-Terminal-Truncated microdystrophin recruits dystrobrevin and syntrophin to the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex and reduces muscular dystrophy in symptomatic utrophin/dystrophin double-knockout mice. Mol Ther. 2006;14:79–87.
pubmed: 16563874
doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.01.007
Nakamori M, Takahashi MP. The role of α-dystrobrevin in striated muscle. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12:1660–71.
pubmed: 21673914
pmcid: 3111625
doi: 10.3390/ijms12031660
Ishikawa-Sakurai M, Yoshida M, Imamura M, Davies KE, Ozawa EZZ. domain is essentially required for the physiological binding of dystrophin and utrophin to beta-dystroglycan. Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13:693–702.
pubmed: 14962982
doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh087
Johnson EK, Li B, Yoon JH, Flanigan KM, Martin PT, Ervasti J, et al. Identification of new dystroglycan complexes in skeletal muscle. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e73224.
pubmed: 23951345
pmcid: 3738564
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073224
Liu L. Lessons from cavin-1 deficiency. Biochem Soc Trans. 2020;48:147–54.
pubmed: 31922193
pmcid: 7080641
doi: 10.1042/BST20190380
Taniguchi T, Maruyama N, Ogata T, Kasahara T, Nakanishi N, Miyagawa K, et al. PTRF/Cavin-1 deficiency causes cardiac dysfunction accompanied by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0162513.
pubmed: 27612189
pmcid: 5017623
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162513
Kaakinen M, Reichelt ME, Ma Z, Ferguson C, Martel N, Porrello ER, et al. Cavin-1 deficiency modifies myocardial and coronary function, stretch responses and ischaemic tolerance: roles of NOS over-activity. Basic Res Cardiol. 2017;112:24.
pubmed: 28343262
doi: 10.1007/s00395-017-0613-6
Bostick B, Yue Y, Long C, Marschalk N, Fine DM, Chen J, et al. Cardiac expression of a mini-dystrophin that normalizes skeletal muscle force only partially restores heart function in aged mdx mice. Mol Ther. 2009;17:253–61.
pubmed: 19066599
doi: 10.1038/mt.2008.264
Banks GB, Combs AC, Chamberlain JR, Chamberlain JS. Molecular and cellular adaptations to chronic myotendinous strain injury in mdx mice expressing a truncated dystrophin. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17:3975–86.
pubmed: 18799475
pmcid: 2638580
doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddn301
Banks GB, Chamberlain JS, Froehner SC. Truncated dystrophins can influence neuromuscular synapse structure. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2009;40:433–41.
pubmed: 19171194
pmcid: 2826111
doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.12.011
Sawicka E. Origin of the ring muscle fibers in neuromuscular diseases. Neuropatologia Polska. 1991;29:29–40.
pubmed: 1839930
Sekiguchi M. The role of dystrophin in the central nervous system: a mini review. Acta Myol: Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies: Official Journal of the Mediterranean Society of Myology. 2005;24:93–7.
Haenggi T, Fritschy J-M. Role of dystrophin and utrophin for assembly and function of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex in non-muscle tissue. Cell Mol Life Sci: CMLS. 2006;63:1614–31.
pubmed: 16710609
doi: 10.1007/s00018-005-5461-0
Chen L, Zhang J, Hu X, Philipson KD, Scharf SM. The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger-1 mediates left ventricular dysfunction in mice with chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;109:1675–85.
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01372.2009