Angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in dermatology: a narrative review.

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are commonly used for cardiovascular diseases. The evidence supporting the use of ACEI in dermatology is limited. This review article was divided into three parts. The first part discusses ACEI in clinical use in dermatology. The second part reveals the relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and immune diseases, and further discusses the possible relationship between ACEI in clinical use in these diseases and ACE. The third part focuses on cutaneous adverse reactions of ACEI. The use of ACEI in dermatology is mainly based on its properties as regulation of renin angiotensin system (RAS), but currently, with limited clinical use. The association of ACE and several diseases are well discussed, including COVID-19, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and vitiligo. The main cutaneous adverse effects of ACEI include angioedema, psoriasis and pemphigus. Plausible factors for these adverse reactions include accumulation of vasoactive mediators, preventing angiotensin from binding to AT