Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure Outcome in Patients With Eyelid Myoclonia With Absences.

Anticonvulsants / therapeutic use Child Child, Preschool Electroencephalography Epilepsy / drug therapy Eyelids Humans Myoclonus / complications Recurrence Retrospective Studies Seizures / complications Seizures, Febrile Status Epilepticus / drug therapy Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
03 05 2022
Historique:
received: 24 09 2021
accepted: 21 01 2022
pubmed: 17 3 2022
medline: 6 5 2022
entrez: 16 3 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Eyelid myoclonia (EM) with absences (EMA) is a generalized epilepsy syndrome with a prognosis and clinical characteristics that are still partially undefined. We investigated electroclinical endophenotypes and long-term seizure outcome in a large cohort of patients with EMA. In this multicenter retrospective study, patients with EMA with ≥5 years of follow-up were included. We investigated prognostic patterns and sustained terminal remission (STR), along with their prognostic factors. Moreover, a 2-step cluster analysis was used to investigate the presence of distinct EMA endophenotypes. We included 172 patients with a median age at onset of 7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 5-10 years) and a median follow-up duration of 14 years (IQR 8.25-23.75 years). Sixty-six patients (38.4%) displayed a nonremission pattern, whereas remission and relapse patterns were encountered in 56 (32.6%) and 50 (29.1%) participants. Early epilepsy onset, history of febrile seizures (FS), and EM status epilepticus significantly predicted a nonremission pattern according to multinomial logistic regression analysis. STR was achieved by 68 (39.5%) patients with a mean latency of 14.05 years (SD ±12.47 years). Early epilepsy onset, psychiatric comorbid conditions, and a history of FS and generalized tonic-clonic seizures were associated with a lower probability of achieving STR according to a Cox regression proportional hazards model. Antiseizure medication (ASM) withdrawal was attempted in 62 of 172 patients, and seizures recurred in 74.2%. Cluster analysis revealed 2 distinct clusters with 86 patients each. Cluster 2, which we defined as EMA-plus, was characterized by an earlier age at epilepsy onset, higher rate of intellectual disability, EM status epilepticus, generalized paroxysmal fast activity, self-induced seizures, FS, and poor ASM response, whereas cluster 1, the EMA-only cluster, was characterized by a higher rate of seizure remission and more favorable neuropsychiatric outcome. Early epilepsy onset was the most relevant prognostic factor for poor treatment response. A long latency between epilepsy onset and ASM response was observed, suggesting the effect of age-related brain changes in EMA remission. Last, our cluster analysis showed a clear-cut distinction of patients with EMA into an EMA-plus insidious subphenotype and an EMA-only benign cluster that strongly differed in terms of remission rates and cognitive outcomes.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Eyelid myoclonia (EM) with absences (EMA) is a generalized epilepsy syndrome with a prognosis and clinical characteristics that are still partially undefined. We investigated electroclinical endophenotypes and long-term seizure outcome in a large cohort of patients with EMA.
METHODS
In this multicenter retrospective study, patients with EMA with ≥5 years of follow-up were included. We investigated prognostic patterns and sustained terminal remission (STR), along with their prognostic factors. Moreover, a 2-step cluster analysis was used to investigate the presence of distinct EMA endophenotypes.
RESULTS
We included 172 patients with a median age at onset of 7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 5-10 years) and a median follow-up duration of 14 years (IQR 8.25-23.75 years). Sixty-six patients (38.4%) displayed a nonremission pattern, whereas remission and relapse patterns were encountered in 56 (32.6%) and 50 (29.1%) participants. Early epilepsy onset, history of febrile seizures (FS), and EM status epilepticus significantly predicted a nonremission pattern according to multinomial logistic regression analysis. STR was achieved by 68 (39.5%) patients with a mean latency of 14.05 years (SD ±12.47 years). Early epilepsy onset, psychiatric comorbid conditions, and a history of FS and generalized tonic-clonic seizures were associated with a lower probability of achieving STR according to a Cox regression proportional hazards model. Antiseizure medication (ASM) withdrawal was attempted in 62 of 172 patients, and seizures recurred in 74.2%. Cluster analysis revealed 2 distinct clusters with 86 patients each. Cluster 2, which we defined as EMA-plus, was characterized by an earlier age at epilepsy onset, higher rate of intellectual disability, EM status epilepticus, generalized paroxysmal fast activity, self-induced seizures, FS, and poor ASM response, whereas cluster 1, the EMA-only cluster, was characterized by a higher rate of seizure remission and more favorable neuropsychiatric outcome.
DISCUSSION
Early epilepsy onset was the most relevant prognostic factor for poor treatment response. A long latency between epilepsy onset and ASM response was observed, suggesting the effect of age-related brain changes in EMA remission. Last, our cluster analysis showed a clear-cut distinction of patients with EMA into an EMA-plus insidious subphenotype and an EMA-only benign cluster that strongly differed in terms of remission rates and cognitive outcomes.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200165 PMID: 35292555
pubmed: 35292555
pii: WNL.0000000000200165
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200165
doi:

Substances chimiques

Anticonvulsants 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e1865-e1876

Informations de copyright

© 2022 American Academy of Neurology.

Auteurs

Emanuele Cerulli Irelli (E)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Enrico Cocchi (E)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-7532-956X

Georgia Ramantani (G)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-7931-2327

Roberto H Caraballo (RH)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Loretta Giuliano (L)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Tulay Yilmaz (T)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-0341-7288

Alessandra Morano (A)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Eleni Panagiotakaki (E)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Francesca F Operto (FF)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Beatriz Gonzalez Giraldez (B)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Katri Silvennoinen (K)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Sara Casciato (S)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Marion Comajuan (M)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Simona Balestrini (S)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Francesco Fortunato (F)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0001-8395-7809

Antonietta Coppola (A)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Giancarlo Di Gennaro (G)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Angelo Labate (A)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-8827-7324

Vito Sofia (V)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Gerhard J Kluger (GJ)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Dorothée G A Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité (DGA)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Antonio Gambardella (A)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0001-7384-3074

Betul Baykan (B)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Sanjay M Sisodiya (SM)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

Alexis Arzimanoglou (A)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-7233-2771

Pasquale Striano (P)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.
ORCID: 0000-0002-6065-1476

Carlo Di Bonaventura (C)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini," Genova, Italy.

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Actions chimiques et utilisations › Actions pharmacologiques › Utilisations thérapeutiques › Agents du système nerveux central › Anticonvulsivants › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Enfant d'âge préscolaire › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › Diagnostic › Techniques et procédures diagnostiques › Électrodiagnostic › Électroencéphalographie › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies du système nerveux › Maladies du système nerveux central › Encéphalopathies › Épilepsie › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › Organes des sens › Oeil › Paupières › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Signes et symptômes › Manifestations neurologiques › Dyskinésies › Myoclonie › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Processus pathologiques › Caractéristiques de la maladie › Récidive › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Caractéristiques des études épidémiologiques › Études épidémiologiques › Études de cohortes › Études rétrospectives › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Signes et symptômes › Manifestations neurologiques › Crises épileptiques › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Signes et symptômes › Manifestations neurologiques › Crises épileptiques › Crises convulsives fébriles › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Signes et symptômes › Manifestations neurologiques › Crises épileptiques › État de mal épileptique › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...
questionsmedicales.fr › Troubles mentaux › Troubles liés à une substance › Syndrome de sevrage › Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure...