Salivary nitrate/nitrite and acetaldehyde in humans: potential combination effects in the upper gastrointestinal tract and possible consequences for the in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds-a hypothesis.
Acetaldehyde
Combination effects
N-nitroso compounds
Nitrate
Nitrite
Upper gastrointestinal tract
Journal
Archives of toxicology
ISSN: 1432-0738
Titre abrégé: Arch Toxicol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 0417615
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
06 2022
06 2022
Historique:
received:
21
02
2022
accepted:
24
03
2022
pubmed:
4
5
2022
medline:
18
5
2022
entrez:
3
5
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Subsequent to the dietary uptake of nitrate/nitrite in combination with acetaldehyde/ethanol, combination effects resulting from the sustained endogenous exposure to nitrite and acetaldehyde may be expected. This may imply locoregional effects in the upper gastrointestinal tract as well as systemic effects, such as a potential influence on endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC). Salivary concentrations of the individual components nitrate and nitrite and acetaldehyde are known to rise after ingestion, absorption and systemic distribution, thereby reflecting their respective plasma kinetics and parallel secretion through the salivary glands as well as the microbial/enzymatic metabolism in the oral cavity. Salivary excretion may also occur with certain drug molecules and food constituents and their metabolites. Therefore, putative combination effects in the oral cavity and the upper digestive tract may occur, but this has remained largely unexplored up to now. In this Guest Editorial, published evidence on exposure levels and biokinetics of nitrate/nitrite/NO
Identifiants
pubmed: 35504979
doi: 10.1007/s00204-022-03296-0
pii: 10.1007/s00204-022-03296-0
doi:
Substances chimiques
Nitrates
0
Nitrites
0
Nitroso Compounds
0
Acetaldehyde
GO1N1ZPR3B
Types de publication
Editorial
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1905-1914Subventions
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
ID : HE 2509/15-11
Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Bellander T (1990) Nitrosation of piperazine after oral intake or inhalation exposure. In: Eisenbrand G, Bozler G, von Nicolai H (eds) The significance of N-nitrosation of drugs: series drug development and evaluation, vol 16. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 213–232
Bellander T, Osterdahl BG, Hagmar L (1985) Formation of N-mononitrosopiperazine in the stomach and its excretion in the urine after oral intake of piperazine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 80:193–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(85)90075-4
doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(85)90075-4
pubmed: 4024110
BfR (2010) Gesundheitliche Bewertung von Acetaldehyd in alkoholischen Getränken. https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/gesundheitliche_bewertung_von_acetaldehyd_in_alkoholischen_getraenken.pdf . Accessed 19 Feb 2022
Bulay O, Mirvish SS, Garcia H, Pelfrene AF, Gold B, Eagen M (1979) Carcinogenicity test of six nitrosamides and a nitrosocyanamide administered orally to rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 62:1523–1528
pubmed: 286123
Burdock GA (2004) Fenaroli’s handbook of flavour ingredients. CRC Press, Boca Raton
doi: 10.1201/9781420037876
Cattaneo V, Cetta G, Rota C, Vezzoni F, Rota MT, Gallanti A, Boratto R, Poggi P (2000) Volatile components of cigarette smoke: effect of acrolein and acetaldehyde on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontol 71:425–432. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.71.3.425
doi: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.3.425
pubmed: 10776930
Deo PN, Deshmukh PR (2019) Oral microbiome: unveiling the fundamentals. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 23:122–128. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6503789/
doi: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_77_18
Duncan C, Dougall H, Johnston P, Green S, Brogan R, Leifert C, Smith L, Golden M, Benjamin N (1995) Chemical generation of nitric oxide in the mouth from the enterosalivary circulation of dietary nitrate. Nat Med 1:546–551. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0695-546
doi: 10.1038/nm0695-546
pubmed: 7585121
EFSA (2008) Nitrate in vegetables—scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J 689:1–79
EFSA (2010) Statement on nitrites in meat products—scientific opinion of the panel on food additives and nutrient sources added to food. EFSA J 8:1538
doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1538
Eisenbrand G, Spiegelhalder B, Preussmann R (1980) Nitrate and nitrite in saliva. Oncology 37:227–231. https://doi.org/10.1159/000225441
doi: 10.1159/000225441
pubmed: 7443155
Elamin E, Masclee A, Troost F, Dekker J, Jonkers D (2014) Cytotoxicity and metabolic stress induced by acetaldehyde in human intestinal LS174T goblet-like cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 307:G286–G294. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00103.2014
doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00103.2014
pubmed: 24904079
EMA (2020) Nitrosamine impurities in human medicinal products. Assessment Report EMEA/H/A-5(3)/1490 of the European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/post-authorisation/referral-procedures/nitrosamine-impurities . Accessed 19 Feb 2022
Engemann A, Focke C, Humpf H-U (2013) Intestinal formation of N-nitroso compounds in the pig cecum model. J Agric Food Chem 61:998–1005. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf305040e
doi: 10.1021/jf305040e
pubmed: 23297847
FDA (2021) Information about nitrosamine impurities in medications (content current as of 18th November 2021). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/information-about-nitrosamine-impurities-medications . Accessed 19 Feb 2022
FSC (2005) Evaluation report of food additives: acetaldehyde. Japan Food Safety Commission. https://www.fsc.go.jp/english/evaluationreports/foodadditive/acetaldehyde_report.pdf . Accessed 19 Feb 2022
Gosepath J, Brieger J, Muttray A, Best S, Pourianfar M, Jung D, Letzel S, Mann WJ (2006) mRNA induction and cytokine release of inflammatory mediators during in vitro exposure of human nasal respiratory epithelia to acetaldehyde. Inhal Toxicol 18:1083–1090. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370600945549
doi: 10.1080/08958370600945549
pubmed: 17050345
Green LC, Ruiz de Luzuriaga K, Wagner DA, Rand W, Istfan N, Young VR, Tannenbaum SR (1981) Nitrate biosynthesis in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:7764–7768. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.12.7764
doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7764
pubmed: 6950416
pmcid: 349351
Grisham MB, Jourd’Heuil D, Wink DA (1999) Nitric oxide. I. Physiological chemistry of nitric oxide and its metabolites: implications in inflammation. Am J Physiol 276:G315–G321. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.2.G315-G321
doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.2.G315-G321
pubmed: 9950804
Habermeyer M, Roth A, Guth S, Diel P, Engel K-H, Epe B, Fürst P, Heinz V, Humpf H-U, Joost H-G, Knorr D, de Kok T, Kulling S, Lampen A, Marko D, Rechkemmer G, Rietjens I, Stadler RH, Vieths S, Vogel R, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G (2015) Nitrate and nitrite in the diet: how to assess their benefit and risk for human health. Mol Nutr Food Res 59:106–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201400286
doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201400286
pubmed: 25164923
Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G (2020) Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 94:1787–1877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2
doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2
pubmed: 32542409
pmcid: 7303094
Helminen A, Väkeväinen S, Salaspuro M (2013) ALDH2 genotype has no effect on salivary acetaldehyde without the presence of ethanol in the systemic circulation. PLoS ONE 8:e74418. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074418
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074418
pubmed: 24058561
pmcid: 3772811
Hevel JM, White KA, Marletta MA (1991) Purification of the inducible murine macrophage nitric oxide synthase. Identification as a flavoprotein. J Biol Chem 266:22789–22791. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54421-5
doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54421-5
pubmed: 1720773
Homann H, Jousimies-Somer H, Jokelainen K, Heine R, Salaspuro M (1997) High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenetic implications. Carcinogenesis 18:1739–1743. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/18.9.1739
doi: 10.1093/carcin/18.9.1739
pubmed: 9328169
IARC (2010) Ingested nitrate and nitrite. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: ingested nitrate and nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins, vol 94. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, pp 45–325
JECFA (1998) Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Food additives series 40. https://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v040je10.htm . Accessed 19 Feb 2022
Keefer LK, Roller PP (1973) N-nitrosation by nitrite ion in neutral and basic medium. Science 181:1245–1247. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.181.4106.1245
doi: 10.1126/science.181.4106.1245
pubmed: 4726444
Knight TM, Forman D, Ohshima H, Bartsch H (1991) Endogenous nitrosation of L-proline by dietary-derived nitrate. Nutr Cancer 15:195–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589109514127
doi: 10.1080/01635589109514127
pubmed: 1866313
Krul CAM, Zeilmaker MJ, Schothorst RC, Havenaar R (2004) Intragastric formation and modulation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model under human physiological conditions. Food Chem Toxicol 42:51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2003.08.005
doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.08.005
pubmed: 14630130
Lachenmeier D, Uebelacker M, Hensel K, Rehm J (2010) Acetaldehyde in the human diet: an underestimated risk factor for cancer. Deut Lebensmit Rundsch 106:30–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3459148
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3459148
Maejima R, Iijima K, Kaihovaara P, Hatta W, Koike T, Imatani A, Shimosegawa T, Salaspuro M (2015) Effects of ALDH2 genotype, PPI treatment and L-cysteine on carcinogenic acetaldehyde in gastric juice and saliva after intragastric alcohol administration. PLoS ONE 10:e0120397. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120397
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120397
pubmed: 25831092
pmcid: 4382225
MAK (2013) The MAK collection for occupational health and safety part I, MAK value documentations 2013. Acetaldehyde. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/3527600418.mb7507e4413 . Accessed 19 Feb 2022
Marletta MA, Yoon PS, Iyengar R, Leaf CD, Wishnok JS (1988) Macrophage oxidation of L-arginine to nitrite and nitrate: nitric oxide is an intermediate. Biochemistry 27:8706–8711. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00424a003
doi: 10.1021/bi00424a003
pubmed: 3242600
Marsh PD (2000) Role of the oral microflora in health. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 12:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/089106000750051800
doi: 10.1080/089106000750051800
Ohshima H, Bartsch H (1988) Urinary N-nitrosamino acids as an index of exposure to N-nitroso compounds. IARC Sci Publ 89:83–91
Ohshima H, Béréziat J-C, Bartsch H (1982) Monitoring N-nitrosamino acids excreted in the urine and feces of rats as an index for endogenous nitrosation. Carcinogenesis 3:115–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/3.1.115
doi: 10.1093/carcin/3.1.115
pubmed: 6175434
Ohshima H, O’Neill IK, Friesen M, Béréziat J-C, Bartsch H (1984) Occurrence in human urine of new sulphur-containing N-nitrosamino acids N-nitrosothiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid and its 2-methyl derivative, and their formation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 108:121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00390983
doi: 10.1007/BF00390983
pubmed: 6746703
Palmer RMJ, Ashton DS, Moncada S (1988) Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature 333:664–666. https://doi.org/10.1038/333664a0
doi: 10.1038/333664a0
pubmed: 3131684
Salaspuro M (2020) Local acetaldehyde: its key role in alcohol-related oropharyngeal cancer. Visc Med 36:167–173. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507234
doi: 10.1159/000507234
pubmed: 32775346
pmcid: 7383267
SKLM (2014) Opinion on nitrate and nitrite in the diet: an approach to assess benefit and risk for human health. Adopted on April 15th 2014. https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/reden_stellungnahmen/2014/sklm_opinion_nitrate_nitrite.pdf . Accessed 10th Feb 2022
Spiegelhalder B (1990) Influence of dietary nitrate on in-vivo nitrosation of amidopyrine in humans: use of “ethanol effect” for biological monitoring of N-nitrosodimethylamine in urine. In: Eisenbrand G, Bozler G, von Nicolai H (eds) The significance of N-nitrosation of drugs: series drug development and evaluation, vol 16. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 199–212
Spiegelhalder B, Eisenbrand G, Preussmann R (1976) Influence of dietary nitrate on nitrite content of human saliva: possible relevance to in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds. Food Cosmet Toxicol 14:545–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80005-3
doi: 10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80005-3
pubmed: 1017769
Sun J, Aoki K, Wang W, Guo A, Misumi J (2006) Sodium nitrite-induced cytotoxicity in cultured human gastric epithelial cells. Toxicol Vitro 20:1133–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2006.02.005
doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.02.005
Tannenbaum SR, Weisman M, Fett D (1976) The effect of nitrate intake on nitrite formation in human saliva. Food Chem Toxicol 14:549–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80006-5
doi: 10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80006-5
Tannenbaum SR, Fett D, Young VR, Land PD, Bruce WR (1978) Nitrite and nitrate are formed by endogenous synthesis in the human intestine. Science 200:1487–1489. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.663630
doi: 10.1126/science.663630
pubmed: 663630
Wagner DA, Young VR, Tannenbaum SR (1983) Mammalian nitrate biosynthesis: incorporation of
doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.14.4518
pubmed: 6348771
pmcid: 384070
Walker MW, Kinter MT, Roberts RJ, Spitz DR (1995) Nitric oxide-induced cytotoxicity: involvement of cellular resistance to oxidative stress and the role of glutathione in protection. Pediatr Res 37:41–49. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199501000-00010
doi: 10.1203/00006450-199501000-00010
pubmed: 7700733
Wang M, Cheng G, Khariwala SS, Bandyopadhyay D, Villalta PW, Balbo S, Hecht SS (2013) Evidence for endogenous formation of the hepatocarcinogen N-nitrosodihydrouracil in rats treated with dihydrouracil and sodium nitrite: a potential source of human hepatic DNA carboxyethylation. Chem Biol Interact 206:83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2013.07.010
doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.07.010
pubmed: 23911671
Yokoyama A, Tsutsumi E, Imazeki H, Suwa Y, Nakamura C, Mizukami T, Yokoyama T (2008) Salivary acetaldehyde concentration according to alcoholic beverage consumed and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotype. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32:1607–1614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00739.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00739.x
pubmed: 18616675