Changes in smell and taste perception related to COVID-19 infection: a case-control study.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
17 05 2022
17 05 2022
Historique:
received:
13
01
2022
accepted:
22
04
2022
entrez:
17
5
2022
pubmed:
18
5
2022
medline:
21
5
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The main aim of the present study was to psychophysically evaluate smell and taste functions in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and to compare those results with a group of healthy subjects. Another aim of the study was to assess the relationship of changes in patients' smell and taste functions with a number of clinical parameters, symptoms, and other physiological signs as well as with severity of disease. Olfactory and gustatory functions were tested in 61 hospitalized patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and in a control group of 54 healthy individuals. Overall, we found a significant impairment of olfactory and gustatory functions in COVID-19 patients compared with the control group. Indeed, about 45% of patients self-reported complaints about or loss of either olfactory or gustatory functions. These results were confirmed by psychophysical testing, which showed a significantly reduced performance in terms of intensity perception and identification ability for both taste and smell functions in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, gustatory and olfactory impairments tended to be more evident in male patients suffering from more severe respiratory failure (i.e., pneumonia with need of respiratory support need during hospitalization).
Identifiants
pubmed: 35581235
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11864-8
pii: 10.1038/s41598-022-11864-8
pmc: PMC9112641
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
8192Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
Références
Jotz, G. P., Voegels, R. L. & Bento, R. F. Otorhinolaryngologists and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 24(02), 1158 (2020).
Parma, V. et al. More than smell—COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis. Chem. Sens. 45(7), 609–622 (2020).
doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa041
Santos, R. E. A. et al. Onset and duration of symptoms of loss of smell/taste in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 102889, 2225 (2021).
Lan, J. et al. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature 581(7807), 215–220 (2020).
pubmed: 32225176
doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5
Glezer, I., Bruni-Cardoso, A., Schechtman, D. & Malnic, B. Viral infection and smell loss: The case of COVID-19. J. Neurochem. 157(4), 930–943 (2021).
pubmed: 32970861
doi: 10.1111/jnc.15197
Hawkes, C. H. Smell, taste and COVID-19: Testing is essential. QJM 114(2), 83–91 (2021).
pubmed: 33340323
doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa326
Cazzolla, A. P. et al. Taste and smell disorders in COVID-19 patients: Role of interleukin-6. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 11(17), 2774–2781 (2020).
pubmed: 32786309
doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00447
Brann, D. H. et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Sci. Adv. 6(31), 5801 (2020).
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5801
Huart, C. et al. Comparison of COVID-19 and common cold chemosensory dysfunction. Rhinology 58(6), 623–625 (2020).
pubmed: 32812014
doi: 10.4193/Rhin20.251
Giacomelli, A. et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: A cross-sectional study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 71(15), 889–890 (2020).
pubmed: 32215618
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa330
Chico-García, J. L. et al. Acute-onset smell and taste disorders in the context of COVID-19: A pilot multicentre polymerase chain reaction based case–control study. Eur. J. Neurol. 27(9), 1738–1741 (2020).
pubmed: 32320508
doi: 10.1111/ene.14273
Lechien, J. R. et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicenter European study. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 277(8), 2251–2261 (2020).
pubmed: 32253535
pmcid: 7134551
doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1
Niklassen, A. S. et al. COVID-19: Recovery from chemosensory dysfunction. A multicentre study on smell and taste. Laryngoscope. 131(5), 1095–1100 (2021).
pubmed: 33404079
doi: 10.1002/lary.29383
Hannum, M. E. et al. Objective sensory testing methods reveal a higher prevalence of olfactory loss in COVID-19–positive patients compared to subjective methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chem. Sens. 45(9), 865–874 (2020).
Cao, A. C. et al. Objective screening for olfactory and gustatory dysfunction during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective study in healthcare workers using self-administered testing. World J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wjorl.2021.02.001 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2021.02.001
pubmed: 33614178
Hintschich, C. A. et al. Psychophysical tests reveal impaired olfaction but preserved gustation in COVID-19 patients. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22655 (2020).
doi: 10.1002/alr.22655
pubmed: 32613712
pmcid: 7362102
Hornuss, D. et al. Anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 26(10), 1426–1427 (2020).
pubmed: 32447049
pmcid: 7242197
doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.017
Iravani, B. et al. Relationship between odor intensity estimates and COVID-19 population prediction in a Swedish sample. Chem. Sens. 45(6), 449–456 (2020).
doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa034
Le Bon, S. D. et al. Efficacy and safety of oral corticosteroids and olfactory training in the management of COVID-19-related loss of smell. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 278(8), 3113–3117 (2021).
doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06520-8
Moein, S. T., Hashemian, S. M., Tabarsi, P. & Doty, R. L. Prevalence and reversibility of smell dysfunction measured psychophysically in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 10(10), 1127–1135 (2020).
pubmed: 32761796
doi: 10.1002/alr.22680
Vaira, L. A. et al. Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients: Single-center experience on 72 cases. Head Neck. 42(6), 1252–1258 (2020).
pubmed: 32342566
pmcid: 7267244
doi: 10.1002/hed.26204
Vaira, L. A. et al. Olfactory and gustatory function impairment in COVID-19 patients: Italian objective multicenter-study. Head Neck. 42(7), 1560–1569 (2020).
pubmed: 32437022
doi: 10.1002/hed.26269
Vaira, L. A. et al. Validation of a self-administered olfactory and gustatory test for the remotely evaluation of COVID-19 patients in home quarantine. Head Neck. 42(7), 1570–1576 (2020).
pubmed: 32357379
doi: 10.1002/hed.26228
Villerabel, C. et al. Diagnostic value of patient-reported and clinically tested olfactory dysfunction in a population screened for COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 147(3), 271–279 (2021).
pubmed: 33410887
doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.5074
Landis, B. N., Hummel, T., Hugentobler, M., Giger, R. & Lacroix, J. S. Ratings of overall olfactory function. Chem. Sens. 28(8), 691–694 (2003).
doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjg061
Lötsch, J. & Hummel, T. Clinical usefulness of self-rated olfactory performance—a data science-based assessment of 6000 patients. Chem. Sens. 44(6), 357–364 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjz029
Altin, F., Cingi, C., Uzun, T. & Bal, C. Olfactory and gustatory abnormalities in COVID-19 cases. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 277(10), 2775–2781 (2020).
pubmed: 32577902
pmcid: 7309687
doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06155-9
Gözen, E. D. et al. Evaluation of olfactory function with objective tests in COVID-19-positive patients: A cross-sectional study. Ear Nose Throat. J. 100(2), 169S-173S (2021).
pubmed: 33236918
pmcid: 7689254
doi: 10.1177/0145561320975510
Mazzatenta, A. et al. Smell and taste in severe CoViD-19: Self-reported vs. testing. Front. Med. 7, 11058 (2020).
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.589409
Moein, S. T. et al. Smell dysfunction: A biomarker for COVID-19. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 10(8), 944–950 (2020).
pubmed: 32301284
doi: 10.1002/alr.22587
Paderno, A. et al. Smell and taste alterations in Covid-19: A cross-sectional analysis of different cohorts. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 10(8), 955–962 (2020).
pubmed: 32410386
doi: 10.1002/alr.22610
Cattaneo, C., Riso, P., Laureati, M., Gargari, G. & Pagliarini, E. Exploring associations between interindividual differences in taste perception, oral microbiota composition, and reported food intake. Nutrients 11(5), 1167 (2019).
pmcid: 6567015
doi: 10.3390/nu11051167
Proserpio, C., Laureati, M., Bertoli, S., Battezzati, A. & Pagliarini, E. Determinants of obesity in Italian adults: The role of taste sensitivity, food liking, and food neophobia. Chem. Sens. 41(2), 169–176 (2016).
Cattaneo, C., Mameli, C., D’Auria, E., Zuccotti, G. & Pagliarini, E. The influence of common noncommunicable diseases on chemosensory perception and clinical implications in children and adolescents. Adv. Nutr. 13(1), 234–247 (2022).
pubmed: 34535793
doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab100
Xu, H. et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int. J. Oral. Sci. 12(1), 1–5 (2020).
doi: 10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x
Mastrangelo, A., Bonato, M. & Cinque, P. Smell and taste disorders in COVID-19: From pathogenesis to clinical features and outcomes. Neurosci Lett. 748, 135694 (2021).
pubmed: 33600902
pmcid: 7883672
doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135694
Burges Watson, D. L. et al. Altered smell and taste: Anosmia, parosmia and the impact of long Covid-19. PLoS ONE 16(9), e0256998 (2021).
pubmed: 34559820
pmcid: 8462678
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256998
Santos, D. V., Reiter, E. R., DiNardo, L. J. & Costanzo, R. M. Hazardous events associated with impaired olfactory function. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 130(3), 317–319 (2004).
pubmed: 15023839
doi: 10.1001/archotol.130.3.317
Croy, I., Nordin, S. & Hummel, T. Olfactory disorders and quality of life—an updated review. Chem. Sens. 39(3), 185–194 (2014).
doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjt072
Parker, J. K., Kelly, C., Smith, B., Hopkins, C. & Gane, S. An analysis of patients’ perspectives on qualitative olfactory dysfunction using social media. medRxiv. 11, 11589 (2021).
Liu, D. T., Welge-Lüssen, A., Besser, G., Mueller, C. A. & Renner, B. Assessment of odor hedonic perception: The Sniffin’sticks parosmia test (SSParoT). Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–14 (2020).
Pellegrino, R., Mainland, J. D., Kelly, C. E., Parker, J. K. & Hummel, T. Prevalence and correlates of parosmia and phantosmia among smell disorders. Chem. Sens. 46, 11047 (2021).
doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjab046
Landis, B. N., Frasnelli, J. & Hummel, T. Euosmia: A rare form of parosmia. Acta Otolaryngol. 126(1), 101–103 (2006).
pubmed: 16308262
doi: 10.1080/00016480510043954
Parker, J. K., Kelly, C. E., & Gane, S. B. Molecular mechanism of parosmia. medRxiv. (2021).
Wysocki, C. J. & Gilbert, A. N. National geographic smell survey: Effects of age are heterogenous. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 561, 12–28 (1989).
pubmed: 2735671
doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb20966.x
Wysocki, C. J. & Pelchat, M. L. The effects of aging on the human sense of smell and its relationship to food choice. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 33(1), 63–82 (1993).
pubmed: 8424856
doi: 10.1080/10408399309527613
Joussain, P. et al. Application of the European test of olfactory capabilities in patients with olfactory impairment. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 273(2), 381–390 (2016).
pubmed: 25711735
doi: 10.1007/s00405-015-3536-6
Maremmani, C. et al. The validity and reliability of the Italian Olfactory Identification Test (IOIT) in healthy subjects and in Parkinson’s disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 18(6), 788–793 (2012).
pubmed: 22510205
doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.03.021
Hummel, T., Sekinger, B., Wolf, S. R., Pauli, E. & Kobal, G. ‘Sniffin’sticks’: Olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem. Sens. 22(1), 39–52 (1997).
doi: 10.1093/chemse/22.1.39
Richards, P. M., Johnson, E. C. & Silver, W. L. Four irritating odorants target the trigeminal chemoreceptor TRPA1. Chemosens. Percept. 3(3–4), 190–199 (2010).
doi: 10.1007/s12078-010-9081-1
Weyer-Menkhoff, I. & Lötsch, J. Human pharmacological approaches to TRP- ion-channel-based analgesic drug development. Drug Discov. Today. 23(12), 2003–2012 (2018).
pubmed: 29969684
doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.020
Licon, C. C., Manesse, C., Dantec, M., Fournel, A. & Bensafi, M. Pleasantness and trigeminal sensations as salient dimensions in organizing the semantic and physiological spaces of odors. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 1–12 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26510-5
Piochi, M., Dinnella, C., Spinelli, S., Monteleone, E. & Torri, L. Individual differences in responsiveness to oral sensations and odours with chemesthetic activity: Relationships between sensory modalities and impact on the hedonic response. Food Qual. Prefer. 88, 104112 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104112
Monteleone, E. et al. Exploring influences on food choice in a large population sample: The Italian Taste project. Food Qual. Prefer. 59, 123–140 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.02.013
Chamoun, E. et al. Taste sensitivity and taste preference measures are correlated in healthy young adults. Chem. Sens. 44(2), 129–134 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjy082