Comparison of urine trace element levels in tramadol addiction alone and its co-abuse with cigarette and opium in Western Iran.
Opium dependence
Regression analysis
Smoking
Trace elements
Tramadol
Journal
Environmental science and pollution research international
ISSN: 1614-7499
Titre abrégé: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9441769
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Nov 2022
Nov 2022
Historique:
received:
11
11
2021
accepted:
31
05
2022
pubmed:
9
6
2022
medline:
22
10
2022
entrez:
8
6
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Tramadol is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. Tramadol consumers tend to co-abuse some other substances such as opium, cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis and each of these substances may impair trace elements homeostasis in the body. Therefore, this case-control study aimed to compare the urinary concentration of some essential and toxic elements in tramadol addiction alone and its co-abuse with cigarette and opium in Western Iran. For this purpose, urine samples were collected in two groups of tramadol (n = 72) and control subjects (n = 62) from March to November 2020. The case group was divided into three groups: tramadol alone, tramadol + opium, and tramadol + cigarettes. Moreover, ICP-MS (Agilent 7900) was used to measure trace element concentrations in the urine samples. Based on our results, Fe was the only element markedly higher among controls as compared to tramadol users (p < 0.001). Moreover, the concentration levels of As appeared to be the same among both groups, but the levels of other elements including Ca, Cd, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Se, and Pb were all significantly higher among tramadol users as compared to control group. The rank-based regression analysis illustrated that no contribution of sex and age effect was found by the regression model on the levels of all 12 studied elements. While, smoking was found to affect the levels of Fe (β = 0.163, P = 0.025) and Co (β = 0.411, p < 0.001) so that smoking reduced Fe levels but elevated Co concentration levels. Abuse of tramadol along with cigarettes and opium increased the concentration of some heavy metals in urine samples compared to the control group. However, these results showed no significant effect of age, sex, smoking habit, and amount of tramadol usage on the levels of trace elements.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35675014
doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21271-1
pii: 10.1007/s11356-022-21271-1
doi:
Substances chimiques
Analgesics, Opioid
0
Cadmium
00BH33GNGH
Lead
2P299V784P
Metals, Heavy
0
Opium
8008-60-4
Trace Elements
0
Tramadol
39J1LGJ30J
Types de publication
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
77375-77385Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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