Coronavirus disease 2019 and pityriasis rosea: A review of the immunological connection.
T cells
T-helper 17
cytokine storm
immune system
interferon
pandemic respiratory infection
pityriasis rosea
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
telemedicine
viral reactivation
Journal
The Journal of dermatology
ISSN: 1346-8138
Titre abrégé: J Dermatol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 7600545
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Oct 2022
Oct 2022
Historique:
revised:
14
05
2022
received:
18
02
2022
accepted:
18
05
2022
pubmed:
9
6
2022
medline:
12
10
2022
entrez:
8
6
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by the activation of a cytokine storm derived from an excess release of cytokine (interleukin [IL]-6, interferon [IFN] I, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand [CXCL]10, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]1) due to an uncontrolled immune activation. There has been a fivefold increase in the number of cases of pityriasis rosea during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Using the keywords "pityriasis" and "COVID-19", we carried out a PubMed search, including all articles in the English language published until November 2021. We aimed to investigate the possible connection between SARS-CoV-2 and pityriasis rosea (PR). Pityriasis could be considered an immunological disease due to the involvement of cytokines and chemokines. Our analysis yielded 65 articles of which 53 were not considered; the others (n = 12) concerning the association between PR and COVID-19 were included in our study. We suggest two mechanisms underlying the involvement of the skin in viral infections: (i) viruses directly affecting the skin and/or inducing host immune response thus causing cutaneous manifestations; and (ii) viruses as a possible inducer of the reactivation of another virus. The first mechanism is probably related to a release of pro-inflammatory cytokine and infection-related biomarkers; in the second, several pathways could be involved in the reactivation of other latent viruses (human herpesviruses 6 and 7), such as a cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway, and the IL-17 signaling pathway. We thus believe that a cytokine storm could be directly or indirectly responsible for a cutaneous manifestation. More investigations are needed to find specific pathways involved and thus confirm our speculations.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35675487
doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.16482
pmc: PMC9347431
doi:
Substances chimiques
Chemokines
0
Cytokines
0
Interleukin-17
0
Interleukin-6
0
Ligands
0
Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins
0
Receptors, Cytokine
0
Tumor Necrosis Factors
0
Interferons
9008-11-1
Janus Kinases
EC 2.7.10.2
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
948-956Informations de copyright
© 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Dermatology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Dermatological Association.
Références
WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard.
Allegra A, di Gioacchino M, Tonacci A, Musolino C, Gangemi S. Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection: immune cells and mediators, prognostic factors, and immune-therapeutic implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:4782.
Khesht AMS, Karpisheh V, Saeed BQ, Zekiy AO, Yapanto LM, Afjadi MN, et al. Different T cell related immunological profiles in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;107:828.
Gallman AE, Fassett MS. Cutaneous pathology of COVID-19 as a window into immunologic mechanisms of disease. Dermatol Clin. 2021;39:533-43.
Do MH, Stewart CR, Harp J. Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in the inpatient setting. Dermatol Clin. 2021;39:521-32.
Schwartzberg LN, Advani S, Clancy DC, Lin A, Jorizzo JL. A systematic review of dermatologic manifestations among adult patients with COVID-19 diagnosis. Skin Health Dis. 2021;1:e20.
Saade A, Moratelli G, Azoulay E, Darmon M. Herpesvirus reactivation during severe COVID-19 and high rate of immune defect. Infectious Diseases Now. 2021;51:676-9.
Kutlu Ö, Metin A. Relative changes in the pattern of diseases presenting in dermatology outpatient clinic in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33:e14096.
Turan Ç, Metin N, Utlu Z, Öner Ü, Kotan ÖS. Change of the diagnostic distribution in applicants to dermatology after covid−19 pandemic: what it whispers to us? Dermatol Ther. 2020;33:e13804.
Öncü INS, Güler D, Gürel G, Yalçın GŞ. Pityriasis Rosea in a confirmed COVID-19 pediatric patient. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2021;112:864-5.
Drago F, Ciccarese G, Rebora A, Broccolo F, Parodi A. Pityriasis rosea: a comprehensive classification. Dermatology. 2016;232:431-7.
Guarneri F, Cannavo SP, Minciullo PL, Gangemi S. Pityriasis rosea of Gibert: immunological aspects. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:21-5.
Gangemi S, Cannavò SP, Guarneri F, Merendino RA, Sturniolo GC, Minciullo PL, et al. The CX3C-chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) is detectable in serum of patients affected by active pityriasis rosea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20:1366-7.
Gangemi S, Minciullo PL, Guarneri F, Cristani M, Arcoraci T, Spatari G, et al. Increased serum levels of interleukin-22 in patients affected by pityriasis rosea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:858-9.
Drago F, Ciccarese G, Broccolo F, Ghio M, Contini P, Thanasi H, et al. The role of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in the pathogenesis of pityriasis rosea. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:1-6.
Kartal SP, Çelik G, Sendur N, Aytekin S, Serdaroğlu S, Doğan B, et al. Multicenter study evaluating the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on dermatology outpatients in Turkey. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33:e14485.
Dursun R, Temiz SA. The clinics of HHV-6 infection in COVID-19 pandemic: pityriasis rosea and Kawasaki disease. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33:e13730.
Enguix DM, MCS N, DTM R. Erupción tipo pitiriasis rosada de Gibert en una paciente asintomática con positividad para COVID-19. Med Clin. 2020;155:273.
Johansen M, Chisolm SS, Aspey LD, Brahmbhatt M. Pityriasis rosea in otherwise asymptomatic confirmed COVID-19-positive patients: a report of 2 cases. JAAD Case Rep. 2021;7:93-4.
Veraldi S, Spigariolo CB. Pityriasis rosea and COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;93:4068.
Birlutiu V, Birlutiu RM, Iancu GM. Pityriasis rosea Gibert triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. Medicine. 2021;100:e25352.
Welsh E, Cardenas-de la Garza JA, Cuellar-Barboza A, Franco-Marquez R, Arvizu-Rivera RI. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein positivity in pityriasis rosea-like and urticaria-like rashes of COVID-19. Br J Dermatol. 2021;184:1194-5.
Drago F, Ciccarese G, Rebora A, Parodi A. Human herpesvirus 6, 7 and Epstein Barr virus reactivation in pityriasis rosea during COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;93:1850-1.
Busto-Leis JM, Servera-Negre G, Mayor-Ibarguren A, Sendagorta-Cudós E, Feito-Rodríguez M, Nuño-González A, et al. Pityriasis rosea, COVID-19 and vaccination: new keys to understand an old acquaintance. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35:e489-91.
Ehsani AH, Nasimi M, Bigdelo Z. Pityriasis rosea as a cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19 infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34:e436-7.
Merhy R, Sarkis AS, Stephan F. Pityriasis rosea as a leading manifestation of COVID-19 infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35:e246-7.
Paolino G, di Nicola MR, Cantisani C, Mercuri SR. Pityriasis rosea infection in a COVID-19 patient successfully treated with systemic steroid and antihistamine via telemedicine: literature update of a possible prodromal symptom of an underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34:e14972.
Veraldi S, Romagnuolo M, Benzecry V. Pityriasis rosea-like eruption revealing COVID-19. Australas J Dermatol. 2020;62:e333-4.
Murdaca G, Paladin F, Tonacci A, Isola S, Allegra A, Gangemi S. The potential role of cytokine storm pathway in the clinical course of viral respiratory pandemic. Biomedicines. 2021;9:1688.
Bennardo L, Nisticò SP, Dastoli S, Provenzano E, Napolitano M, Silvestri M, et al. Erythema multiforme and COVID-19: what do we know? Medicina. 2021;57:828.
Ionescu M. COVID-19 skin lesions are rarely positive at RT-PCR test: the macrophage activation with vascular impact and SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm. Int J Dermatol. 2021;61:3-6.
Ocampo-Candiani J, Ramos-Cavazos CJ, Arellano-Mendoza MI, Arenas-Guzmán R, Beirana-Palencia A, Salmon-Demongin A, et al. International registry of dermatological manifestations secondary to COVID-19 infection in 347 Hispanic patients from 25 countries. Int J Dermatol. 2021;60:956-63.
Broccolo F, Drago F, Careddu AM, Foglieni C, Turbino L, Cocuzza CE, et al. Additional evidence that pityriasis rosea is associated with reactivation of human herpesvirus-6 and-7. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124:1234-40.
Drago F, Ranieri E, Malaguti F, Battifoglio ML, Losi E, Reborn A. Human herpesvirus 7 in patients with pityriasis rosea. Dermatology. 1997;195:374-8.
Watanabe T, Kawamura T, Aquilino EA, Blauvelt A, Jacob SE, Orenstein JM, et al. Pityriasis rosea is associated with systemic active infection with both human herpesvirus-7 and human herpesvirus-6. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;119:793-7.
Katsafanas GC, Schirmer EC, Wyatt LS, Frenkel N. In vitro activation of human herpesviruses 6 and 7 from latency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:9788-92.
Ciccarese G, Parodi A, Drago F. SARS-CoV-2 as possible inducer of viral reactivations. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33:e13878.
Yang C, Cho Y, Hsieh Y, Hsu S, Chen K, Chu C. The interferon-γ-induced protein 10/CXCR3 axis is associated with human herpesvirus-6 reactivation and the development of sequelae in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183:909-19.
Liu M, Guo S, Hibbert JM, Jain V, Singh N, Wilson NO, et al. CXCL10/IP-10 in infectious diseases pathogenesis and potential therapeutic implications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2011;22:121-30.
Shah VK, Firmal P, Alam A, Ganguly D, Chattopadhyay S. Overview of immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection: lessons from the past. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1949.
Diez-Domingo J, Parikh R, Bhavsar AB, Cisneros E, McCormick N, Lecrenier N. Can COVID-19 increase the risk of herpes zoster? a narrative review. Dermatol Ther. 2021;11:1119-26.
Saati A, Al-Husayni F, Malibari AA, Bogari AA, Alharbi M. Herpes zoster co-infection in an immunocompetent patient with COVID-19. Cureus. 2020;12:e8998.
Steain M, Gowrishankar K, Rodriguez M, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Upregulation of CXCL10 in human dorsal root ganglia during experimental and natural varicella-zoster virus infection. J Virol. 2011;85:626-31.
Yu X, Li L, Chan MTV, WKK W. Bioinformatic analyses suggest augmented interleukin-17 signaling as the mechanism of COVID-19-associated herpes zoster. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021;28:65769-75.
Spikevax (previously COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna): assessment report as adopted by the CHMP. 2021. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/spikevax
McMahon DE, Amerson E, Rosenbach M, Lipoff JB, Moustafa D, Tyagi A, et al. Cutaneous reactions reported after Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccination: a registry-based study of 414 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;85:46-55.
Català A, Muñoz-Santos C, Galván-Casas C, Roncero Riesco M, Revilla Nebreda D, Solá-Truyols A, et al. Cutaneous reactions after SARS-COV-2 vaccination: a cross-sectional Spanish nationwide study of 405 cases. Br J Dermatol. 2022;186:142-52.
Diotallevi F, Campanati A, Bianchelli T, Bobyr I, Luchetti MM, Marconi B, et al. Skin involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection: case series. J Med Virol. 2020;92:2332-4.
Campanati A, Brisigotti V, Diotallevi F, D’Agostino GM, Paolinelli M, Radi G, et al. Active implications for dermatologists in ‘SARS-CoV-2 ERA’: personal experience and review of literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereo. 2020;34:1626-32.
Ibrahim AE, Magdy M, Khalaf EM, Mostafa A, Arafa A. Teledermatology in the time of COVID-19. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75:e15000.