Single-cell immune repertoire sequencing of B and T cells in murine models of infection and autoimmunity.


Journal

Genes and immunity
ISSN: 1476-5470
Titre abrégé: Genes Immun
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100953417

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
09 2022
Historique:
received: 23 02 2022
accepted: 09 08 2022
revised: 04 08 2022
pubmed: 27 8 2022
medline: 1 10 2022
entrez: 26 8 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Adaptive immune repertoires are composed by the ensemble of B and T-cell receptors within an individual, reflecting both past and current immune responses. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing enable recovery of the complete adaptive immune receptor sequences in addition to transcriptional information. Here, we recovered transcriptome and immune repertoire information for polyclonal T follicular helper cells following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, CD8+ T cells with binding specificity restricted to two distinct LCMV peptides, and B and T cells isolated from the nervous system in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We could relate clonal expansion, germline gene usage, and clonal convergence to cell phenotypes spanning activation, memory, naive, antibody secretion, T-cell inflation, and regulation. Together, this dataset provides a resource for immunologists that can be integrated with future single-cell immune repertoire and transcriptome sequencing datasets.

Identifiants

pubmed: 36028771
doi: 10.1038/s41435-022-00180-w
pii: 10.1038/s41435-022-00180-w
pmc: PMC9519453
doi:

Substances chimiques

Peptides 0
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

183-195

Informations de copyright

© 2022. The Author(s).

Références

Lu LL, Suscovich TJ, Fortune SM, Alter G. Beyond binding: antibody effector functions in infectious diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;18:46–61.
pubmed: 29063907 pmcid: 6369690 doi: 10.1038/nri.2017.106
Sandu I, Cerletti D, Oetiker N, Borsa M, Wagen F, Spadafora I, et al. Landscape of exhausted virus-specific CD8 T cells in chronic LCMV infection. Cell Rep. 2020;32:108078.
pubmed: 32846135 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108078
Utzschneider DT, Charmoy M, Chennupati V, Pousse L, Ferreira DP, Calderon-Copete S, et al. T cell factor 1-expressing memory-like CD8(+) T cells sustain the immune response to chronic viral infections. Immunity. 2016;45:415–27.
pubmed: 27533016 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.07.021
Li Z, Woo CJ, Iglesias-Ussel MD, Ronai D, Scharff MD. The generation of antibody diversity through somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Genes Dev. 2004;18:1–11.
pubmed: 14724175 doi: 10.1101/gad.1161904
Georgiou G, Ippolito GC, Beausang J, Busse CE, Wardemann H, Quake SR. The promise and challenge of high-throughput sequencing of the antibody repertoire. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32:158–68.
pubmed: 24441474 pmcid: 4113560 doi: 10.1038/nbt.2782
Klein U, Dalla-Favera R. Germinal centres: role in B-cell physiology and malignancy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:22–33.
pubmed: 18097447 doi: 10.1038/nri2217
Victora GD, Nussenzweig MC. Germinal centers. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:429–57.
pubmed: 22224772 doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075032
Mesin L, Ersching J, Victora GD. Germinal center B cell dynamics. Immunity. 2016;45:471–82.
pubmed: 27653600 pmcid: 5123673 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.09.001
Stebegg M, Kumar SD, Silva-Cayetano A, Fonseca VR, Linterman MA, Graca L. Regulation of the germinal center response. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2469.
pubmed: 30410492 pmcid: 6209676 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02469
Vinuesa CG, Linterman MA, Yu D, MacLennan ICM. Follicular helper T cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2016;34:335–68.
pubmed: 26907215 doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055605
Crotty S. Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH). Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:621–63.
pubmed: 21314428 doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101400
Tangye SG, Ma CS, Brink R, Deenick EK. The good, the bad and the ugly—TFH cells in human health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:412–26.
pubmed: 23681096 doi: 10.1038/nri3447
Biram A, Davidzohn N, Shulman Z. T cell interactions with B cells during germinal center formation, a three-step model. Immunol Rev. 2019;288:37–48.
pubmed: 30874355 doi: 10.1111/imr.12737
Kalia V, Sarkar S, Ahmed R. CD8 T-cell memory differentiation during acute and chronic viral infections. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;684:79–95.
pubmed: 20795542 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_7
Welten SPM, Yermanos A, Baumann NS, Wagen F, Oetiker N, Sandu I, et al. Tcf1+ cells are required to maintain the inflationary T cell pool upon MCMV infection. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2295.
pubmed: 32385253 pmcid: 7211020 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16219-3
Brandão WN, De Oliveira MG, Andreoni RT, Nakaya H, Farias AS, Peron JPS. Neuroinflammation at single cell level: What is new? J Leukoc Biol. 2020;108:1129–37.
pubmed: 32779279 doi: 10.1002/JLB.3MR0620-035R
Constantinescu CS, Farooqi N, O’Brien K, Gran B. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Br J Pharm. 2011;164:1079–106.
doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x
Yermanos A, Neumeier D, Sandu I, Borsa M, Waindok AC, Merkler D, et al. Single-cell immune repertoire and transcriptome sequencing reveals that clonally expanded and transcriptionally distinct lymphocytes populate the aged central nervous system in mice. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 2021;288:20202793.
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2793
Yermanos A, Agrafiotis A, Kuhn R, Robbiani D, Yates J, Papadopoulou C, et al. Platypus: an open-access software for integrating lymphocyte single-cell immune repertoires with transcriptomes. NAR Genom Bioinform. 2021;3. https://academic.oup.com/nargab/article/3/2/lqab023/6225857 .
Horns F, Dekker CL, Quake SR. Memory B cell activation, broad anti-influenza antibodies, and bystander activation revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Cell Rep. 2020;30:905–13.
pubmed: 31968262 pmcid: 7891556 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.063
Khatun A, Kasmani MY, Zander R, Schauder DM, Snook JP, Shen J, et al. Single-cell lineage mapping of a diverse virus-specific naive CD4 T cell repertoire. J Exp Med. 2021;218. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200650 .
Croote D, Darmanis S, Nadeau KC, Quake SR. High-affinity allergen-specific human antibodies cloned from single IgE B cell transcriptomes. Science. 2018;362:1306–9.
pubmed: 30545888 doi: 10.1126/science.aau2599
Saikia M, Burnham P, Keshavjee SH, Wang MFZ, Heyang M, Moral-Lopez P, et al. Simultaneous multiplexed amplicon sequencing and transcriptome profiling in single cells. Nat Methods. 2019;16:59–62.
pubmed: 30559431 doi: 10.1038/s41592-018-0259-9
Singh M, Al-Eryani G, Carswell S, Ferguson JM, Blackburn J, Barton K, et al. High-throughput targeted long-read single cell sequencing reveals the clonal and transcriptional landscape of lymphocytes. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3120.
pubmed: 31311926 pmcid: 6635368 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11049-4
Neumeier D, Pedrioli A, Genovese A, Sandu I, Ehling R, Hong K-L, et al. Single-cell sequencing reveals clonally expanded plasma cells during chronic viral infection produce virus-specific and cross-reactive antibodies. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.29.428852 .
Agrafiotis A, Neumeier D, Hong K-L, Chowdhury T, Ehling R, Kuhn R, et al. B cell clonal expansion is correlated with antigen-specificity in young but not old mice. bioRxiv. 2021. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467876v1.full .
Zheng GXY, Terry JM, Belgrader P, Ryvkin P, Bent ZW, Wilson R, et al. Massively parallel digital transcriptional profiling of single cells. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14049.
pubmed: 28091601 pmcid: 5241818 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14049
Csepregi L, Ehling RA, Wagner B, Reddy ST. Immune literacy: reading, writing, and editing adaptive immunity. iScience. 2020;23:101519.
pubmed: 32905040 pmcid: 7462589 doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101519
Yermanos A, Sandu I, Pedrioli A, Borsa M, Wagen F, Oetiker N, et al. Profiling virus-specific Tcf1+ T cell repertoires during acute and chronic viral infection. Front Immunol. 2020;11:986.
pubmed: 32547546 pmcid: 7272574 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00986
Chang YM, Wieland A, Li Z-R, Im SJ, McGuire DJ, Kissick HT, et al. T cell receptor diversity and lineage relationship between virus-specific CD8 T cell subsets during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Virol. 2020;94. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00935-20 .
Sureshchandra S, Lewis SA, Doratt B, Jankeel A, Ibraim I, Messaoudi I. Single cell profiling of T and B cell repertoires following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. bioRxiv. 2021. http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2021.07.14.452381 .
Mogilenko DA, Shpynov O, Andhey PS, Arthur L, Swain A, Esaulova E, et al. Comprehensive profiling of an aging immune system reveals clonal GZMK+ CD8+ T cells as conserved hallmark of inflammaging. Immunity. 2021;54:99–115.
pubmed: 33271118 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.005
Hiltensperger M, Beltrán E, Kant R, Tyystjärvi S, Lepennetier G, Domínguez Moreno H, et al. Skin and gut imprinted helper T cell subsets exhibit distinct functional phenotypes in central nervous system autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2021;22:880–92.
pubmed: 34099917 pmcid: 7611097 doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-00948-8
Di Liberto G, Pantelyushin S, Kreutzfeldt M, Page N, Musardo S, Coras R, et al. Neurons under T cell attack coordinate phagocyte-mediated synaptic stripping. Cell. 2018;175:458–71.
pubmed: 30173917 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.049
Vella LA, Herati RS, Wherry EJ. CD4+ T cell differentiation in chronic viral infections: the Tfh perspective. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23:1072–87.
pubmed: 29137933 pmcid: 5886740 doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.10.001
Matloubian M, Concepcion RJ, Ahmed R. CD4+ T cells are required to sustain CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses during chronic viral infection. J Virol. 1994;68:8056–63.
pubmed: 7966595 pmcid: 237269 doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.12.8056-8063.1994
Ciurea A, Klenerman P, Hunziker L, Horvath E, Senn BM, Ochsenbein AF, et al. Viral persistence in vivo through selection of neutralizing antibody-escape variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:2749–54.
pubmed: 10688894 pmcid: 16001 doi: 10.1073/pnas.040558797
Eschli B, Zellweger RM, Wepf A, Lang KS, Quirin K, Weber J, et al. Early antibodies specific for the neutralizing epitope on the receptor binding subunit of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein fail to neutralize the virus. J Virol. 2007;81:11650–7.
pubmed: 17699567 pmcid: 2168768 doi: 10.1128/JVI.00955-07
Battegay M, Moskophidis D, Waldner H, Bründler MA, Fung-Leung WP, Mak TW, et al. Impairment and delay of neutralizing antiviral antibody responses by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. J Immunol. 1993;151:5408–15.
pubmed: 7693811
Fahey LM, Wilson EB, Elsaesser H, Fistonich CD, McGavern DB, Brooks DG. Viral persistence redirects CD4 T cell differentiation toward T follicular helper cells. J Exp Med. 2011;208:987–99.
pubmed: 21536743 pmcid: 3092345 doi: 10.1084/jem.20101773
Greczmiel U, Kräutler NJ, Pedrioli A, Bartsch I, Agnellini P, Bedenikovic G, et al. Sustained T follicular helper cell response is essential for control of chronic viral infection. Sci Immunol. 2017;2. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aam8686 .
Kräutler NJ, Yermanos A, Pedrioli A, Welten SPM, Lorgé D, Greczmiel U, et al. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of humoral immunity reveals continued and personalized evolution in chronic viral infection. Cell Rep. 2020;30:997–1012.
pubmed: 31995768 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.088
Merkenschlager J, Finkin S, Ramos V, Kraft J, Cipolla M, Nowosad CR, et al. Dynamic regulation of TFH selection during the germinal centre reaction. Nature. 2021;591:458–63.
pubmed: 33536617 pmcid: 7979475 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03187-x
Qu Y, Huang Y, Liu D, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Mi Z, et al. High-throughput analysis of the T cell receptor beta chain repertoire in PBMCs from chronic hepatitis B patients with HBeAg seroconversion. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2016;2016:8594107.
pubmed: 27818694 pmcid: 5081459 doi: 10.1155/2016/8594107
Izraelson M, Nakonechnaya TO, Moltedo B, Egorov ES, Kasatskaya SA, Putintseva EV, et al. Comparative analysis of murine T-cell receptor repertoires. Immunology. 2018;153:133–44.
pubmed: 29080364 doi: 10.1111/imm.12857
Kuhn R, Sandu I, Agrafiotis A, Hong K-L, Shlesinger D, Neimeier D, et al. Clonally expanded virus-specific CD8 T cells acquire diverse transcriptional phenotypes during acute, chronic, and latent infections. Front Immunol. 2022;13. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2022.782441 .
Maceiras AR, Almeida SCP, Mariotti-Ferrandiz E, Chaara W, Jebbawi F, Six A, et al. T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells have different TCR specificity. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15067.
pubmed: 28429709 pmcid: 5413949 doi: 10.1038/ncomms15067
Schorer M, Lambert K, Rakebrandt N, Rost F, Kao K-C, Yermanos A, et al. Rapid expansion of Treg cells protects from collateral colitis following a viral trigger. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1522.
pubmed: 32251280 pmcid: 7090079 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15309-6
Ritvo P-G, Saadawi A, Barennes P, Quiniou V, Chaara W, El Soufi K, et al. High-resolution repertoire analysis reveals a major bystander activation of Tfh and Tfr cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:9604–9.
pubmed: 30158170 pmcid: 6156623 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1808594115
Merkler D, Horvath E, Bruck W, Zinkernagel RM, Del la Torre JC, Pinschewer DD. “Viral déjà vu” elicits organ-specific immune disease independent of reactivity to self. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:1254–63.
pubmed: 16604192 pmcid: 1430358 doi: 10.1172/JCI27372
Kreutzfeldt M, Bergthaler A, Fernandez M, Brück W, Steinbach K, Vorm M, et al. Neuroprotective intervention by interferon-γ blockade prevents CD8+ T cell-mediated dendrite and synapse loss. J Exp Med. 2013;210:2087–103.
pubmed: 23999498 pmcid: 3782053 doi: 10.1084/jem.20122143
Korsunsky I, Millard N, Fan J, Slowikowski K, Zhang F, Wei K, et al. Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony. Nat Methods. 2019;16:1289–96.
pubmed: 31740819 pmcid: 6884693 doi: 10.1038/s41592-019-0619-0
Satija R, Farrell JA, Gennert D, Schier AF, Regev A. Spatial reconstruction of single-cell gene expression data. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33:495–502.
pubmed: 25867923 pmcid: 4430369 doi: 10.1038/nbt.3192
Andreatta M, Corria-Osorio J, Müller S, Cubas R, Coukos G, Carmona SJ. Interpretation of T cell states from single-cell transcriptomics data using reference atlases. Nat Commun. 2021;12:2965.
pubmed: 34017005 pmcid: 8137700 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23324-4
Kaech SM, Wherry EJ, Ahmed R. Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2:251–62.
pubmed: 12001996 doi: 10.1038/nri778
Lyons JA, San M, Happ MP, Cross AH. B cells are critical to induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by protein but not by a short encephalitogenic peptide. Eur J Immunol. 1999;29:3432–9.
pubmed: 10556797 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3432::AID-IMMU3432>3.0.CO;2-2
Lyons J-A, Ramsbottom MJ, Cross AH. Critical role of antigen-specific antibody in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Eur J Immunol. 2002;32:1905–13.
pubmed: 12115610 doi: 10.1002/1521-4141(200207)32:7<1905::AID-IMMU1905>3.0.CO;2-L
Beltrán E. et al. Early adaptive immune activation detected in monozygotic twins with prodromal multiple sclerosis. J clin investig. 2019;129:4758–68.
pubmed: 31566584 pmcid: 6819125 doi: 10.1172/JCI128475
Crotty S. T follicular helper cell differentiation, function, and roles in disease. Immunity. 2014;41:529–42.
pubmed: 25367570 pmcid: 4223692 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.004
Sefia E, Pryce G, Meier U-C, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Depletion of CD20 B cells fails to inhibit relapsing mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;14:46–50.
pubmed: 28619431 doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.03.013
Welten SPM, Redeker A, Franken KLMC, Oduro JD, Ossendorp F, Čičin-Šain L, et al. The viral context instructs the redundancy of costimulatory pathways in driving CD8(+) T cell expansion. Elife. 2015;4. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07486 .
Altman JD, Moss PA, Goulder PJ, Barouch DH, McHeyzer-Williams MG, Bell JI, et al. Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Science. 1996;274:94–6.
pubmed: 8810254 doi: 10.1126/science.274.5284.94
Knier B, Hiltensperger M, Sie C, Aly L, Lepennetier G, Engleitner T, et al. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells control B cell accumulation in the central nervous system during autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2018;19:1341–51.
pubmed: 30374128 pmcid: 6241855 doi: 10.1038/s41590-018-0237-5
Subramanian A. et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:15545–50.
pubmed: 16199517 pmcid: 1239896 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506580102
Kolde R, Kolde MR. Package ‘pheatmap’. R package. 2015;1:790.
Qiu X, Mao Q, Tang Y, Wang L, Chawla R, Pliner HA, et al. Reversed graph embedding resolves complex single-cell trajectories. Nat Methods. 2017;14:979–82.
pubmed: 28825705 pmcid: 5764547 doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4402
Trapnell C, Cacchiarelli D, Grimsby J, Pokharel P, Li S, Morse M, et al. The dynamics and regulators of cell fate decisions are revealed by pseudotemporal ordering of single cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32:381–6.
pubmed: 24658644 pmcid: 4122333 doi: 10.1038/nbt.2859
Cao J, Spielmann M, Qiu X, Huang X, Ibrahim DM, Hill AJ, et al. The single-cell transcriptional landscape of mammalian organogenesis. Nature. 2019;566:496–502.
pubmed: 30787437 pmcid: 6434952 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0969-x

Auteurs

Danielle Shlesinger (D)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Kai-Lin Hong (KL)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Ghazal Shammas (G)

Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Nicolas Page (N)

Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Ioana Sandu (I)

Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Andreas Agrafiotis (A)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Victor Kreiner (V)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Nicolas Fonta (N)

Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Ilena Vincenti (I)

Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Ingrid Wagner (I)

Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Margot Piccinno (M)

Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Alexandre Mariotte (A)

Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Bogna Klimek (B)

Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Raphael Dizerens (R)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Marcos Manero-Carranza (M)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Raphael Kuhn (R)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Roy Ehling (R)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Lester Frei (L)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywan Khodaverdi (K)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Camilla Panetti (C)

Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Nicole Joller (N)

Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Annette Oxenius (A)

Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Doron Merkler (D)

Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.

Sai T Reddy (ST)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.

Alexander Yermanos (A)

Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland. ayermanos@gmail.com.
Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. ayermanos@gmail.com.
Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ayermanos@gmail.com.

Articles similaires

Robotic Surgical Procedures Animals Humans Telemedicine Models, Animal

Odour generalisation and detection dog training.

Lyn Caldicott, Thomas W Pike, Helen E Zulch et al.
1.00
Animals Odorants Dogs Generalization, Psychological Smell
Animals TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases Colorectal Neoplasms Colitis Mice
Animals Tail Swine Behavior, Animal Animal Husbandry

Classifications MeSH