Multimodality imaging in acute myocarditis.
acute myocarditis
cardiac computed tomography angiography
cardiac magnetic resonance
echocardiography
Journal
Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU
ISSN: 1097-0096
Titre abrégé: J Clin Ultrasound
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401663
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Oct 2022
Oct 2022
Historique:
revised:
29
07
2022
received:
09
06
2022
accepted:
03
08
2022
entrez:
11
10
2022
pubmed:
12
10
2022
medline:
13
10
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The diagnosis of acute myocarditis often involves several noninvasive techniques that can provide information regarding volumes, ejection fraction, and tissue characterization. In particular, echocardiography is extremely helpful for the evaluation of biventricular volumes, strain and ejection fraction. Cardiac magnetic resonance, beyond biventricular volumes, strain, and ejection fraction allows to characterize myocardial tissue providing information regarding edema, hyperemia, and fibrosis. Contemporary cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) can not only be extremely important for the assessment of coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries and aorta but also tissue characterization using CCTA can be an additional tool that can explain chest pain with a diagnosis of myocarditis.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1097-1109Informations de copyright
© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Ammirati E, Veronese G, Bottiroli M, et al. Update on acute myocarditis. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021;31:370-379.
Ammirati E, Veronese G, Cipriani M, et al. Acute and fulminant myocarditis: a pragmatic clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2018;20:114.
Trachtenberg BH, Hare JM. Inflammatory Cardiomyopathic syndromes. Circ Res. 2017;121:803-818.
Anzini M, Merlo M, Sabbadini G, et al. Long-term evolution and prognostic stratification of biopsy-proven active myocarditis. Circulation. 2013;128:2384-2394.
Caforio AL, Calabrese F, Angelini A, et al. A prospective study of biopsy-proven myocarditis: prognostic relevance of clinical and aetiopathogenetic features at diagnosis. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1326-1333.
Singh V, Mendirichaga R, Savani GT, et al. Comparison of utilization trends, indications, and complications of endomyocardial biopsy in native versus donor hearts (from the Nationwide inpatient sample 2002 to 2014). Am J Cardiol. 2018;121:356-363.
Adeboye A, Alkhatib D, Butt A, Yedlapati N, Garg N. A review of the role of imaging modalities in the evaluation of viral myocarditis with a special focus on COVID-19-related myocarditis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(2):549.
Ota S, Hozumi T, Tanimoto T, et al. Global longitudinal strain evaluated by speckle-tracking echocardiography as a surrogate marker for predicting replacement fibrosis detected by magnetic resonance-late gadolinium enhancement in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Ultrasound. 2021;49:479-487.
Minoshima M, Noda A, Kobayashi M, et al. Endomyocardial radial strain rate imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the evaluation of contractile reserve in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Ultrasound. 2016;44:555-560.
Merlo M, Porcari A, Pagura L, et al. A national survey on prevalence of possible echocardiographic red flags of amyloid cardiomyopathy in consecutive patients undergoing routine echocardiography: study design and patients characterization-the first insight from the AC-TIVE study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29(5):e173-e177.
Caredda G, Bassareo PP, Cau R, Mannelli L, Suri JS, Saba L. Emerging role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing myocarditis: a blunder or the way to get the problem sorted? J Thorac Imaging. 2022;37:W12-W27.
Guglielmo M, Fusini L, Muscogiuri G, et al. T1 mapping and cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking in mitral valve prolapse. Eur Radiol. 2021;31:1100-1109.
Pontone G, Andreini D, Guaricci AI, et al. Association between Haptoglobin phenotype and microvascular obstruction in patients with STEMI: a cardiac magnetic resonance study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:1007-1017.
Guaricci AI, Masci PG, Muscogiuri G, et al. Cardiac Magnetic resonance for prophylactic implantable-cardioverter defibrillator therapy in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy: an international registry. Europace. 2021;23:1072-1083.
Peretto G, Barison A, Forleo C, et al. Late gadolinium enhancement role in arrhythmic risk stratification of patients with LMNA cardiomyopathy: results from a long-term follow-up multicentre study. Europace. 2020;22:1864-1872.
Muscogiuri G, Gatti M, Dell'Aversana S, et al. Reliability of single breath hold three-dimensional cine kat-ARC for the assessment of biventricular dimensions and function. Eur J Radiol. 2020;124:108820.
Maffei E, Messalli G, Martini C, et al. Left and right ventricle assessment with cardiac CT: validation study vs. Cardiac MR Eur Radiol. 2012;22:1041-1049.
Pontone G, Baggiano A, Conte E, et al. "quadruple rule-out" with computed tomography in a COVID-19 patient with equivocal acute coronary syndrome presentation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13:1854-1856.
Esposito A, Francone M, Andreini D, et al. SIRM-SIC appropriateness criteria for the use of cardiac computed tomography. Part 1: congenital heart diseases, primary prevention, risk assessment before surgery, suspected CAD in symptomatic patients, plaque and epicardial adipose tissue characterization, and functional assessment of stenosis. Radiol Med. 2021;126:1236-1248.
Carrabba N, Pontone G, Andreini D, et al. Appropriateness criteria for the use of cardiac computed tomography, SIC-SIRM part 2: acute chest pain evaluation; stent and coronary artery bypass graft patency evaluation; planning of coronary revascularization and transcatheter valve procedures; cardiomyopathies, electrophysiological applications, cardiac masses, cardio-oncology and pericardial diseases evaluation. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2022;23:290-303.
Gaibazzi N, Davies J, Tuttolomondo D, et al. Association of coronary artery Doppler-echocardiography diastolic-systolic velocity ratio at rest with obstructive coronary artery stenosis on the left main or left anterior descending coronary artery. Int J Cardiol. 2019;281:1-7.
Gaibazzi N, Porter T, Lorenzoni V, et al. Effect of coronary revascularization on the prognostic value of stress myocardial Contrast Wall motion and perfusion imaging. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(6):e006202.
Matsuura H, Watanabe N, Shibata Y, Asada Y. Combination of echocardiography and emergency endomyocardial biopsy for suspected myocarditis in the cardiovascular emergency medical care. J Echocardiogr. 2021;19:86-94.
Park NH, Lashin H, Spiritoso R. Fulminant myocarditis: use of echocardiography from diagnosis to treatment. Echo Res Pract. 2020;7:K21-K26.
Yurdakul S, Erdemir VA, Tayyareci Y, Yildirimturk O, Salih Gurel M, Aytekin S. Subclinical left and right ventricular systolic dysfunction in Behcet's disease: a combined tissue doppler and velocity vector imaging study. J Clin Ultrasound. 2013;41:347-353.
Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(2636-48):2648a-2648d.
Pinto YM, Elliott PM, Arbustini E, et al. Proposal for a revised definition of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, and its implications for clinical practice: a position statement of the ESC working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1850-1858.
Yilmaz A, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U. Imaging in inflammatory heart disease: from the past to current clinical practice. Hell J Cardiol. 2009;50:449-460.
Felker GM, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH, et al. Echocardiographic findings in fulminant and acute myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:227-232.
Ammirati E, Frigerio M, Adler ED, et al. Management of Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: an expert consensus document. Circ Heart Fail. 2020;13:e007405.
Ammirati E, Veronese G, Brambatti M, et al. Fulminant versus acute nonfulminant myocarditis in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:299-311.
Merlo M, Gagno G, Baritussio A, et al. Clinical application of CMR in cardiomyopathies: evolving concepts and techniques: a position paper of myocardial and pericardial diseases and cardiac magnetic resonance working groups of Italian society of cardiology. Heart Fail Rev. 2022. doi:10.1007/s10741-022-10235-9
Ammirati E, Cipriani M, Moro C, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome in a contemporary cohort of patients with acute myocarditis: multicenter Lombardy registry. Circulation. 2018;138:1088-1099.
Younis A, Matetzky S, Mulla W, et al. Epidemiology characteristics and outcome of patients with clinically diagnosed acute myocarditis. Am J Med. 2020;133:492-499.
Sharma AN, Stultz JR, Bellamkonda N, Amsterdam EA. Fulminant myocarditis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124:1954-1960.
Guaricci AI, Soldato N, Chiarello G, Pontone G. Territorial longitudinal strain discloses the culprit vessel in a patient with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2022;6:ytac097.
Heimdal A, Støylen A, Torp H, Skjaerpe T. Real-time strain rate imaging of the left ventricle by ultrasound. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1998;11:1013-1019.
Perk G, Tunick PA, Kronzon I. Non-Doppler two-dimensional strain imaging by echocardiography-from technical considerations to clinical applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:234-243.
Geyer H, Caracciolo G, Abe H, et al. Assessment of myocardial mechanics using speckle tracking echocardiography: fundamentals and clinical applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:351-369. quiz 453-455.
Guglielmo M, Baggiano A, Muscogiuri G, et al. Multimodality imaging of left atrium in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2019;13:340-346.
Cameli M, Sciaccaluga C, Loiacono F, et al. The analysis of left atrial function predicts the severity of functional impairment in chronic heart failure: the FLASH multicenter study. Int J Cardiol. 2019;286:87-91.
Vianna-Pinton R, Moreno CA, Baxter CM, Lee KS, Tsang TS, Appleton CP. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography of the left atrium: feasibility and regional contraction and relaxation differences in normal subjects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:299-305.
Di Salvo G, Pacileo G, Castaldi B, et al. Two-dimensional strain and atrial function: a study on patients after percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:256-259.
Brown J, Jenkins C, Marwick TH. Use of myocardial strain to assess global left ventricular function: a comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance and 3-dimensional echocardiography. Am Heart J. 2009;157(102):e1-e5.
Kalam K, Otahal P, Marwick TH. Prognostic implications of global LV dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global longitudinal strain and ejection fraction. Heart. 2014;100:1673-1680.
Erley J, Genovese D, Tapaskar N, et al. Echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance based evaluation of myocardial strain and relationship with late gadolinium enhancement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2019;21:46.
Leitman M, Vered Z, Tyomkin V, et al. Speckle tracking imaging in inflammatory heart diseases. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;34:787-792.
Kostakou PM, Kostopoulos VS, Tryfou ES, et al. Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction and correlation with regional strain analysis in myocarditis with normal ejection fraction. A new diagnostic criterion. Int J Cardiol. 2018;259:116-121.
Løgstrup BB, Nielsen JM, Kim WY, Poulsen SH. Myocardial oedema in acute myocarditis detected by echocardiographic 2D myocardial deformation analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17:1018-1026.
Varga-Szemes A, Muscogiuri G, Schoepf UJ, et al. Clinical feasibility of a myocardial signal intensity threshold-based semi-automated cardiac magnetic resonance segmentation method. Eur Radiol. 2016;26:1503-1511.
Muscogiuri G, Ricci F, Scafuri S, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance tissue characterization in ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Imaging. 2021;37(1):2-16.
Guaricci AI, Carità P, Lorenzoni V, et al. QT-interval evaluation in primary percutaneous coronary intervention of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction for prediction of myocardial salvage index. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0192220.
Pontone G, Andreini D, Guaricci AI, et al. The STRATEGY study (stress cardiac magnetic resonance versus computed tomography coronary angiography for the Management of Symptomatic Revascularized Patients): resources and outcomes impact. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(10):e005171.
Muscogiuri G, Guglielmo M, Serra A, et al. Multimodality imaging in ischemic chronic cardiomyopathy. J Imag. 2022;8(2):35.
Muscogiuri G, Martini C, Gatti M, et al. Feasibility of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in ischemic cardiomyopathy using 2D-multisegment LGE combined with artificial intelligence reconstruction deep learning noise reduction algorithm. Int J Cardiol. 2021;343:164-170.
Luetkens JA, Faron A, Isaak A, et al. Comparison of original and 2018 Lake Louise criteria for diagnosis of acute myocarditis: results of a validation cohort. Radiol Cardiothorac Imag. 2019;1:e190010.
Hatipoglu S, Gatehouse P, Krupickova S, et al. Reliability of pediatric ventricular function analysis by short-axis "single-cycle-stack-advance" single-shot compressed-sensing cines in minimal breath-hold time. Eur Radiol. 2022;32:2581-2593.
Kim HW, Van Assche L, Jennings RB, et al. Relationship of T2-weighted MRI myocardial Hyperintensity and the ischemic area-at-risk. Circ Res. 2015;117:254-265.
Srichai MB, Lim RP, Lath N, Babb J, Axel L, Kim D. Diagnostic performance of dark-blood T2-weighted CMR for evaluation of acute myocardial injury. Investig Radiol. 2013;48:24-31.
Giri S, Chung YC, Merchant A, et al. T2 quantification for improved detection of myocardial edema. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009;11:56.
Lewis AJM, Burrage MK, Ferreira VM. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for inflammatory heart diseases. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2020;10:598-609.
Ferreira VM, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in nonischemic myocardial inflammation: expert recommendations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:3158-3176.
Baessler B, Schaarschmidt F, Stehning C, Schnackenburg B, Maintz D, Bunck AC. A systematic evaluation of three different cardiac T2-mapping sequences at 1.5 and 3T in healthy volunteers. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84:2161-2170.
Muscogiuri G, Suranyi P, Schoepf UJ, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance T1-mapping of the myocardium: technical background and clinical relevance. J Thorac Imaging. 2018;33:71-80.
Muscogiuri G, Ricci F, Scafuri S, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance tissue characterization in ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Imaging. 2022;37:2-16.
Kellman P, Hansen MS. T1-mapping in the heart: accuracy and precision. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16:2.
Chow K, Flewitt JA, Green JD, Pagano JJ, Friedrich MG, Thompson RB. Saturation recovery single-shot acquisition (SASHA) for myocardial T(1) mapping. Magn Reson Med. 2014;71:2082-2095.
Piechnik SK, Ferreira VM, Dall'Armellina E, et al. Shortened modified look-locker inversion recovery (ShMOLLI) for clinical myocardial T1-mapping at 1.5 and 3 T within a 9 heartbeat breathhold. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:69.
Weingartner S, Akcakaya M, Basha T, et al. Combined saturation/inversion recovery sequences for improved evaluation of scar and diffuse fibrosis in patients with arrhythmia or heart rate variability. Magn Reson Med. 2014;71:1024-1034.
Hamdy A, Kitagawa K, Ishida M, Sakuma H. Native myocardial T1 mapping, are we there yet? Int Heart J. 2016;57:400-407.
Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1475-1487.
Galea N, Francone M, Fiorelli A, et al. Early myocardial gadolinium enhancement in patients with myocarditis: validation of "Lake Louise consensus" criteria using a single bolus of 0.1mmol/kg of a high relaxivity gadolinium-based contrast agent. Eur J Radiol. 2017;95:89-95.
Muscogiuri G, Gatti M, Dell'Aversana S, et al. Image quality and reliability of a novel dark-blood late gadolinium enhancement sequence in ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Imaging. 2020;35:326-333.
Croisille P, Revel D, Saeed M. Contrast agents and cardiac MR imaging of myocardial ischemia: from bench to bedside. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:1951-1963.
Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lima JA, Judd RM. Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. Circulation. 1996;94:3318-3326.
Fieno DS, Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lomasney JW, Klocke FJ, Judd RM. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of myocardium at risk: distinction between reversible and irreversible injury throughout infarct healing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1985-1991.
Guaricci AI, Muscogiuri G, Pontone G. Letter by Guaricci et al regarding article, "cardiovascular magnetic resonance to predict appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients using late gadolinium enhancement border zone: comparison of four analysis methods". Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11:e007213.
Muscogiuri G, Rehwald WG, Schoepf UJ, et al. T(rho) and magnetization transfer and INvErsion recovery (TRAMINER)-prepared imaging: a novel contrast-enhanced flow-independent dark-blood technique for the evaluation of myocardial late gadolinium enhancement in patients with myocardial infarction. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2017;45:1429-1437.
Wisotzkey BL, Soriano BD, Albers EL, Ferguson M, Buddhe S. Diagnostic role of strain imaging in atypical myocarditis by echocardiography and cardiac MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 2018;48:835-842.
Luetkens JA, Petry P, Kuetting D, et al. Left and right ventricular strain in the course of acute myocarditis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. RöFo. 2018;190:722-732.
Porcari A, Merlo M, Crosera L, et al. Strain analysis reveals subtle systolic dysfunction in confirmed and suspected myocarditis with normal LVEF. A cardiac magnetic resonance study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109:869-880.
Andre F, Stock FT, Riffel J, et al. Incremental value of cardiac deformation analysis in acute myocarditis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;32:1093-1101.
Li H, Zhu H, Yang Z, Tang D, Huang L, Xia L. Tissue characterization by mapping and strain cardiac MRI to evaluate myocardial inflammation in fulminant myocarditis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2020;52:930-938.
Dobrovie M, Barreiro-Perez M, Curione D, et al. Inter-vendor reproducibility and accuracy of segmental left ventricular strain measurements using CMR feature tracking. Eur Radiol. 2019;29:6846-6857.
Verbrugge FH, Bertrand PB, Willems E, et al. Global myocardial oedema in advanced decompensated heart failure. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18:787-794.
von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Schuler J, Doganguzel S, et al. Detection and monitoring of acute myocarditis applying quantitative cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(2):e005242.
Lurz P, Luecke C, Eitel I, et al. Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected myocarditis: the MyoRacer-trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1800-1811.
Vermes E, Childs H, Faris P, Friedrich MG. Predictive value of CMR criteria for LV functional improvement in patients with acute myocarditis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15:1140-1144.
Ammirati E, Moroni F, Sormani P, et al. Quantitative changes in late gadolinium enhancement at cardiac magnetic resonance in the early phase of acute myocarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2017;231:216-221.
Sebai F, Brun S, Petermann A, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with late gadolinium enhancement in acute myocarditis: towards differentiation between immune-mediated and viral-related aetiologies. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;112:559-566.
Ferrero P, Piazza I, Lorini LF, Senni M. Epidemiologic and clinical profiles of bacterial myocarditis. Report of two cases and data from a pooled analysis. Indian Heart J. 2020;72:82-92.
Inayat F, Ali NS, Riaz I, Virk HUH. From the gut to the heart: campylobacter jejuni enteritis leading to Myopericarditis. Cureus. 2017;9:e1326.
Yang S, Chen X, Li J, et al. Late gadolinium enhancement characteristics in giant cell myocarditis. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8:2320-2327.
Mavrogeni S, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Markousis-Mavrogenis G, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance detects silent heart disease missed by echocardiography in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2018;27:564-571.
Kikuchi N, Watanabe E, Nagao M, Yoshizawa S, Kobashigawa T, Hagiwara N. Acute myocarditis complicating systemic lupus erythematosus: detection and evolution of transmural spiral late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14:e011319.
Aquaro GD, Negri F, De Luca A, et al. Role of right ventricular involvement in acute myocarditis, assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiol. 2018;271:359-365.
Imazio M, Angelico G, Andriani M, et al. Prevalence and prognostic impact of septal late gadolinium enhancement in acute myocarditis with or without preserved left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122:1955-1958.
Aquaro GD, Perfetti M, Camastra G, et al. Cardiac MR with late gadolinium enhancement in acute myocarditis with preserved systolic function: ITAMY study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:1977-1987.
Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:407-477.
Pontone G, Guaricci AI, Palmer SC, et al. Diagnostic performance of non-invasive imaging for stable coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2020;300:276-281.
Maffei E, Seitun S, Martini C, et al. CT coronary angiography and exercise ECG in a population with chest pain and low-to-intermediate pre-test likelihood of coronary artery disease. Heart. 2010;96:1973-1979.
Pontone G, Andreini D, Bartorelli AL, et al. Radiation dose and diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography for the detection of significant coronary artery stenoses: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2012;160:155-164.
Guaricci AI, Maffei E, Brunetti ND, et al. Heart rate control with oral ivabradine in computed tomography coronary angiography: a randomized comparison of 7.5 mg vs 5 mg regimen. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:362-368.
Muscogiuri G, Chiesa M, Baggiano A, et al. Diagnostic performance of deep learning algorithm for analysis of computed tomography myocardial perfusion. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49:3119-3128.
Muscogiuri G, Chiesa M, Trotta M, et al. Performance of a deep learning algorithm for the evaluation of CAD-RADS classification with CCTA. Atherosclerosis. 2020;294:25-32.
Maffei E, Seitun S, Martini C, et al. Prognostic value of computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with chest pain of suspected cardiac origin. Radiol Med. 2011;116:690-705.
Pontone G, Baggiano A, Andreini D, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of simultaneous evaluation of coronary arteries and myocardial perfusion with single stress cardiac computed tomography acquisition compared to invasive coronary angiography plus invasive fractional flow reserve. Int J Cardiol. 2018;273:263-268.
Muscogiuri G, Secinaro A, Ciliberti P, Fuqua M, Nutting A. Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease. J Thorac Imaging. 2017;32:233-244.
Guaricci AI, Arcadi T, Brunetti ND, et al. Carotid intima media thickness and coronary atherosclerosis linkage in symptomatic intermediate risk patients evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography. Int J Cardiol. 2014;176:988-993.
Guaricci AI, Pontone G, Fusini L, et al. Additional value of inflammatory biomarkers and carotid artery disease in prediction of significant coronary artery disease as assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18:1049-1056.
Pontone G, Andreini D, Bertella E, et al. Comparison of cardiac computed tomography versus cardiac magnetic resonance for characterization of left atrium anatomy before radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2015;179:114-121.
Ling R, Yu L, Lu Z, Li Y, Zhang J. A novel computed tomography-based imaging approach for etiology evaluation in patients with acute coronary syndrome and non-obstructive coronary angiography. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:735118.
Esposito A, Palmisano A, Barbera M, et al. Cardiac computed tomography in troponin-positive chest pain: sometimes the answer lies in the late iodine enhancement or extracellular volume fraction map. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:745-748.
Pontone G, Muscogiuri G, Andreini D, et al. Impact of a new adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR)-V algorithm on image quality in coronary computed tomography angiography. Acad Radiol. 2018;25:1305-1313.
Baggiano A, Fusini L, Del Torto A, et al. Sequential Strategy including FFR(CT) plus stress-CTP impacts on Management of Patients with stable chest pain: the stress-CTP RIPCORD study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(7):2147.
Palmisano A, Vignale D, Tadic M, et al. Myocardial late contrast enhancement CT in troponin-positive acute chest pain syndrome. Radiology. 2022;302:545-553.
Tschöpe C, Ammirati E, Bozkurt B, et al. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18:169-193.
Leone O, Veinot JP, Angelini A, et al. 2011 consensus statement on endomyocardial biopsy from the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology and the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2012;21:245-274.
Dennert R, Crijns HJ, Heymans S. Acute viral myocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2073-2082.
Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, et al. Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. Circulation. 2008;118:639-648.
De Luca G, Campochiaro C, Sartorelli S, Peretto G, Dagna L. Therapeutic strategies for virus-negative myocarditis: a comprehensive review. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;77:9-17.
Hang W, Chen C, Seubert JM, Wang DW. Fulminant myocarditis: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatments and outcomes. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:287.
Cooper LT Jr, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, et al. Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:1535-1539.
Schultheiss HP, Kühl U, Cooper LT. The management of myocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:2616-2625.
Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis (JCS 2009): digest version. Circ J. 2011;75(3):734-743.
Prochnau D, Surber R, Kuehnert H, Heinke M, Klein HU, Figulla HR. Successful use of a wearable cardioverter-defibrillator in myocarditis with normal ejection fraction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010;99:129-131.
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:3599-3726.
Khatib R, Reyes MP, Smith F, Khatib G, Rezkalla S. Enhancement of coxsackievirus B4 virulence by indomethacin. J Lab Clin Med. 1990;116:116-120.
Meune C, Spaulding C, Mahé I, Lebon P, Bergmann JF. Risks versus benefits of NSAIDs including aspirin in myocarditis: a review of the evidence from animal studies. Drug Saf. 2003;26:975-981.
Heymans S, Eriksson U, Lehtonen J, Cooper LT Jr. The quest for new approaches in myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:2348-2364.
Kociol RD, Cooper LT, Fang JC, et al. Recognition and initial Management of Fulminant Myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141:e69-e92.
Kindermann I, Barth C, Mahfoud F, et al. Update on myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:779-792.
Pelliccia A, Solberg EE, Papadakis M, et al. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: position statement of the sport cardiology section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2019;40:19-33.
Eichhorn C, Greulich S, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Sznitman R, Kwong RY, Grani C. Multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance approach in diagnosing, monitoring, and prognostication of myocarditis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;15:1325-1338.
Tat E, Bhatt DL, Rabbat MG. Addressing bias: artificial intelligence in cardiovascular medicine. Lancet Digit Health. 2020;2:e635-e636.