Inotropic therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. A clinical consensus statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology.
Advanced heart failure
Cardiorenal syndrome
Inotrope
Mechanical circulatory support
Palliation
Journal
European journal of heart failure
ISSN: 1879-0844
Titre abrégé: Eur J Heart Fail
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100887595
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 2023
04 2023
Historique:
revised:
20
02
2023
received:
27
10
2022
accepted:
24
02
2023
medline:
28
4
2023
pubmed:
28
2
2023
entrez:
27
2
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
This clinical consensus statement reviews the use of inotropic support in patients with advanced heart failure. The current guidelines only support use of inotropes in the setting of acute decompensated heart failure with evidence of organ malperfusion or shock. However, inotropic support may be reasonable in other patients with advanced heart failure without acute severe decompensation. The clinical evidence supporting use of inotropes in these situations is reviewed. Particularly, patients with persistent congestion, systemic hypoperfusion, or advanced heart failure with need for palliation, and specific situations relevant to implantation of left ventricular assist devices or heart transplantation are discussed. Traditional and novel drugs with inotropic effects are discussed and use of guideline-directed therapy during inotropic support is reviewed. Finally, home inotropic therapy is described, and palliative care and end-of-life aspects are reviewed in relation to management of ongoing inotropic support (including guidance for maintenance and weaning of chronic inotropic therapy support).
Substances chimiques
Cardiotonic Agents
0
Cardiovascular Agents
0
Types de publication
Review
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
457-468Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.
Références
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24:4-131.
DesJardin JT, Teerlink JR. Inotropic therapies in heart failure and cardiogenic shock: an educational review. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2021;10:676-86.
Crespo-Leiro MG, Metra M, Lund LH, Milicic D, Costanzo MR, Filippatos G, et al. Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20:1505-35.
Stewart GC, Ambardekar AV, Kittleson MM. Defining ambulatory advanced heart failure: MedaMACS and beyond. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2017;14:498-506.
Chioncel O, Parissis J, Mebazaa A, Thiele H, Desch S, Bauersachs J, et al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and contemporary management of cardiogenic shock - a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:1315-41.
Cholley B, Levy B, Fellahi JL, Longrois D, Amour J, Ouattara A, et al. Levosimendan in the light of the results of the recent randomized controlled trials: an expert opinion paper. Crit Care. 2019;23:385.
Mullens W, Damman K, Harjola VP, Mebazaa A, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Martens P, et al. The use of diuretics in heart failure with congestion - a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21:137-55.
Hill L, Prager Geller T, Baruah R, Beattie JM, Boyne J, de Stoutz N, et al. Integration of a palliative approach into heart failure care: a European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Association position paper. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:2327-39.
Maack C, Eschenhagen T, Hamdani N, Heinzel FR, Lyon AR, Manstein DJ, et al. Treatments targeting inotropy. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:3626-44.
Comín-Colet J, Manito N, Segovia-Cubero J, Delgado J, García Pinilla JM, Almenar L, et al.; LION-HEART Study Investigators. Efficacy and safety of intermittent intravenous outpatient administration of levosimendan in patients with advanced heart failure: the LION-HEART multicentre randomised trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20:1128-36.
Metra M, Nodari S, D'Aloia A, Muneretto C, Robertson AD, Bristow MR, et al. Beta-blocker therapy influences the hemodynamic response to inotropic agents in patients with heart failure: a randomized comparison of dobutamine and enoximone before and after chronic treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1248-58.
Kindermann M, Maack C, Schaller S, Finkler N, Schmidt KI, Läer S, et al. Carvedilol but not metoprolol reduces beta-adrenergic responsiveness after complete elimination from plasma in vivo. Circulation. 2004;109:3182-90.
Maurice DH, Ke H, Ahmad F, Wang Y, Chung J, Manganiello VC. Advances in targeting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13:290-314.
Woolfrey SG, Hegbrant J, Thysell H, Fox PA, Lendrem DW, Lockwood GF, et al. Dose regimen adjustment for milrinone in congestive heart failure patients with moderate and severe renal failure. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1995;47:651-5.
Lee EC, McNitt S, Martens J, Bruckel JT, Chen L, Alexis JD, et al. Long-term milrinone therapy as a bridge to heart transplantation: safety, efficacy, and predictors of failure. Int J Cardiol. 2020;313:83-8.
Nanayakkara S, Mak V, Crannitch K, Byrne M, Kaye DM. Extended release oral milrinone, CRD-102, for advanced heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122:1017-20.
Nanayakkara S, Byrne M, Mak V, Carter K, Dean E, Kaye DM. Extended-release oral milrinone for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e015026.
Puttonen J, Laine T, Ramela M, Häkkinen S, Zhang W, Pradhan R, et al. Pharmacokinetics and excretion balance of OR-1896, a pharmacologically active metabolite of levosimendan, in healthy men. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2007;32:271-7.
Follath F, Cleland JGF, Just H, Papp JGY, Scholz H, Peuhkurinen K; Steering Committee and Investigators of the Levosimendan Infusion versus Dobutamine (LIDO) study. Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2002;360:196-202.
Packer M, Colucci W, Fisher L, Massie BM, Teerlink JR, Young J, et al.; REVIVE Heart Failure Study Group. Effect of levosimendan on the short-term clinical course of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. JACC. Heart Fail. 2013;1:103-11.
Altenberger J, Parissis JT, Costard-Jaeckle A, Winter A, Ebner C, Karavidas A, et al. Efficacy and safety of the pulsed infusions of levosimendan in outpatients with advanced heart failure (LevoRep) study: a multicentre randomized trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:898-906.
Psotka MA, Gottlieb SS, Francis GS, Allen LA, Teerlink JR, Adams KF, et al. Cardiac calcitropes, myotropes, and mitotropes: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:2345-53.
Teerlink JR, Clarke CP, Saikali KG, Lee JH, Chen MM, Escandon RD, et al. Dose-dependent augmentation of cardiac systolic function with the selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil: a first-in-man study. Lancet. 2011;378:667-75.
Cleland JGF, Teerlink JR, Senior R, Nifontov EM, McMurray JJV, Lang CC, et al. The effects of the cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, on cardiac function in systolic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, dose-ranging phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2011;378:676-83.
Carubelli V, Zhang Y, Metra M, Lombardi C, Felker GM, Filippatos G, et al.; Istaroxime ADHF Trial Group. Treatment with 24 hour istaroxime infusion in patients hospitalised for acute heart failure: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:1684-93.
Teerlink JR, Diaz R, Felker GM, McMurray JJV, Metra M, Solomon SD, et al.; GALACTIC-HF Investigators. Cardiac myosin activation with omecamtiv mecarbil in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:105-16.
Abraham WT, Kuck KH, Goldsmith RL, Lindenfeld J, Reddy VY, Carson PE, et al. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6:874-83.
Madonna R, Van Laake LW, Davidson SM, Engel FB, Hausenloy DJ, Lecour S, et al. Position paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group Cellular Biology of the Heart: cell-based therapies for myocardial repair and regeneration in ischemic heart disease and heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1789-98.
Madonna R, Van Laake LW, Botker HE, Davidson SM, De Caterina R, Engel FB, et al. ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart: position paper for cardiovascular research: tissue engineering strategies combined with cell therapies for cardiac repair in ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 2019;115:488-500.
Menasché P, Vanneaux V, Hagège A, Bel A, Cholley B, Parouchev A, et al. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiovascular progenitors for severe ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:429-38.
Liu B, Lee BW, Nakanishi K, Villasante A, Williamson R, Metz J, et al. Cardiac recovery via extended cell-free delivery of extracellular vesicles secreted by cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biomed Eng. 2018;2:293-303.
Gabisonia K, Prosdocimo G, Aquaro GD, Carlucci L, Zentilin L, Secco I, et al. MicroRNA therapy stimulates uncontrolled cardiac repair after myocardial infarction in pigs. Nature. 2019;569:418-22.
Lenihan DJ, Anderson SA, Lenneman CG, Brittain E, Muldowney JAS, Mendes L, et al. A phase I, single ascending dose study of cimaglermin alfa (neuregulin 1β3) in patients with systolic dysfunction and heart failure. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2016;1:576-86.
Tzahor E, Poss KD. Cardiac regeneration strategies: staying young at heart. Science. 2017;356:1035-9.
Reichart B, Längin M, Radan J, Mokelke M, Buttgereit I, Ying J, et al. Pig-to-non-human primate heart transplantation: the final step toward clinical xenotransplantation? J Heart Lung Transplant. 2020;39:751-7.
Griffith BP, Goerlich CE, Singh AK, Rothblatt M, Lau CL, Shah A, et al. Genetically modified porcine-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:35-44.
Garry DJ, Garry MG. Interspecies chimeras and the generation of humanized organs. Circ Res. 2019;124:23-5.
Greenberg B, Butler J, Felker GM, Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Desai AS, et al. Calcium upregulation by percutaneous administration of gene therapy in patients with cardiac disease (CUPID 2): a randomised, multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1178-86.
Chung ES, Miller L, Patel AN, Anderson RD, Mendelsohn FO, Traverse J, et al. Changes in ventricular remodelling and clinical status during the year following a single administration of stromal cell-derived factor-1 non-viral gene therapy in chronic ischaemic heart failure patients: the STOP-HF randomized phase II trial. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2228-38.
Hammond HK, Penny WF, Traverse JH, Henry TD, Watkins MW, Yancy CW, et al. Intracoronary gene transfer of adenylyl cyclase 6 in patients with heart failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:163-71.
Täubel J, Hauke W, Rump S, Viereck J, Batkai S, Poetzsch J, et al. Novel antisense therapy targeting microRNA-132 in patients with heart failure: results of a first-in-human phase 1b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:178-88.
Clemens PR, Rao VK, Connolly AM, Harper AD, Mah JK, Smith EC; CINRG DNHS Investigators. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of viltolarsen in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy amenable to exon 53 skipping: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:982-91.
Newby GA, Liu DR. In vivo somatic cell base editing and prime editing. Mol Ther. 2021;29:3107-24.
O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Uretsky BF, Adams KF, McNulty SE, Grossman SH, et al. Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J. 1999;138:78-86.
Thackray S, Easthaugh J, Freemantle N, Cleland JGF. The effectiveness and relative effectiveness of intravenous inotropic drugs acting through the adrenergic pathway in patients with heart failure - a meta-regression analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002;4:515-29.
Triposkiadis FK, Butler J, Karayannis G, Starling RC, Filippatos G, Wolski K, et al. Efficacy and safety of high dose versus low dose furosemide with or without dopamine infusion: the Dopamine in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure II (DAD-HF II) trial. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172:115-21.
Chen HH, Anstrom KJ, Givertz MM, Stevenson LW, Semigran MJ, Goldsmith SR; NHLBI Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Low-dose dopamine or low-dose nesiritide in acute heart failure with renal dysfunction: the ROSE acute heart failure randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;310:2533-43.
De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C; SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:779-89.
Sharma K, Vaishnav J, Kalathiya R, Hu JR, Miller J, Shah N, et al.; Osler Medical Housestaff. Randomized evaluation of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction patients with acute heart failure and dopamine: the ROPA-DOP trial. JACC. Heart Fail. 2018;6:859-70.
Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ, Ivanhoe RJ, DiBianco R, Zeldis SM, et al. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1468-75.
Felker GM, Benza RL, Chandler AB, Leimberger JD, Cuffe MS, Califf RM; et al.; OPTIME-CHF Investigators. Heart failure etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated heart failure: results from the OPTIME-CHF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:997-1003.
Metra M, Eichhorn E, Abraham WT, Linseman J, Böhm M, Corbalan R, et al.; ESSENTIAL Investigators. Effects of low-dose oral enoximone administration on mortality, morbidity, and exercise capacity in patients with advanced heart failure: the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group ESSENTIAL trials. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:3015-26.
Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M, Cohen-Solal A, Kleber FX, Pocock SJ, et al.; SURVIVE Investigators. Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE randomized trial. JAMA. 2007;297:1883-91.
Altenberger J, Gustafsson F, Harjola VP, Karason K, Kindgen-Milles D, Kivikko M, et al. Levosimendan in acute and advanced heart failure: an appraisal of the clinical database and evaluation of its therapeutic applications. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2018;71:129-36.
García-González MJ, Aldea Perona A, Lara Padron A, Morales Rull JL, Martínez-Sellés M, de Mora Martin M, et al. Efficacy and safety of intermittent repeated levosimendan infusions in advanced heart failure patients: the LAICA study. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8:4820-31.
Pölzl G, Allipour Birgani S, Comín-Colet J, Delgado JF, Fedele F, García-Gonzáles MJ, et al. Repetitive levosimendan infusions for patients with advanced chronic heart failure in the vulnerable post-discharge period. ESC Heart Fail. 2019;6:174-81.
Metra M, Pagnesi M, Claggett BL, Díaz R, Felker GM, McMurray JJV, et al. Effects of omecamtiv mecarbil in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction according to blood pressure: the GALACTIC-HF trial. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:5006-16.
Felker GM, Solomon SD, Claggett B, Diaz R, McMurray JJV, Metra M, et al. Assessment of omecamtiv mecarbil for the treatment of patients with severe heart failure: a post hoc analysis of data from the GALACTIC-HF randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7:26-34.
Lewis GD, Voors AA, Cohen-Solal A, Metra M, Whellan DJ, Ezekowitz JA, et al. Effect of omecamtiv mecarbil on exercise capacity in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the METEORIC-HF randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022;328:259-69.
Damman K, van Deursen VM, Navis G, Voors AA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL. Increased central venous pressure is associated with impaired renal function and mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:582-8.
Deis T, Balling L, Boesgaard S, Rossing K, Schou M, Oturai P, et al. Relation between invasive hemodynamics and measured glomerular filtration rate by 51Cr-EDTA clearance in advanced heart failure. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2019;79:194-201.
Agricola E, Marini C, Stella S, Monello A, Fisicaro A, Tufaro V, et al. Effects of functional tricuspid regurgitation on renal function and long-term prognosis in patients with heart failure. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2017;18:60-8.
Lannemyr L, Bragadottir G, Redfors B, Ricksten SE. Effects of milrinone on renal perfusion, filtration and oxygenation in patients with acute heart failure and low cardiac output early after cardiac surgery. J Crit Care. 2020;57:225-30.
Fedele F, Bruno N, Brasolin B, Caira C, D'Ambrosi A, Mancone M. Levosimendan improves renal function in acute decompensated heart failure: possible underlying mechanisms. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:281-8.
Lannemyr L, Ricksten SE, Rundqvist B, Andersson B, Bartfay SE, Ljungman C, et al. Differential effects of levosimendan and dobutamine on glomerular filtration rate in patients with heart failure and renal impairment: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e008455.
Potapov EV, Antonides C, Crespo-Leiro MG, Combes A, Färber G, Hannan MM, et al. 2019 EACTS expert consensus on long-term mechanical circulatory support. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;56:230-70.
Vishram-Nielsen JKK, Deis T, Balling L, Sabbah M, Boesgaard S, Rossing K, et al. Relationship between invasive hemodynamics and liver function in advanced heart failure. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2019;53:235-46.
Ter Maaten JM, Dauw J, Martens P, Somers F, Damman K, Metalidis C, et al. The effect of decongestion on intrarenal venous flow patterns in patients with acute heart failure. J Card Fail. 2021;27:29-34.
Mehra MR, Canter CE, Hannan MM, Semigran MJ, Uber PA, Baran DA, et al.; International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Infectious Diseases, Pediatric and Heart Failure and Transplantation Councils. The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation listing criteria for heart transplantation: a 10-year update. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35:1-23.
Gustafsson F, Shaw S, Lavee J, Saeed D, Pya Y, Krabatsch T, et al. Six-month outcomes after treatment of advanced heart failure with a full magnetically levitated continuous flow left ventricular assist device: report from the ELEVATE registry. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3454-60.
Theiss HD, Grabmaier U, Kreissl N, Hagl C, Steinbeck G, Sodian R, et al. Preconditioning with levosimendan before implantation of left ventricular assist devices. Artif Organs. 2014;38:231-4.
Khush KK, Hsich E, Potena L, Cherikh WS, Chambers DC, Harhay MO, et al.; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-eighth adult heart transplantation report - 2021; Focus on recipient characteristics. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2021;40:1035-49.
Hashim T, Sanam K, Revilla-Martinez M, Morgan CJ, Tallaj JA, Pamboukian SV, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of intravenous inotropic therapy in advanced heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2015;8:880-6.
Mann DL, Givertz MM, Vader JM, Starling RC, Shah P, McNulty SE, et al.; LIFE Investigators. Effect of treatment with sacubitril/valsartan in patients with advanced heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7:17-25.
Vader JM, Givertz MM, Starling RC, McNulty SE, Anstrom KJ, Desvigne-Nickens P; LIFE Investigators. Tolerability of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with advanced heart failure: analysis of the LIFE trial run-in. JACC Heart Fail. 2022;10:449-56.
Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Filippatos GS, Cleland JG, Salon JE, Thakkar R, et al. Levosimendan vs. dobutamine: outcomes for acute heart failure patients on beta-blockers in SURVIVE. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:304-11.
Constantinescu AA, Caliskan K, Manintveld OC, van Domburg R, Jewbali L, Balk AHMM. Weaning from inotropic support and concomitant beta-blocker therapy in severely ill heart failure patients: take the time in order to improve prognosis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16:435-43.
Teerlink JR, Diaz R, Felker GM, McMurray JJV, Metra M, Solomon SD, et al.; GALACTIC-HF Investigators. Effect of ejection fraction on clinical outcomes in patients treated with omecamtiv mecarbil in GALACTIC-HF. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78:97-108.
Ameri P, Bertero E, Maack C, Teerlink JR, Rosano G, Metra M. Medical treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the dawn of a new era of personalized treatment? Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2021;7:539-46.
Hernandez GA, Lemor A, Blumer V, Rueda CA, Zalawadiya S, Stevenson LW, et al. Trends in utilization and outcomes of pulmonary artery catheterization in heart failure with and without cardiogenic shock. J Card Fail. 2019;25:364-71.
Farmakis D, Agostoni P, Baholli L, Bautin A, Comin-Colet J, Crespo-Leiro MG, et al. A pragmatic approach to the use of inotropes for the management of acute and advanced heart failure: an expert panel consensus. Int J Cardiol. 2019;297:83-90.
Pölzl G, Altenberger J, Baholli L, Beltrán P, Borbély A, Comin-Colet J, et al. Repetitive use of levosimendan in advanced heart failure: need for stronger evidence in a field in dire need of a useful therapy. Int J Cardiol. 2017;243:389-95.
Girerd N, Mewton N, Tartière JM, Guijarro D, Jourdain P, Damy T, et al.; a panel of multidisciplinary experts and the Heart Failure Working Group of the French Society of Cardiology. Practical outpatient management of worsening chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24:750-61.
Martens P, Vercammen J, Ceyssens W, Jacobs L, Luwel E, Van Aerde H, et al. Effects of intravenous home dobutamine in palliative end-stage heart failure on quality of life, heart failure hospitalization, and cost expenditure. ESC Heart Fail. 2018;5:562-9.
Assad-Kottner C, Chen D, Jahanyar J, Cordova F, Summers N, Loebe M, et al. The use of continuous milrinone therapy as bridge to transplant is safe in patients with short waiting times. J Card Fail. 2008;14:839-43.
Harhash AA, Cassuto J, Hussein A, Achu E, Zucker MJ, Goldschmidt M, et al. Safety of outpatient milrinone infusion in end-stage heart failure: ICD-level data on atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am J Med. 2020;133:857-64.
Silva EVC, Ochiai ME, Vieira KRN, Pereira Barretto AC. The use of peripherally inserted central catheter reduced the incidence of phlebitis in heart failure patients: a randomized trial. J Vasc Access. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/11297298211059650
Rao A, Anderson KM, Mohammed S, Hofmeyer M, Gholami SS, Sheikh FH, et al. Chronic intravenous inotropic support as palliative therapy and bridge therapy for patients with advanced heart failure: a single-center experience. J Card Fail. 2021;27:974-80.
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:e263-421.
Nizamic T, Murad MH, Allen LA, McIlvennan CK, Wordingham SE, Matlock DD, et al. Ambulatory inotrope infusions in advanced heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6:757-67.
Houttekier D, Cohen J, Van den Block L, Bossuyt N, Deliens L. Involvement of palliative care services strongly predicts place of death in Belgium. J Palliat Med. 2010;13:1461-8.
Taitel M, Meaux N, Pegus C, Valerian C, Kirkham H. Place of death among patients with terminal heart failure in a continuous inotropic infusion program. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2012;29:249-53.
Smith R. A good death. An important aim for health services and for us all. BMJ. 2000;320:129-30.
Jordan L, Russell D, Baik D, Dooley F, Masterson Creber RM. The development and implementation of a cardiac home hospice program: results of a RE-AIM analysis. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2020;37:925-35.
Metzger M, Norton SA, Quinn JR, Gramling R. ‘That don't work for me’: Patients' and family members' perspectives on palliative care and hospice in late-stage heart failure. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2013;15:177-82.
Jaarsma T, Beattie JM, Ryder M, Rutten FH, McDonagh T, Mohacsi P, et al.; Advanced Heart Failure Study Group of the HFA of the ESC. Palliative care in heart failure: a position statement from the palliative care workshop of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:433-43.