Potential genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in insomnia: A systematic review.
epigenetic
genetic
genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
heritability
insomnia
Journal
Journal of sleep research
ISSN: 1365-2869
Titre abrégé: J Sleep Res
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9214441
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Dec 2023
Dec 2023
Historique:
revised:
14
02
2023
received:
13
01
2023
accepted:
17
02
2023
medline:
30
11
2023
pubmed:
15
3
2023
entrez:
14
3
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Insomnia is a stress-related sleep disorder conceptualised within a diathesis-stress framework, which it is thought to result from predisposing factors interacting with precipitating stressful events that trigger the development of insomnia. Among predisposing factors genetics and epigenetics may play a role. A systematic review of the current evidence for the genetic and epigenetic basis of insomnia was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) system. A total of 24 studies were collected for twins and family heritability, 55 for genome-wide association studies, 26 about candidate genes for insomnia, and eight for epigenetics. Data showed that insomnia is a complex polygenic stress-related disorder, and it is likely to be caused by a synergy of genetic and environmental factors, with stress-related sleep reactivity being the important trait. Even if few studies have been conducted to date on insomnia, epigenetics may be the framework to understand long-lasting consequences of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors and effects of stress on the brain in insomnia. Interestingly, polygenic risk for insomnia has been causally linked to different mental and medical disorders. Probably, by treating insomnia it would be possible to intervene on the effect of stress on the brain and prevent some medical and mental conditions.
Types de publication
Systematic Review
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e13868Informations de copyright
© 2023 European Sleep Research Society.
Références
Amin, N., Allebrandt, K. V., van der Spek, A., Müller-Myhsok, B., Hek, K., Teder-Laving, M., Hayward, C., Esko, T., van Mill, J. G., Mbarek, H., Watson, N. F., Melville, S. A., Del Greco, F. M., Byrne, E. M., Oole, E., Kolcic, I., Chen, T.-H., Evans, D. S., Coresh, J., … van Duijn, C. M. (2016). Genetic variants in RBFOX3 are associated with sleep latency. European Journal of Human Genetics: EJHG, 24(10), 1488-1495. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2016.31
Ämmälä, A.-J., Urrila, A.-S., Lahtinen, A., Santangeli, O., Hakkarainen, A., Kantojärvi, K., Castaneda, A. E., Lundbom, N., Marttunen, M., & Paunio, T. (2019). Epigenetic dysregulation of genes related to synaptic long-term depression among adolescents with depressive disorder and sleep symptoms. Sleep Medicine, 61, 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.050
An, Y.-C., Tsai, C.-L., Liang, C.-S., Lin, Y.-K., Lin, G.-Y., Tsai, C.-K., Liu, Y., Chen, S.-J., Tsai, S.-H., Hung, K.-S., & Yang, F.-C. (2022). Identification of novel genetic variants associated with insomnia and migraine comorbidity. Nature and Science of Sleep, 14, 1075-1087. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S365988
Anderson, M. R., Akeeb, A., Lavela, J., Chen, Y., & Mellman, T. A. (2017). Period 3 gene polymorphism and sleep adaptation to stressful urban environments. Journal of Sleep Research, 26(1), 115-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12451
Ban, H.-J., Kim, S. C., Seo, J., Kang, H.-B., & Choi, J. K. (2011). Genetic and metabolic characterization of insomnia. PLoS One, 6(4), e18455. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018455
Bao, W., Qi, L., Bao, Y., Wang, S., & Li, W. (2022). Alleviating insomnia should decrease the risk of irritable bowel syndrome: Evidence from Mendelian randomization. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 900788. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.900788
Baranova, A., Cao, H., & Zhang, F. (2022). Shared genetic liability and causal effects between major depressive disorder and insomnia. Human Molecular Genetics, 31(8), 1336-1345. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddab328
Barclay, N. L., Gehrman, P. R., Gregory, A. M., Eaves, L. J., & Silberg, J. L. (2015). The heritability of insomnia progression during childhood/adolescence: Results from a longitudinal twin study. Sleep, 38(1), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4334
Barclay, N. L., Kocevska, D., Bramer, W. M., Van Someren, E. J. W., & Gehrman, P. (2021). The heritability of insomnia: A meta-analysis of twin studies. Genes, Brain, and Behavior, 20(4), e12717. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12717
Bastien, C. H., & Morin, C. M. (2000). Familial incidence of insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research, 9(1), 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00182.x
Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., LeBlanc, M., Mérette, C., Dauvilliers, Y., & Morin, C. M. (2007). Family history of insomnia in a population-based sample. Sleep, 30(12), 1739-1745. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.12.1739
Bojar, I., Raczkiewicz, D., Gujski, M., Humeniuk, E., Wdowiak, A., Owoc, A., & Pinkas, J. (2022). Oestrogen receptor α gene polymorphisms, insomnia, and cognitive functions in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in non-manual employment. Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 18(5), 1318-1328. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2020.94977
Boomsma, D. I., van Someren, E. J. W., Beem, A. L., de Geus, E. J. C., & Willemsen, G. (2008). Sleep during a regular week night: A twin-sibling study. Twin Research and Human Genetics: The Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies, 11(5), 538-545. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.11.5.538
Bragantini, D., Sivertsen, B., Gehrman, P., Lydersen, S., & Güzey, I. C. (2019a). Variations in circadian genes and individual nocturnal symptoms of insomnia. The HUNT study. Chronobiology International, 36(5), 681-688. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2019.1582540
Bragantini, D., Sivertsen, B., Gehrman, P., Lydersen, S., & Güzey, I. C. (2019b). Genetic polymorphisms associated with sleep-related phenotypes; relationships with individual nocturnal symptoms of insomnia in the HUNT study. BMC Medical Genetics, 20(1), 179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12881-019-0916-6
Broberg, M., Karjalainen, J., FinnGen, & Ollila, H. M. (2021). Mendelian randomization highlights insomnia as a risk factor for pain diagnoses. Sleep, 44(7), zsab025. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab025
Brower, K. J., Wojnar, M., Sliwerska, E., Armitage, R., & Burmeister, M. (2012). PER3 polymorphism and insomnia severity in alcohol dependence. Sleep, 35(4), 571-577. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1748
Buhr, A., Bianchi, M. T., Baur, R., Courtet, P., Pignay, V., Boulenger, J. P., Gallati, S., Hinkle, D. J., Macdonald, R. L., & Sigel, E. (2002). Functional characterization of the new human GABA(A) receptor mutation beta3(R192H). Human Genetics, 111(2), 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-002-0766-7
Byrne, E. M., Gehrman, P. R., Medland, S. E., Nyholt, D. R., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., Hickie, I. B., Van Duijn, C. M., Henders, A. K., Montgomery, G. W., Martin, N. G., Wray, N. R., & Chronogen Consortium. (2013). A genome-wide association study of sleep habits and insomnia. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics: The Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 162B(5), 439-451. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32168
Cai, L., Bao, Y., Fu, X., Cao, H., Baranova, A., Zhang, X., Sun, J., & Zhang, F. (2021). Causal links between major depressive disorder and insomnia: A Mendelian randomisation study. Gene, 768, 145271.
Carpena, M. X., Bonilla, C., Matijasevich, A., Martins-Silva, T., Genro, J. P., Hutz, M. H., Rohde, L. A., & Tovo-Rodrigues, L. (2021). Sleep-related traits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity: Shared genetic risk factors, molecular mechanisms, and causal effects. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry: The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 22(10), 778-791. https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2021.1907719
Cedernaes, J., Schönke, M., Westholm, J. O., Mi, J., Chibalin, A., Voisin, S., Osler, M., Vogel, H., Hörnaeus, K., Dickson, S. L., Lind, S. B., Bergquist, J., Schiöth, H. B., Zierath, J. R., & Benedict, C. (2018). Acute sleep loss results in tissue-specific alterations in genome-wide DNA methylation state and metabolic fuel utilization in humans. Science Advances, 4(8), eaar8590.
Chu, S., Wu, Z., Wu, Z., Wu, J., & Qian, Y. (2021). Association between insomnia and migraine risk: A case-control and bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, 14, 971-976. https://doi.org/10.2147/PGPM.S305780
Cortese, R. (2021). Epigenetics of sleep disorders: An emerging field in diagnosis and therapeutics. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 11(5), 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11050851
Costemale-Lacoste, J.-F., Colle, R., Martin, S., Asmar, K. E., Loeb, E., Feve, B., Verstuyft, C., Trabado, S., Ferreri, F., Haffen, E., Polosan, M., Becquemont, L., & Corruble, E. (2018). Glycogen synthase kinase-3β genetic polymorphisms and insomnia in depressed patients: A prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 240, 230-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.062
Dauvilliers, Y., Morin, C., Cervena, K., Carlander, B., Touchon, J., Besset, A., & Billiard, M. (2005). Family studies in insomnia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(3), 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.08.012
de Castro, J. M. (2002). The influence of heredity on self-reported sleep patterns in free-living humans. Physiology & Behavior, 76(4-5), 479-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00699-6
Deuschle, M., Schredl, M., Schilling, C., Wüst, S., Frank, J., Witt, S. H., Rietschel, M., Buckert, M., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Schulze, T. G. (2010). Association between a serotonin transporter length polymorphism and primary insomnia. Sleep, 33(3), 343-347. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.3.343
Ding, M., Li, P., Wen, Y., Zhao, Y., Cheng, B., Zhang, L., Ma, M., Cheng, S., Liu, L., Du, Y., Liang, X., He, A., Guo, X., & Zhang, F. (2018). Integrative analysis of genome-wide association study and brain region related enhancer maps identifies biological pathways for insomnia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 86, 180-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.05.026
Drake, C., Richardson, G., Roehrs, T., Scofield, H., & Roth, T. (2004). Vulnerability to stress-related sleep disturbance and hyperarousal. Sleep, 27(2), 285-291. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.2.285
Drake, C. L., Friedman, N. P., Wright, K. P., & Roth, T. (2011). Sleep reactivity and insomnia: Genetic and environmental influences. Sleep, 34(9), 1179-1188. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1234
Du, L., Bakish, D., Ravindran, A., & Hrdina, P. D. (2004). MAO-A gene polymorphisms are associated with major depression and sleep disturbance in males. Neuroreport, 15(13), 2097-2101. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200409150-00020
Dupont, C., Armant, D. R., & Brenner, C. A. (2009). Epigenetics: Definition, mechanisms and clinical perspective. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 27(5), 351-357. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237423
El Gewely, M., Welman, M., Xiong, L., Yin, S., Catoire, H., Rouleau, G., Montplaisir, J. Y., Desautels, A., & Warby, S. C. (2018). Reassessing GWAS findings for the shared genetic basis of insomnia and restless legs syndrome. Sleep, 41(11). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy164
Emeklİ, R., İsmaİloğullari, S., Bayram, A., Akalin, H., Tuncel, G., & Dündar, M. (2020). Comparing expression levels of PERIOD genes PER1, PER2 and PER3 in chronic insomnia patients and medical staff working in the night shift. Sleep Medicine, 73, 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.04.027
Fang, H., Tu, S., Sheng, J., & Shao, A. (2019). Depression in sleep disturbance: A review on a bidirectional relationship, mechanisms and treatment. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 23(4), 2324-2332. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14170
Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Shaffer, M. L., Olavarrieta-Bernardino, S., Vgontzas, A. N., Calhoun, S. L., Bixler, E. O., & Vela-Bueno, A. (2014). Cognitive-emotional hyperarousal in the offspring of parents vulnerable to insomnia: A nuclear family study. Journal of Sleep Research, 23(5), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12168
Firouzabadi, N., Navabzadeh, N., Moghimi-Sarani, E., & Haghnegahdar, M. (2020). Orexin/Hypocretin type 2 receptor (HCRTR2) gene as a candidate gene in sertraline-associated insomnia in depressed patients. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 1121-1128. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S250141
Gaine, M. E., Chatterjee, S., & Abel, T. (2018). Sleep deprivation and the epigenome. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 12, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2018.00014
Gao, R.-C., Sang, N., Jia, C.-Z., Zhang, M.-Y., Li, B.-H., Wei, M., & Wu, G.-C. (2022). Association between sleep traits and rheumatoid arthritis: A Mendelian randomization study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 940161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.940161
Gao, X., Meng, L.-X., Ma, K.-L., Liang, J., Wang, H., Gao, Q., & Wang, T. (2019). The bidirectional causal relationships of insomnia with five major psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization study. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 60, 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.05.004
Gao, X., Sun, H., Zhang, Y., Liu, L., Wang, J., & Wang, T. (2020). Investigating causal relations between sleep-related traits and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A Mendelian randomization study. Frontiers in Genetics, 11, 607865. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.607865
Gehrman, P. R., Meltzer, L. J., Moore, M., Pack, A. I., Perlis, M. L., Eaves, L. J., & Silberg, J. L. (2011). Heritability of insomnia symptoms in youth and their relationship to depression and anxiety. Sleep, 34(12), 1641-1646. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1424
Gehrman, P. R., Pfeiffenberger, C., & Byrne, E. (2013). The role of genes in the insomnia phenotype. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 8(3), 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2013.04.005
Gregory, A. M. (2008). A genetic decomposition of the association between parasomnias and dyssomnias in 8-year-old twins. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(4), 299-304. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.162.4.299
Gregory, A. M., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Eley, T. C. (2006). A twin-study of sleep difficulties in school-aged children. Child Development, 77(6), 1668-1679. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00966.x
Gregory, A. M., Rijsdijk, F. V., Eley, T. C., Buysse, D. J., Schneider, M. N., Parsons, M., & Barclay, N. L. (2016). A longitudinal twin and sibling study of associations between insomnia and depression symptoms in young adults. Sleep, 39(11), 1985-1992. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.6228
Gutiérrez-Amavizca, B. E., Montes, P., de Oca, E., Gutiérrez-Amavizca, J. P., Castro, O. D., Ruíz-Marquez, C. H., Perez Conde-Andreu, K., Pérez Calderón, R., Aguirre Ramírez, M., & Pérez-León, J. A. (2021). Association of P10L polymorphism in Melanopsin gene with chronic insomnia in Mexicans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020571
Hammerschlag, A. R., Stringer, S., de Leeuw, C. A., Sniekers, S., Taskesen, E., Watanabe, K., Blanken, T. F., Dekker, K., Te Lindert, B. H. W., Wassing, R., Jonsdottir, I., Thorleifsson, G., Stefansson, H., Gislason, T., Berger, K., Schormair, B., Wellmann, J., Winkelmann, J., Stefansson, K., … Posthuma, D. (2017). Genome-wide association analysis of insomnia complaints identifies risk genes and genetic overlap with psychiatric and metabolic traits. Nature Genetics, 49(11), 1584-1592. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3888
Harvey, C.-J., Gehrman, P., & Espie, C. A. (2014). Who is predisposed to insomnia: A review of familial aggregation, stress-reactivity, personality and coping style. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(3), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2013.11.004
He, D., Meng, P., Li, C., Jia, Y., Wen, Y., Pan, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Zhao, Y., Qin, X., Cai, Q., Wei, W., Shi, S., Chu, X., Zhang, N., & Zhang, F. (2022). Association between telomere length and insomnia: A mendelian randomization and colocalization study. Sleep Medicine, 100, 304-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2022.09.002
Heath, A. C., Kendler, K. S., Eaves, L. J., & Martin, N. G. (1990). Evidence for genetic influences on sleep disturbance and sleep pattern in twins. Sleep, 13(4), 318-335. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/13.4.318
Heils, A., Teufel, A., Petri, S., Stöber, G., Riederer, P., Bengel, D., & Lesch, K. P. (1996). Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. Journal of Neurochemistry, 66(6), 2621-2624. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66062621.x
Hertenstein, E., Feige, B., Gmeiner, T., Kienzler, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Johann, A., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Palagini, L., Rücker, G., Riemann, D., & Baglioni, C. (2019). Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 43, 96-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.006
Huang, H., Zhu, Y., Eliot, M. N., Knopik, V. S., McGeary, J. E., Carskadon, M. A., & Hart, A. C. (2017). Combining human epigenetics and sleep studies in Caenorhabditis elegans: A cross-species approach for finding conserved genes regulating sleep. Sleep, 40(6), zsx063. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx063
Huang, P., Zou, Y., Zhang, X., Ye, X., Wang, Y., Yu, R., & Yang, S. (2021). The causal effects of insomnia on bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Frontiers in Genetics, 12, 763259.
Hublin, C., Kaprio, J., Partinen, M., & Koskenvuo, M. (2001). Insufficient sleep-A population-based study in adults. Sleep, 24(4), 392-400. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/24.4.392
Hublin, C., Partinen, M., Koskenvuo, M., & Kaprio, J. (2011). Heritability and mortality risk of insomnia-related symptoms: A genetic epidemiologic study in a population-based twin cohort. Sleep, 34(7), 957-964. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1136
Hui, P., Yang, J., Wang, J., Zhao, L., Wang, X., Su, X., Wang, J., Ma, W., Fan, J., Chen, W., Zhao, Y., Guo, B., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., Zheng, N., Zhou, L., & Xie, Y. (2021). Association between 5-hydroxytryptamine gene polymorphism rs140700 and primary insomnia in Chinese population. Internal Medicine Journal, 51(5), 732-738. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.14813
Huo, Z., Ge, F., Li, C., Cheng, H., Lu, Y., Wang, R., Wen, Y., Yue, K., Pan, Z., Peng, H., Wu, X., Liang, H., He, J., & Liang, W. (2021). Genetically predicted insomnia and lung cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization study. Sleep Medicine, 87, 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.044
Hur, Y.-M., Burri, A., & Spector, T. D. (2012). The genetic and environmental structure of the covariation among the symptoms of insomnia, fatigue, and depression in adult females. Twin Research and Human Genetics: The Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies, 15(6), 720-726. https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2012.60
Jansen, E. C., Dolinoy, D. C., O'Brien, L. M., Peterson, K. E., Chervin, R. D., Banker, M., Téllez-Rojo, M. M., Cantoral, A., Mercado-Garcia, A., Sanchez, B., & Goodrich, J. M. (2019). Sleep duration and fragmentation in relation to leukocyte DNA methylation in adolescents. Sleep, 42(9), zsz121. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz121
Jansen, P. R., Watanabe, K., Stringer, S., Skene, N., Bryois, J., Hammerschlag, A. R., De Leeuw, C. A., Benjamins, J. S., Muñoz-Manchado, A. B., Nagel, M., Savage, J. E., Tiemeier, H., White, T., 23andMe Research Team, Tung, J. Y., Hinds, D. A., Vacic, V., Wang, X., Sullivan, P. F., … Posthuma, D. (2019). Genome-wide analysis of insomnia in 1,331,010 individuals identifies new risk loci and functional pathways. Nature Genetics, 51(3), 394-403. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0333-3
Javaheri, S., & Redline, S. (2017). Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease. Chest, 152(2), 435-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2017.01.026
Jia, Y., Guo, D., Sun, L., Shi, M., Zhang, K., Yang, P., Zang, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, F., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, Z. (2022). Self-reported daytime napping, daytime sleepiness, and other sleep phenotypes in the development of cardiometabolic diseases: A Mendelian randomization study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 29(15), 1982-1991. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwac123
Kalmbach, D. A., Anderson, J. R., & Drake, C. L. (2018). The impact of stress on sleep: Pathogenic sleep reactivity as a vulnerability to insomnia and circadian disorders. Journal of Sleep Research, 27(6), e12710. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12710
Kantojärvi, K., Liuhanen, J., Saarenpää-Heikkilä, O., Satomaa, A.-L., Kylliäinen, A., Pölkki, P., Jaatela, J., Toivola, A., Milani, L., Himanen, S.-L., Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Paavonen, J., & Paunio, T. (2017). Variants in calcium voltage-gated channel subunit Alpha1 C-gene (CACNA1C) are associated with sleep latency in infants. PLoS One, 12(8), e0180652. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180652
Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., & Sen, S. (2011). The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: Evidence of genetic moderation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(5), 444-454. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.189
Koopman-Verhoeff, M. E., Mulder, R. H., Saletin, J. M., Reiss, I., van der Horst, G. T. J., Felix, J. F., Carskadon, M. A., Tiemeier, H., & Cecil, C. A. M. (2020). Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns associated with sleep and mental health in children: A population-based study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 61(10), 1061-1069. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13252
Lahtinen, A., Puttonen, S., Vanttola, P., Viitasalo, K., Sulkava, S., Pervjakova, N., Joensuu, A., Salo, P., Toivola, A., Härmä, M., Milani, L., Perola, M., & Paunio, T. (2019). A distinctive DNA methylation pattern in insufficient sleep. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1193. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38009-0
Lane, J. M., Liang, J., Vlasac, I., Anderson, S. G., Bechtold, D. A., Bowden, J., et al. (2017). Genome-wide association analyses of sleep disturbance traits identify new loci and highlight shared genetics with neuropsychiatric and metabolic traits. Nature Genetics, 49(2), 274-281.
Lane, J. M., Jones, S. E., Dashti, H. S., Wood, A. R., Aragam, K. G., Van Hees, V. T., Strand, L. B., Winsvold, B. S., Wang, H., Bowden, J., Song, Y., Patel, K., Anderson, S. G., Beaumont, R. N., Bechtold, D. A., Cade, B. E., Haas, M., Kathiresan, S., Little, M. A., … Saxena, R. (2019). Biological and clinical insights from genetics of insomnia symptoms. Nature genetics, 51(3), 387-393.
Lewis, K. J. S., Richards, A., Karlsson, R., Leonenko, G., Jones, S. E., Jones, H. J., Gordon-Smith, K., Forty, L., Escott-Price, V., Owen, M. J., Weedon, M. N., Jones, L., Craddock, N., Jones, I., Landén, M., O'Donovan, M. C., & Di Florio, A. (2020). Comparison of genetic liability for sleep traits among individuals with bipolar disorder I or II and control participants. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(3), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4079
Li, J., Huang, C., Lan, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015). A cross-sectional study on the relationships among the polymorphism of period2 gene, work stress, and insomnia. Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 19(4), 1399-1406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-015-1229-4
Li, T., Xie, Y., Tao, S., Zou, L., Yang, Y., Mou, X., Wang, M., Zhou, P., Tao, F., & Wu, X. (2023). Moderating effects of PER3 gene DNA methylation on the association of sleep quality with mental health in Chinese young adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 323, 716-722.
Lin, Y.-S., Wang, C.-C., & Chen, C.-Y. (2021). GWAS meta-analysis reveals shared genes and biological pathways between major depressive disorder and insomnia. Genes, 12(10), 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12101506
Lind, M. J., Aggen, S. H., Kirkpatrick, R. M., Kendler, K. S., & Amstadter, A. B. (2015). A longitudinal twin study of insomnia symptoms in adults. Sleep, 38(9), 1423-1430. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4982
Lind, M. J., & Gehrman, P. R. (2016). Genetic Pathways to Insomnia. Brain Sciences, 6(4), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci6040064
Liu, C., & Chung, M. (2015). Genetics and epigenetics of circadian rhythms and their potential roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroscience Bulletin, 31(1), 141-159.
Liu, J., Richmond, R. C., Bowden, J., Barry, C., Dashti, H. S., Daghlas, I., Lane, J. M., Jones, S. E., Wood, A. R., Frayling, T. M., Wright, A. K., Carr, M. J., Anderson, S. G., Emsley, R. A., Ray, D. W., Weedon, M. N., Saxena, R., Lawlor, D. A., & Rutter, M. K. (2022). Assessing the causal role of sleep traits on glycated Hemoglobin: A Mendelian randomization study. Diabetes Care, 45(4), 772-781. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0089
Liu, K., Zhu, L., Yu, M., Liang, X., Zhang, J., Tan, Y., Huang, C., He, W., Lei, W., Chen, J., Gu, X., & Xiang, B. (2020). A combined analysis of genetically correlated traits identifies genes and brain regions for insomnia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 65(12), 874-884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720940547
Liu, X., Li, C., Sun, X., Yu, Y., Si, S., Hou, L., Yan, R., Yu, Y., Li, M., Li, H., & Xue, F. (2021). Genetically predicted insomnia in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions and 17 Cardiometabolic risk factors: A Mendelian randomization study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(15), e020187. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.020187
Lo Martire, V., Caruso, D., Palagini, L., Zoccoli, G., & Bastianini, S. (2020). Stress & sleep: A relationship lasting a lifetime. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 117, 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.024
Ma, T., Chen, H., Lu, Q., & Tong, X. (2021). Polygenic risk for insomnia in adolescents of diverse ancestry. Frontiers in Genetics, 12, 654717. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.654717
Madrid-Valero, J. J., Ronald, A., Shakeshaft, N., Schofield, K., Malanchini, M., & Gregory, A. M. (2020). Sleep quality, insomnia, and internalizing difficulties in adolescents: Insights from a twin study. Sleep, 43(2), zsz229. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz229
Madrid-Valero, J. J., Rubio-Aparicio, M., Gregory, A. M., Sánchez-Meca, J., & Ordoñana, J. R. (2021). The heritability of insomnia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of twin studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 58, 101437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101437
McCarren, M., Goldberg, J., Ramakrishnan, V., & Fabsitz, R. (1994). Insomnia in Vietnam era veteran twins: Influence of genes and combat experience. Sleep, 17(5), 456-461. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/17.5.456
McEwen, B. S. (2016). In pursuit of resilience: Stress, epigenetics, and brain plasticity. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences, 1373(1), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13020
McEwen, B. S. (2017). Allostasis and the epigenetics of brain and body health over the life course: The brain on stress. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(6), 551-552. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0270
Mei, F., Wu, Y., & Wu, J. (2018). The relationship between tryptophan Hydroxylase-2 gene with primary insomnia and depressive symptoms in the Han Chinese population. Balkan Medical Journal, 35(6), 412-416. https://doi.org/10.4274/balkanmedj.2017.1406
Melhuish Beaupre, L. M., Tiwari, A. K., Gonçalves, V. F., Zai, C. C., Marshe, V. S., Lewis, C. M., Martin, N. G., McIntosh, A. M., Adams, M. J., Baune, B. T., Levinson, D. F., Boomsma, D. I., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Breen, G., Hamilton, S., Awasthi, S., Ripke, S., Jones, L., Jones, I., … Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. (2021). Potential genetic overlap between insomnia and sleep symptoms in major depressive disorder: a polygenic risk score analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 734077.
Mithani, S., Yun, S., Leete, J. J., Guedes, V. A., Fink, A. M., Pattinson, C. L., Kim, H.-S., Weljie, A., Gill, J. M., & Gehrman, P. (2021). Whole blood transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing in individuals with insomnia disorder and good sleepers: A pilot study. Sleep Medicine, 80, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.013
Nakahara, K., Michikawa, T., Morokuma, S., Ogawa, M., Kato, K., Sanefuji, M., Shibata, E., Tsuji, M., Shimono, M., Kawamoto, T., Ohga, S., Kusuhara, K., & Japan Environment and Children's Study Group. (2021). Association of maternal sleep before and during pregnancy with sleep and developmental problems in 1-year-old infants. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 11834. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91271-7
Nassan, M., Daghlas, I., Winkelman, J. W., Dashti, H. S., International Suicide Genetics Consortium, & Saxena, R. (2022). Genetic evidence for a potential causal relationship between insomnia symptoms and suicidal behavior: A Mendelian randomization study. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(9), 1672-1679. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01319-z
Nilsson, E. K., Boström, A. E., Mwinyi, J., & Schiöth, H. B. (2016). Epigenomics of Total acute sleep deprivation in relation to genome-wide DNA methylation profiles and RNA expression. Omics: A Journal of Integrative Biology, 20(6), 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2016.0041
O'Connell, K. S., Frei, O., Bahrami, S., Smeland, O. B., Bettella, F., Cheng, W., Chu, Y., Hindley, G., Lin, A., Shadrin, A., Barrett, E. A., Lagerberg, T. V., Steen, N. E., Dale, A. M., Djurovic, S., & Andreassen, O. A. (2021). Characterizing the genetic overlap between psychiatric disorders and sleep-related phenotypes. Biological Psychiatry, 90(9), 621-631.
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Palagini, L., Biber, K., & Riemann, D. (2014). The genetics of insomnia-Evidence for epigenetic mechanisms? Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(3), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2013.05.002
Palagini, L., Bramante, A., Baglioni, C., Tang, N., Grassi, L., Altena, E., Johann, A. F., Geoffroy, P. A., Biggio, G., Mencacci, C., Sharma, V., & Riemann, D. (2022). Insomnia evaluation and treatment during peripartum: A joint position paper from the European Insomnia Network task force “Sleep and Women,” the Italian Marcè Society and international experts task force for perinatal mental health. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 25(3), 561-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-022-01226-8
Palagini, L., Drake, C. L., Gehrman, P., Meerlo, P., & Riemann, D. (2015). Early-life origin of adult insomnia: Does prenatal-early-life stress play a role? Sleep Medicine, 16(4), 446-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.10.013
Palagini, L., Gemignani, A., Banti, S., Manconi, M., Mauri, M., & Riemann, D. (2014). Chronic sleep loss during pregnancy as a determinant of stress: Impact on pregnancy outcome. Sleep Medicine, 15(8), 853-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.02.013
Palagini, L., Geoffroy, P. A., Balestrieri, M., Miniati, M., Biggio, G., Liguori, C., Menicucci, D., Ferini-Strambi, L., Nobili, L., Riemann, D., & Gemignani, A. (2023). Current models of insomnia disorder: a theoretical review on the potential role of the orexinergic pathway with implications for insomnia treatment. Journal of Sleep Research, e13825.
Palagini, L., Hertenstein, E., Riemann, D., & Nissen, C. (2022). Sleep, insomnia and mental health. Journal of Sleep Research, 31(4), e13628. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13628
Pallesen, S., Jacobsen, D. P., Nielsen, M. B., & Gjerstad, J. (2019). The 5-HTTLPR rs25531 LALA-genotype increases the risk of insomnia symptoms among shift workers. Sleep Medicine, 60, 224-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.04.009
Parsons, M. J., Lester, K. J., Barclay, N. L., Nolan, P. M., Eley, T. C., & Gregory, A. M. (2013). Replication of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) loci for sleep in the British G1219 cohort. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 162B(5), 431-438.
Pasman, J. A., Smit, D. J. A., Kingma, L., Vink, J. M., Treur, J. L., & Verweij, K. J. H. (2020). Causal relationships between substance use and insomnia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 214, 108151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108151
Peng, L., Jing, J., Ma, J., He, S., Gao, X., & Wang, T. (2022). Insomnia and sleep duration on COVID-19 susceptibility and hospitalization: A Mendelian randomization study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 995664. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.995664
PGC. (2016). Retrieved January 10, 2023, from. Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. https://pgc.unc.edu/
Polito, L., Davin, A., Vaccaro, R., Abbondanza, S., Govoni, S., Racchi, M., & Guaita, A. (2015). Serotonin transporter polymorphism modifies the association between depressive symptoms and sleep onset latency complaint in elderly people: Results from the “InveCe.Ab” study. Journal of Sleep Research, 24(2), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12248
Qureshi, I. A., & Mehler, M. F. (2014). Epigenetics of sleep and chronobiology. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 14(3), 432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-013-0432-6
Riemann, D., Benz, F., Dressle, R. J., Espie, C. A., Johann, A. F., Blanken, T. F., Leerssen, J., Wassing, R., Henry, A. L., Kyle, S. D., Spiegelhalder, K., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2022). Insomnia disorder: State of the science and challenges for the future. Journal of Sleep Research, 31(4), e13604. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13604
Sakurada, K., Konta, T., Takahashi, S., Murakami, N., Sato, H., Murakami, R., Watanabe, M., Ishizawa, K., Ueno, Y., Yamashita, H., & Kayama, T. (2021). Circadian clock gene polymorphisms and sleep-onset problems in a population-based cohort study: The Yamagata study. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 255(4), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.255.325
Sammallahti, S., Koopman-Verhoeff, M. E., Binter, A. C., Mulder, R. H., Cabré-Riera, A., Kvist, T., Malmberg, A. L. K., Pesce, G., Plancoulaine, S., Heiss, J. A., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Röder, S. W., Starling, A. P., Wilson, R., Guerlich, K., Haftorn, K. L., Page, C. M., Luik, A. I., Tiemeier, H., … Cecil, C. A. M. (2022). Longitudinal associations of DNA methylation and sleep in children: a meta-analysis. Clinical Epigenetics, 14(1), 83.
Sang, N., Gao, R.-C., Zhang, M.-Y., Wu, Z.-Z., Wu, Z.-G., & Wu, G.-C. (2022). Causal relationship between sleep traits and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 918749. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.918749
Saus, E., Soria, V., Escaramís, G., Vivarelli, F., Crespo, J. M., Kagerbauer, B., Menchón, J. M., Urretavizcaya, M., Gratacòs, M., & Estivill, X. (2010). Genetic variants and abnormal processing of pre-miR-182, a circadian clock modulator, in major depression patients with late insomnia. Human Molecular Genetics, 19(20), 4017-4025. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddq316
Schardt, C., Adams, M. B., Owens, T., Keitz, S., & Fontelo, P. (2007). Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 7, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-7-16
Schneider, M. N., Denis, D., Buysse, D. J., Kovas, Y., & Gregory, A. M. (2019). Associations between pre-sleep arousal and insomnia symptoms in early adulthood: A twin and sibling study. Sleep, 42(5), zsz029. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz029
Semenova, N. V., Madaeva, I. M., Bairova, T. A., Zhambalova, R. M., Sholokhov, L. F., & Kolesnikova, L. I. (2018). Association of the melatonin circadian rhythms with clock 3111T/C gene polymorphism in Caucasian and Asian menopausal women with insomnia. Chronobiology International, 35(8), 1066-1076. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2018.1456447
Semenova, N. V., Madaeva, I. M., Bairova, T. I., Ershova, O. A., Kalyuzhnaya, O. V., Korytov, L. I., & Kolesnikova, L. I. (2017). 3111T/C clock gene polymorphism in women with insomnia. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 163(4), 461-464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-017-3828-5
Serretti, A., Benedetti, F., Mandelli, L., Lorenzi, C., Pirovano, A., Colombo, C., & Smeraldi, E. (2003). Genetic dissection of psychopathological symptoms: Insomnia in mood disorders and CLOCK gene polymorphism. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics: The Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 121B(1), 35-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.20053
Serretti, A., Gaspar-Barba, E., Calati, R., Cruz-Fuentes, C. S., Gomez-Sanchez, A., Perez-Molina, A., & De Ronchi, D. (2010). 3111T/C clock gene polymorphism is not associated with sleep disturbances in untreated depressed patients. Chronobiology International, 27(2), 265-277. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420521003663785
Shamim, S. A., Warriach, Z. I., Tariq, M. A., Rana, K. F., & Malik, B. H. (2019). Insomnia: Risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Cureus, 11(10), e6004. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6004
Shu, P., Ji, L., Ping, Z., Sun, Z., & Liu, W. (2022). Association of insomnia and daytime sleepiness with low back pain: A bidirectional mendelian randomization analysis. Frontiers in Genetics, 13, 938334. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.938334
Silva, L. A. S., Amaral, M. M., Grassi, V., & Palmeira, A. L. R. (2022). Chronic insomnia disorder as risk factor for stroke: A systematic review. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 80(11), 1159-1166. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1755227
Skuladottir, G. V., Nilsson, E. K., Mwinyi, J., & Schiöth, H. B. (2016). One-night sleep deprivation induces changes in the DNA methylation and serum activity indices of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in young healthy men. Lipids in Health and Disease, 15(1), 137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0309-1
Song, W., Torous, J., Kossowsky, J., Chen, C.-Y., Huang, H., & Wright, A. (2020). Genome-wide association analysis of insomnia using data from partners biobank. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 6928. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63792-0
Spada, J., Scholz, M., Kirsten, H., Hensch, T., Horn, K., Jawinski, P., Ulke, C., Burkhardt, R., Wirkner, K., Loeffler, M., Hegerl, U., & Sander, C. (2016). Genome-wide association analysis of actigraphic sleep phenotypes in the LIFE adult study. Journal of Sleep Research, 25(6), 690-701. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12421
Stein, M. B., McCarthy, M. J., Chen, C.-Y., Jain, S., Gelernter, J., He, F., Heeringa, S. G., Kessler, R. C., Nock, M. K., Ripke, S., Sun, X., Wynn, G. H., Smoller, J. W., & Ursano, R. J. (2018). Genome-wide analysis of insomnia disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(11), 2238-2250. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0033-5
Sun, H., Zhang, J., Ma, Y., & Liu, J. (2020). Integrative genomics analysis identifies five promising genes implicated in insomnia risk based on multiple omics datasets. Bioscience Reports, 40(9), BSR20201084. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20201084
Sun, X., Liu, B., Liu, S., Wu, D. J. H., Wang, J., Qian, Y., Ye, D., & Mao, Y. (2022). Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: A bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 31, e26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796021000810
Szyf, M. (2021). Perinatal stress and epigenetics. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 180, 125-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820107-7.00008-2
Tang, S., Huang, W., Lu, S., Lu, L., Li, G., Chen, X., Liu, X., Lv, X., Zhao, Z., Duan, R., Du, Y., & Tang, J. (2017). Increased plasma orexin-A levels in patients with insomnia disorder are not associated with prepro-orexin or orexin receptor gene polymorphisms. Peptides, 88, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2016.12.008
Taylor, M. J., Gregory, A. M., Freeman, D., & Ronald, A. (2015). Do sleep disturbances and psychotic-like experiences in adolescence share genetic and environmental influences? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(3), 674-684. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000057
van Dalfsen, J. H., & Markus, C. R. (2019). The serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the risk for insomnia: A non-replication. Sleep Medicine, 53, 195-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.01.015
Van Someren, E. J. W. (2021). Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences. Physiological Reviews, 101(3), 995-1046.
Watanabe, K., Jansen, P. R., Savage, J. E., Nandakumar, P., Wang, X., 23andMe Research Team, Hinds, D. A., Gelernter, J., Levey, D. F., Polimanti, R., Stein, M. B., Van Someren, E. J. W., Smit, A. B., & Posthuma, D. (2022). Genome-wide meta-analysis of insomnia prioritizes genes associated with metabolic and psychiatric pathways. Nature Genetics, 54(8), 1125-1132. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01124-w
Watson, N. F., Goldberg, J., Arguelles, L., & Buchwald, D. (2006). Genetic and environmental influences on insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and obesity in twins. Sleep, 29(5), 645-649. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/29.5.645
Wing, Y. K., Zhang, J., Lam, S. P., Li, S. X., Tang, N. L., Lai, K. Y., & Li, A. M. (2012). Familial aggregation and heritability of insomnia in a community-based study. Sleep Medicine, 13(8), 985-990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2012.04.013
Wong, C. C. Y., Parsons, M. J., Lester, K. J., Burrage, J., Eley, T. C., Mill, J., Dempster, E. L., & Gregory, A. M. (2015). Epigenome-wide DNA methylation analysis of monozygotic twins discordant for diurnal preference. Twin Research and Human Genetics: The Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies, 18(6), 662-669. https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2015.78
Xiang, B., Liu, K., Yu, M., Liang, X., Huang, C., Zhang, J., He, W., Lei, W., Chen, J., Gu, X., & Gong, K. (2019). Systematic genetic analyses of GWAS data reveal an association between the immune system and insomnia. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 7(7), e00742. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.742
Xie, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhou, L., Zhao, L., Wang, J., Ma, W., Su, X., Hui, P., Guo, B., Liu, Y., Fan, J., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Chen, W., & Wang, J. (2020). Gene polymorphisms (rs324957, rs324981) in NPSR1 are associated with increased risk of primary insomnia: A cross-sectional study. Medicine, 99(34), e21598. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000021598
Yang, Q., Borges, M. C., Sanderson, E., Magnus, M. C., Kilpi, F., Collings, P. J., Soares, A. L., West, J., Magnus, P., Wright, J., Håberg, S. E., Tilling, K., & Lawlor, D. A. (2022). Associations between insomnia and pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: Evidence from mendelian randomization and multivariable regression analyses. PLoS Medicine, 19(9), e1004090. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004090
Zaki, N. F. W., Saleh, E., Elwasify, M., Mahmoud, E., Zaki, J., Spence, D. W., BaHammam, A. S., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2019). The association of BDNF gene polymorphism with cognitive impairment in insomnia patients. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 88, 253-264.
Zeitzer, J. M., Fisicaro, R. A., Grove, M. E., Mignot, E., Yesavage, J. A., & Friedman, L. (2011). Faster REM sleep EEG and worse restedness in older insomniacs with HLA DQB1*0602. Psychiatry Research, 187(3), 397-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.007
Zha, L.-F., Dong, J.-T., Wang, J.-L., Chen, Q.-W., Wu, J.-F., Zhou, Y.-C., Nie, S.-F., & Tu, X. (2021). Effects of insomnia on peptic ulcer disease using Mendelian randomization. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, 2216314-2216311. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2216314
Zhang, J., Li, A. M., Kong, A. P. S., Lai, K. Y. C., Tang, N. L. S., & Wing, Y. K. (2009). A community-based study of insomnia in Hong Kong Chinese children: Prevalence, risk factors and familial aggregation. Sleep Medicine, 10(9), 1040-1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2009.01.008
Zhang, Y., Elgart, M., Granot-Hershkovitz, E., Wang, H., Tarraf, W., Ramos, A. R., Stickel, A. M., Zeng, D., Garcia, T. P., Testai, F. D., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Isasi, C. R., Daviglus, M. L., Kaplan, R., Fornage, M., DeCarli, C., Redline, S., González, H. M., & Sofer, T. (2022). Genetic associations between sleep traits and cognitive ageing outcomes in the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos. eBioMedicine, 87, 104393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104393
Zheng, H., Sun, J., Pang, T., Liu, J., Lu, L., & Chang, S. (2022). Identify novel, shared and disorder-specific genetic architecture of major depressive disorder, insomnia and chronic pain. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 155, 511-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.036
Zheng, Q., Ma, Y., Chen, S., Che, Q., Zhou, Z., & Chen, D. (2020). Identification of genetic loci jointly influencing coronary artery disease risk and sleep traits of insomnia, sleep duration, and chronotype. Sleep Medicine, 74, 116-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.06.027
Zhou, F., Li, S., & Xu, H. (2022). Insomnia, sleep duration, and risk of anxiety: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 155, 219-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.08.012