Disasters and the diminishing of women's economic empowerment.
disaster
economic empowerment
gender
women
Journal
Disasters
ISSN: 1467-7717
Titre abrégé: Disasters
Pays: England
ID NLM: 7702072
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Oct 2023
Oct 2023
Historique:
medline:
11
9
2023
pubmed:
11
4
2023
entrez:
10
4
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
This paper examines, both theoretically and empirically, the relationship between rapid-onset disasters and women's economic freedom. Rapid-onset disasters create difficulties for all involved, but without proper discussion of and changes to women's economic status in society, they will continue to suffer disproportionately. The study answers the following question: 'how do disasters impact women's economic empowerment?'. It argues that there are underlying factors contributing to unequal economic opportunities that are exacerbated by disasters. Current literature discusses how disasters affect women's economic and political rights, but often it does not account for variables that may not have been captured in contemporary indices. The paper assesses women's burden of care, restrictions on mobility, formal economic employment, and access to recovery resources with respect to their economic empowerment. And it analyses 180 countries and territories that experienced disasters between 1981 and 2019 to uncover their effects on women's economic freedom. This research could facilitate and help to alter the overall narrative on women's empowerment. تهدف هذه المقالة إلى دراسة العلاقات بين الكوارث سريعة الحدوث والحرية الاقتصادية للمرأة، من الناحية النظرية والتجريبية. تجيب المقالة على سؤال "كيف تؤثر الكوارث على التمكين الاقتصادي للمرأة؟" نحن نجادل بأن هناك عوامل أساسية تساهم في عدم تكافؤ الفرص الاقتصادية التي تفاقمت بسبب الكوارث. تناقش الأدبيات الحالية كيفية تأثير الكوارث على الحقوق الاقتصادية والسياسية للمرأة ولكنها لا تأخذ في الاعتبار المتغيرات التي ربما لم يتم التقاطها في المؤشرات الحالية. نحن ندرس عبء رعاية المرأة، والقيود المفروضة على التنقل، والعمالة الاقتصادية الرسمية، والوصول إلى موارد التعافي التي تؤثر على تمكينها الاقتصادي. ونقوم بتحليل البلدان التي تعرضت لكوارث من الأعوام 1981 - 2019 للكشف عن آثار الكوارث على الحرية الاقتصادية للمرأة. الكلمات المفتاحية: كارثة، تمكين اقتصادي، النوع الاجتماعي، نساء. 本文旨在从理论上和实践上研究速发灾难与妇女经济自由之间的关系。它回答了这一问题，即“灾难如何影响妇女经济赋权”。 我们认为，有一些潜在的因素导致了经济机会的不平等，而灾害则加剧了这些因素。目前的文献讨论了灾害如何影响妇女的经济和政治权利，但往往没有考虑到当前指数中可能没有捕捉到的变量。我们研究了妇女们的护理负担、在出行、正式就业、获取恢复资源上的限制对她们经济能力的影响。我们分析了1981-2019年经历过灾难的国家，以揭示灾难对妇女经济自由的影响。 关键词：灾害、经济赋权、性别、妇女.
Autres résumés
Type: Publisher
(ara)
تهدف هذه المقالة إلى دراسة العلاقات بين الكوارث سريعة الحدوث والحرية الاقتصادية للمرأة، من الناحية النظرية والتجريبية. تجيب المقالة على سؤال "كيف تؤثر الكوارث على التمكين الاقتصادي للمرأة؟" نحن نجادل بأن هناك عوامل أساسية تساهم في عدم تكافؤ الفرص الاقتصادية التي تفاقمت بسبب الكوارث. تناقش الأدبيات الحالية كيفية تأثير الكوارث على الحقوق الاقتصادية والسياسية للمرأة ولكنها لا تأخذ في الاعتبار المتغيرات التي ربما لم يتم التقاطها في المؤشرات الحالية. نحن ندرس عبء رعاية المرأة، والقيود المفروضة على التنقل، والعمالة الاقتصادية الرسمية، والوصول إلى موارد التعافي التي تؤثر على تمكينها الاقتصادي. ونقوم بتحليل البلدان التي تعرضت لكوارث من الأعوام 1981 - 2019 للكشف عن آثار الكوارث على الحرية الاقتصادية للمرأة. الكلمات المفتاحية: كارثة، تمكين اقتصادي، النوع الاجتماعي، نساء.
Type: Publisher
(chi)
本文旨在从理论上和实践上研究速发灾难与妇女经济自由之间的关系。它回答了这一问题，即“灾难如何影响妇女经济赋权”。 我们认为，有一些潜在的因素导致了经济机会的不平等，而灾害则加剧了这些因素。目前的文献讨论了灾害如何影响妇女的经济和政治权利，但往往没有考虑到当前指数中可能没有捕捉到的变量。我们研究了妇女们的护理负担、在出行、正式就业、获取恢复资源上的限制对她们经济能力的影响。我们分析了1981-2019年经历过灾难的国家，以揭示灾难对妇女经济自由的影响。 关键词：灾害、经济赋权、性别、妇女.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
891-912Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors Disasters © 2023 ODI.
Références
Ackerly, B.A. and J. True (2019) Doing Feminist Research in Political and Social Science. Bloomsbury Publishing, London.
ActionAid International (2006) Climate Change, Urban Flooding and the Rights of the Urban Poor in Africa: Key Findings from Six African Cities. October. ActionAid International, London.
Amirthalingam, K. and R.W.D. Lakshman (2012) ‘Impact of displacement on women and female-headed households: a mixed method analysis with a microeconomic touch’. Journal of Refugee Studies. 26(1). pp. 26-46.
Badgett, M.V. and N. Folbre (1999) ‘Assigning care: gender norms and economic outcomes’. International Labour Review. 138(3). pp. 311-326.
Baumgartner, F.R. and B.D. Jones (2009) Agendas and Instability in American Politics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Biles, J.J. (2009) ‘Informal work in Latin America: competing perspectives and recent debates’. Geography Compass. 3(1). pp. 214-236.
Bradshaw, S. (2001) ‘Reconstructing roles and relations: women's participation in reconstruction in post-Mitch Nicaragua’. Gender and Development. 9(3). pp. 79-87.
Bradshaw, S. (2004) Socio-economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Gender Analysis. May. Sustainable Development and Human Settlements Division, Women and Development Unit, Santiago.
Buvinic, M. et al. (1999) Hurricane Mitch: Women's Needs and Contributions. Sustainable Development Department Technical Papers Series. SOC-115. Women in Development Program Unit, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.
Cislaghi, B. and L. Heise (2020) ‘Gender norms and social norms: differences, similarities and why they matter in prevention science’. Sociology of Health & Illness. 42(2). pp. 407-422.
Clark, S., C.W. Kabiru, S. Laszlo, and S. Muthuri (2019) ‘The impact of childcare on poor urban women's economic empowerment in Africa’. Demography. 56(4). pp. 1,247-1,272.
Connor, J. et al. (2020) ‘Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: a review’. Social Science & Medicine. 266 (December). Article number: 113364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113364.
Coppedge, M. et al. (2021) Codebook. v11.1. March. V-Dem (Varieties of Democracy) Institute, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg.
Cupples, J. (2007) ‘Gender and Hurricane Mitch: reconstructing subjectivities after disaster’. Disasters. 31(1). pp. 155-175.
Denlay, P. and E. Shrader (2000) Gender and Post-Disaster Reconstruction: The Case of Hurricane Mitch in Honduras and Nicaragua. January. https://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/resource/gender-and-post-disaster-reconstruction-case-hurricane-mitch-honduras-and-nicaragua-0 (last accessed on 27 April 2023).
Elias, J. and A. Roberts (2018) Handbook on the International Political Economy of Gender. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
Ellerby, K. (2017) No Shortcut to Change: An Unlikely Path to a More Gender Equitable World. NYU Press, New York, NY.
Enarson, E. (2000) Gender Issues in Natural Disasters: Talking Points and Research Needs. Paper for the ‘ILO InFocus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction Workshop’, Geneva, Switzerland, 3-5 May 2000. https://www.academia.edu/943593/Gender_issues_in_natural_disasters_Talking_points_and_research_needs (last accessed on 27 April 2023).
Enarson, E. (2009) ‘Gender’. In D.S.K. Tomas et al. (eds.) Social Vulnerability to Disasters. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 180-210.
Enarson, E. and B.H. Morrow (1998) The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Trough Women's Eyes. Praeger Press, Westport, CT.
Fothergill, A. (1996) ‘The neglect of gender in disaster work: an overview of the literature’. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 14(1). pp. 11-25.
Fothergill, A. and L.A. Peek (2004) ‘Poverty and disasters in the United States: a review of recent sociological findings’. Natural Hazards. 32 (May). pp. 89-110.
Garzón, C.J.P. (2017) The Effects of Natural Disasters on the Labour Market: Do Hurricanes Increase Informality? IDB Working Paper No. IDB-WP-854. December. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.18235/0000944.
Goodman, A. (2016) ‘In the aftermath of disasters: the impact on women's health’. Critical Care Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2(6). pp. 1-5.
Gunawan, I. and O. Mahul (2011) Indonesia: Advancing a National Disaster Risk Financing Strategy - Options for Consideration. October. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank, Washington, DC.
Hines, R.I. (2007) ‘Natural disasters and gender inequalities: the 2004 tsunami and the case of India’. Race, Gender & Class. 14(1-2). pp. 60-68.
Hug, L., D. Sharrow, and D. You (2019) Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2019. Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. https://www.unicef.org/reports/levels-and-trends-child-mortality-report-2019 (last accessed on 27 April 2023).
Hyndman, J. (2008) ‘Feminism, conflict and disasters in post-tsunami Sri Lanka’. Gender, Technology, and Development. 12(1). pp. 101-121.
Ikeda, K. (1995) ‘Gender differences in human loss and vulnerability in natural disasters: a case study from Bangladesh’. Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 2(2). pp. 171-193.
Islam, M.R. and M. Shamsuddoha (2017) ‘Socioeconomic consequences of climate induced human displacement and migration in Bangladesh’. International Sociology. 32(3). pp. 277-298.
Kabeer, N. (2011) ‘Between affiliation and autonomy: navigating pathways of women's empowerment and gender justice in rural Bangladesh’. Development and Change. 42(2). pp. 499-528.
Kreutzer, W. (2022) ‘Women's support shaken: a study of women's political trust after natural disasters’. Politics & Gender. Published online: 27 September. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X22000289.
Kucera, D. and T. Xenogiani (2009) ‘Women in informal employment: what do we know and what can we do?’. In Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (ed.) Is Informal Normal? Moving toward More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries. OECD Publishing, Paris. pp. 89-113.
Kumar, N.P. and A. Srivastava (2021) ‘Measuring the employment vulnerability among female workers in Uttar Pradesh’. Indian Journal of Human Development. 15(2). pp. 307-322.
Lan, P-C. (2008) ‘New global politics of reproductive labor: gendered labor and marriage migration’. Sociology Compass. 2(6). pp. 1,801-1,815.
Laslett, B. and J. Brenner (1989) ‘Gender and social reproduction: historical perspectives’. Annual Review of Sociology. 15. pp. 381-404.
Law Insider (n.d.) ‘Unpaid caregiver definition’. Website. https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/unpaid-caregiver (last accessed on 3 May 2023).
Luna, K.C. and D. Hilhorst (2022) ‘Gendered experience of disaster: women's account of evacuation, relief and recovery in Nepal’. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 72 (April). Article number: 102840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102840.
Martin, P.Y. (2004) ‘Gender as social institution’. Social Forces. 82(4). pp. 1,249-1,273.
Miller, B. and L. Cafasso (1992) ‘Gender differences in caregiving: fact or artifact?’. The Gerontologist. 32(4). pp. 498-507.
Mitchell, S.M. and E. Pizzi (2021) ‘Natural disasters, forced migration, and conflict: the importance of government policy responses’. International Studies Review. 23(3). pp. 580-604.
Mueller, V. and A. Quisumbing (2011) ‘How resilient are labour markets to natural disasters? The case of the 1998 Bangladesh flood’. Journal of Development Studies. 47(12). pp. 1,954-1,971.
Neumayer, E. and T. Plümper (2007) ‘The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981-2002’. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 97(3). pp. 551-566.
Pearse, R. and R. Connell (2016) ‘Gender norms and the economy: insights from social research’. Feminist Economics. 22(1). pp. 30-53.
Peek, L. and A. Fothergill (2008) ‘Displacement, gender, and the challenges of parenting after Hurricane Katrina’. NWSA Journal. 20(3). pp. 69-105.
Posel, D. and D. Casale (2001) ‘Gender aggregates: women subsistence farmers affect the unemployment count’. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity. 49. pp. 82-88.
Rai, P. (2018) ‘The labor of social change: seasonal labor migration and social change in rural western India’. Geoforum. 92 (June). pp. 171-180.
Richardson, R.A. (2018) ‘Measuring women's empowerment: a critical review of current practices and recommendations for researchers’. Social Indicators Research. 137(2). pp. 539-557.
Robles, C.P.Q. and M. Benavidez (2020) Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment in Disaster Recovery. Disaster Recovery Guidance Series. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Rouhanizadeh, B. and S. Kermanshachi (2021) ‘Gender-based evaluation of economic, social, and physical challenges in timely post-hurricane recovery’. Progress in Disaster Science. 9 (January). Article number: 100146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100146.
Safa, H.I. (1995) ‘Economic restructuring and gender subordination’. Latin American Perspectives. 85(22). pp. 32-50.
Shakya, K. (2016) ‘Earthquake: impact on Nepalese society and women’. Lowland Technology International. 18(2). pp. 75-82.
Smith, W.C. (2013) ‘Hurricane Mitch and Honduras: an illustration of population vulnerability’. International Journal of Health System and Disaster Management. 1(1). pp. 54-58.
Stromquist, N.P. (1991) ‘Educating women: the political economy of patriarchal states’. International Studies in Sociology of Education. 1(1-2). pp. 111-128.
Taylor, G. and P. Pereznieto (2014) Review of Evaluation Approaches and Methods Used by Interventions on Women and Girls' Economic Empowerment. March. Overseas Development Institute, London.
Tébaud, S., S. Kornrich, and L. Ruppanner (2021) ‘Good housekeeping, great expectations: gender and housework norms’. Sociological Methods & Research. 50(3). pp. 1,186-1,214.
Turnheer, K. (2009) ‘A house for a daughter? Constraints and opportunities in post-tsunami eastern Sri Lanka’. Contemporary South Asia. 17(1). pp. 79-91.
Tobin-Gurley, J., L. Peek, and J. Loomis (2010) ‘Displaced single mothers in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: resource needs and resource acquisition’. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 28(2). pp. 170-206.
Tosun, J. and M. Howlett (2021) ‘Managing slow onset events related to climate change: the role of public bureaucracy’. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 50 (June). pp. 43-53.
UN Women (2022) ‘Disaster risk reduction’. https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/humanitarian-action/disaster-risk-reduction (last accessed on 27 April 2023).
Venn, D. (2012) Helping Displaced Workers Back into Jobs after a Natural Disaster: Recent Experiences in OECD Countries. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 142. November. OECD Publishing, Paris.
Wouter Botzen, W.J., O. Deschenes, and M. Sanders (2019) ‘The economic impacts of natural disasters: a review of models and empirical studies’. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. 13(2). pp. 167-188.
World Bank (2021) ‘Wage and salaried workers, female (% of female employment)’. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.WORK.FE.ZS?view=chart (last accessed on 3 May 2023).
World Bank (2022) ‘GDP per capita (constant 2015 $US)’. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?view=chart (last accessed on 3 May 2023).