Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.

Humans Infant Incidence India / epidemiology Paratyphoid Fever / diagnosis Population Surveillance Prospective Studies Typhoid Fever / diagnosis Cost of Illness Blood Culture Child, Preschool Child Adolescent Urban Population / statistics & numerical data Rural Population / statistics & numerical data Hospitalization / statistics & numerical data

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
20 Apr 2023
Historique:
medline: 21 4 2023
pubmed: 19 4 2023
entrez: 19 04 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

In 2017, more than half the cases of typhoid fever worldwide were projected to have occurred in India. In the absence of contemporary population-based data, it is unclear whether declining trends of hospitalization for typhoid in India reflect increased antibiotic treatment or a true reduction in infection. From 2017 through 2020, we conducted weekly surveillance for acute febrile illness and measured the incidence of typhoid fever (as confirmed on blood culture) in a prospective cohort of children between the ages of 6 months and 14 years at three urban sites and one rural site in India. At an additional urban site and five rural sites, we combined blood-culture testing of hospitalized patients who had a fever with survey data regarding health care use to estimate incidence in the community. A total of 24,062 children who were enrolled in four cohorts contributed 46,959 child-years of observation. Among these children, 299 culture-confirmed typhoid cases were recorded, with an incidence per 100,000 child-years of 576 to 1173 cases in urban sites and 35 in rural Pune. The estimated incidence of typhoid fever from hospital surveillance ranged from 12 to 1622 cases per 100,000 child-years among children between the ages of 6 months and 14 years and from 108 to 970 cases per 100,000 person-years among those who were 15 years of age or older. The incidence of typhoid fever in urban India remains high, with generally lower estimates of incidence in most rural areas. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; NSSEFI Clinical Trials Registry of India number, CTRI/2017/09/009719; ISRCTN registry number, ISRCTN72938224.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
In 2017, more than half the cases of typhoid fever worldwide were projected to have occurred in India. In the absence of contemporary population-based data, it is unclear whether declining trends of hospitalization for typhoid in India reflect increased antibiotic treatment or a true reduction in infection.
METHODS METHODS
From 2017 through 2020, we conducted weekly surveillance for acute febrile illness and measured the incidence of typhoid fever (as confirmed on blood culture) in a prospective cohort of children between the ages of 6 months and 14 years at three urban sites and one rural site in India. At an additional urban site and five rural sites, we combined blood-culture testing of hospitalized patients who had a fever with survey data regarding health care use to estimate incidence in the community.
RESULTS RESULTS
A total of 24,062 children who were enrolled in four cohorts contributed 46,959 child-years of observation. Among these children, 299 culture-confirmed typhoid cases were recorded, with an incidence per 100,000 child-years of 576 to 1173 cases in urban sites and 35 in rural Pune. The estimated incidence of typhoid fever from hospital surveillance ranged from 12 to 1622 cases per 100,000 child-years among children between the ages of 6 months and 14 years and from 108 to 970 cases per 100,000 person-years among those who were 15 years of age or older.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of typhoid fever in urban India remains high, with generally lower estimates of incidence in most rural areas. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; NSSEFI Clinical Trials Registry of India number, CTRI/2017/09/009719; ISRCTN registry number, ISRCTN72938224.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2209449 PMID: 37075141 PMC: PMC10116367
pubmed: 37075141
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2209449
pmc: PMC10116367
mid: NIHMS1868189
doi:

Banques de données

CTRI
['CTRI/2017/09/009719']
ISRCTN
['ISRCTN72938224']

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1491-1500

Subventions

Organisme : FIC NIH HHS
ID : D43 TW007392
Pays : United States
Organisme : Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
ID : INV-009497
Pays : United States

Investigateurs

Jacob John (J)
Manikandan Srinivasan (M)
Prabakhar D Moses (PD)
Winsley Rose (W)
Priscilla Rupali (P)
Kulandaipalayam Natarajan Sindhu (KN)
Ashish Bavdekar (A)
Ankita Shrivastava (A)
Sonali Sanghavi (S)
Sanjay Juvekar (S)
Shanta Dutta (S)
Suman Kanungo (S)
Jayanta Saha (J)
Pranab Chatterjee (P)
Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola (T)
Bireshwar Sinha (B)
Nidhi Goyal (N)
Deepak More (D)
Alok Arya (A)
Ankita Dutta (A)
Chandra Mohan Kumar (CM)
Madhu Gupta (M)
Adarsh Bansal (A)
Roshine Mary Koshy (RM)
Shajin Thankaraj (S)
Ashita Singh (A)
Alice Hepzibah (A)
Anna P Alexander (AP)
Pradeep Zachariah (P)
Christina Dhas Sankhro (C)
Dasaratha Ramaiah Jinka (DR)
Raghuprakash Reddy Nayakanti (RR)
Sheena Evelyn Ebenezer (SE)
Mathew Santosh Thomas (MS)
Manoj V Muhrekar (MV)
A Elangovan (A)
Gagandeep Kang (G)
Balaji Veeraraghavan (B)
Venkata Raghava Mohan (VR)
Arun S Karthikeyan (AS)
N Swathi Krishna (N)
Miriam T George (MT)
Reshma Raju (R)
Karthikeyan Ramanujam (K)
G Santhosh Kumar (G)
Prasanna Samuel (P)
Nikhil Sahai (N)
Agila K Pragasam (AK)
Jobin J John (JJ)
Nicholas C Grassly (NC)
Jason Andrews (J)
Nathan C Lo (NC)

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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Auteurs

Jacob John (J)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-5099

Ashish Bavdekar (A)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola (T)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Shanta Dutta (S)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Madhu Gupta (M)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
ORCID: 0000-0003-3877-9956

Suman Kanungo (S)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Bireshwar Sinha (B)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Manikandan Srinivasan (M)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Ankita Shrivastava (A)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Adarsh Bansal (A)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Ashita Singh (A)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Roshine M Koshy (RM)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Dasharatha R Jinka (DR)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Mathew S Thomas (MS)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Anna P Alexander (AP)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Shajin Thankaraj (S)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Sheena E Ebenezer (SE)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Arun S Karthikeyan (AS)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Dilesh Kumar (D)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Swathi K Njarekkattuvalappil (SK)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Reshma Raju (R)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Nikhil Sahai (N)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Balaji Veeraraghavan (B)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Manoj V Murhekar (MV)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Venkata R Mohan (VR)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Sindhu K Natarajan (SK)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Karthikeyan Ramanujam (K)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Prasanna Samuel (P)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Nathan C Lo (NC)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Jason Andrews (J)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Nicholas C Grassly (NC)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).

Gagandeep Kang (G)

From Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
ORCID: 0000-0002-3656-564X

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Nourrisson › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Collecte de données › Registre civil › Morbidité › Incidence › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Régions géographiques › Asie › Asie de l'Ouest › Asie du Sud › Inde › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Infection › Infections bactériennes et mycoses › Infections bactériennes › Infections bactériennes à Gram négatif › Infections à Enterobacteriaceae › Salmonelloses › Fièvre paratyphoïde › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Pratiques en santé publique › Surveillance de la population › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Caractéristiques des études épidémiologiques › Études épidémiologiques › Études de cohortes › Études prospectives › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Infection › Infections bactériennes et mycoses › Infections bactériennes › Infections bactériennes à Gram négatif › Infections à Enterobacteriaceae › Salmonelloses › Fièvre typhoïde › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Collecte de données › Enquêtes et questionnaires › Enquêtes de santé › Indicateurs d'état de santé › Coûts indirects de la maladie › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Techniques d'investigation › Techniques de laboratoire clinique › Techniques microbiologiques › Hémoculture › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Enfant d'âge préscolaire › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adolescent › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Caractéristiques de la population › Population › Population urbaine › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Caractéristiques de la population › Population › Population rurale › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.
questionsmedicales.fr › Établissements, main d'oeuvre et services de soins de santé › Services de santé › Soins aux patients › Hospitalisation › Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.