Review article: Functional dyspepsia and pregnancy-Effects and management in a special population.
Journal
Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics
ISSN: 1365-2036
Titre abrégé: Aliment Pharmacol Ther
Pays: England
ID NLM: 8707234
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
06 2023
06 2023
Historique:
revised:
23
01
2023
received:
18
12
2022
accepted:
17
04
2023
medline:
29
5
2023
pubmed:
2
5
2023
entrez:
2
5
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Around 10% of Americans meet the Rome IV criteria for functional dyspepsia (FD), with a significantly higher rate in women. FD also has a higher prevalence in women below the age of 50, suggesting that women who are affected are likely to be of reproductive age. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research or evidence-based guidelines on managing FD in pregnancy. To address this issue, we aimed to perform a systematic review of the interactions between FD and pregnancy and managing pre-existing FD in the peripartum and post-partum phases using current lifestyle, pharmacological, non-pharmacological and alternative medicine interventions. Due to the lack of Rome IV FD-specific data in pregnancy, we instead performed a narrative review on how existing FD interventions could be extrapolated to the pregnant population. Where possible we use the highest level of available evidence or official guidelines to answer these questions, which often involves synthesising treatment and safety evidence of these interventions in other diseases during pregnancy. Finally, we highlight current substantial knowledge gaps requiring further research for the safe management of a pregnant patient with pre-existing FD. Overall, despite the paucity of knowledge of treating FD during pregnancy, providers can mitigate this uncertainty by planning ahead with the patient. Patients should ideally minimise treatment until after breastfeeding. However, interdisciplinary resources are available to ensure that minimal-risk interventions are maximised, while interventions with more risks, if necessary, are justifiable by both the patient and the care team. Future investigations should continue to elicit the mechanistic relationship between FD and pregnancy while cautiously expanding prospective research on promising and safe therapies in pregnant patients with pre-existing FD.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
Around 10% of Americans meet the Rome IV criteria for functional dyspepsia (FD), with a significantly higher rate in women. FD also has a higher prevalence in women below the age of 50, suggesting that women who are affected are likely to be of reproductive age. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research or evidence-based guidelines on managing FD in pregnancy.
AIMS AND METHODS
To address this issue, we aimed to perform a systematic review of the interactions between FD and pregnancy and managing pre-existing FD in the peripartum and post-partum phases using current lifestyle, pharmacological, non-pharmacological and alternative medicine interventions.
RESULTS
Due to the lack of Rome IV FD-specific data in pregnancy, we instead performed a narrative review on how existing FD interventions could be extrapolated to the pregnant population. Where possible we use the highest level of available evidence or official guidelines to answer these questions, which often involves synthesising treatment and safety evidence of these interventions in other diseases during pregnancy. Finally, we highlight current substantial knowledge gaps requiring further research for the safe management of a pregnant patient with pre-existing FD.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, despite the paucity of knowledge of treating FD during pregnancy, providers can mitigate this uncertainty by planning ahead with the patient. Patients should ideally minimise treatment until after breastfeeding. However, interdisciplinary resources are available to ensure that minimal-risk interventions are maximised, while interventions with more risks, if necessary, are justifiable by both the patient and the care team. Future investigations should continue to elicit the mechanistic relationship between FD and pregnancy while cautiously expanding prospective research on promising and safe therapies in pregnant patients with pre-existing FD.
Types de publication
Systematic Review
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1375-1396Commentaires et corrections
Type : CommentIn
Informations de copyright
© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Stanghellini V. Functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: beyond Rome IV. Dig Dis (Basel, Switzerland). 2017;35(Suppl 1):14-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000485408
Sayuk GS, Gyawali CP. Functional dyspepsia: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Drugs. 2020;80(13):1319-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-020-01362-4
Enck P, Azpiroz F, Boeckxstaens G, Elsenbruch S, Feinle-Bisset C, Holtmann G, et al. Functional dyspepsia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3(1):17081. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.81
Ford AC, Marwaha A, Sood R, Moayyedi P. Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, uninvestigated dyspepsia: a meta-analysis. Gut. 2015;64(7):1049-57. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307843
Sperber AD, Bangdiwala SI, Drossman DA, Ghoshal UC, Simren M, Tack J, et al. Worldwide prevalence and burden of functional gastrointestinal disorders, results of Rome foundation Global Study. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(1):99-114.e3. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.014
Aziz I, Palsson OS, Törnblom H, Sperber AD, Whitehead WE, Simrén M. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and associations for symptom-based Rome IV functional dyspepsia in adults in the USA, Canada, and the UK: a cross-sectional population-based study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(4):252-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(18)30003-7
Abushamma S, Early DS. A guide to upper gastrointestinal tract, biliary, and pancreatic disorders: clinical updates in women's health care primary and preventive care review. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;137(6):1152. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000004366
Ray J, LaBundy J. Lower gastrointestinal tract disorders: clinical updates in women's health care primary and preventive care review. Obstet Gynecol. 2022;139(6):1201. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000004812
Ford AC, Mahadeva S, Carbone MF, Lacy BE, Talley NJ. Functional dyspepsia. Lancet (London, England). 2020;396(10263):1689-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30469-4
Stanghellini V, Chan FK, Hasler WL, Malagelada JR, Suzuki H, Tack J, et al. Gastroduodenal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1380-92. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.011
Williamson C. Drugs in pregnancy. Gastrointestinal disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;15(6):937-52. https://doi.org/10.1053/beog.2001.0239
Winbery SL, Blaho KE. Dyspepsia in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2001;28(2):333-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8545(05)70204-7
Mearin F, Lacy BE, Chang L, Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Simren M, et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1393-407. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011;40(2):309-34, vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009
Uzan M, Uzan S, Sureau C, Richard-Berthe C. Heartburn and regurgitation in pregnancy. Efficacy and innocuousness of treatment with Gaviscon suspension. [Pyrosis et régurgitations au cours de la grossesse. Efficacité et innocuité d'un Traitement Par Gaviscon Suspension]. Revue Francaise de Gynecologie et D'obstetrique. 1988;83(7-9):569-72.
Lang GD, Dougall A. Comparative study of Algicon suspension and magnesium trisilicate mixture in the treatment of reflux dyspepsia of pregnancy. Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1989;66:48-51. discussion 61-4.
Pleyer C, Bittner H, Locke GR III, Choung RS, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD, et al. Overdiagnosis of gastro-esophageal reflux disease and underdiagnosis of functional dyspepsia in a USA community. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(8):1163-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12377
Khashan AS, Quigley EM, McNamee R, McCarthy FP, Shanahan F, Kenny LC. Increased risk of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy among women with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(8):902-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.02.014
Moosavi S, Pimentel M, Wong MS, Rezaie A. Irritable bowel syndrome in pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(3):480-90. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001124
Carbone F, Tack J. Gastroduodenal mechanisms underlying functional gastric disorders. Dig Dis (Basel, Switzerland). 2014;32(3):222-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000357854
Walker MM, Aggarwal KR, Shim LS, Bassan M, Kalantar JS, Weltman MD, et al. Duodenal eosinophilia and early satiety in functional dyspepsia: confirmation of a positive association in an Australian cohort. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(3):474-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.12419
Tack J, Demedts I, Meulemans A, Schuurkes J, Janssens J. Role of nitric oxide in the gastric accommodation reflex and in meal induced satiety in humans. Gut. 2002;51(2):219-24. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.51.2.219
Garella R, Squecco R, Baccari MC. Site-related effects of relaxin in the gastrointestinal tract through nitric oxide signalling: an updated report. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2017;18(12):1254-62. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203718666170612104719
Mathias JR, Clench MH. Relationship of reproductive hormones and neuromuscular disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Dig Dis (Basel, Switzerland). 1998;16(1):3-13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000016844
Chiloiro M, Darconza G, Piccioli E, De Carne M, Clemente C, Riezzo G. Gastric emptying and orocecal transit time in pregnancy. J Gastroenterol. 2001;36(8):538-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005350170056
Goyal RK, Guo Y, Mashimo H. Advances in the physiology of gastric emptying. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;31(4):e13546. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13546
Seow KM, Lee JL, Doong ML, Huang SW, Hwang JL, Huang WJ, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin regulates gastric emptying in ovariectomized rats. J Endocrinol. 2013;216(3):307-14. https://doi.org/10.1530/joe-12-0421
Gil DW, Wang J, Gu C, Donello JE, Cabrera S, Al-Chaer ED. Role of sympathetic nervous system in rat model of chronic visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;28(3):423-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12742
LoMauro A, Aliverti A. Respiratory physiology of pregnancy: physiology masterclass. Breathe (Sheff). 2015;11(4):297-301. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.008615
Merger M, Schölmerich J. Pregnancy and gastrointestinal disorders. Therapeutische Umschau. 1999;56(10):597-601. https://doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.56.10.597
Tack J, Ly HG, Carbone F, Vanheel H, Vanuytsel T, Holvoet L, et al. Efficacy of mirtazapine in patients with functional dyspepsia and weight loss. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(3):385-392.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2015.09.043
Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, Enns RA, Howden CW, Vakil N. ACG and CAG clinical guideline: management of dyspepsia. Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol. 2017;112(7):988-1013. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2017.154
Administration FaD. Food safety for pregnant women and their unborn babies; 2023. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/food/people-risk-foodborne-illness/food-safety-pregnant-women-and-their-unborn-babies
Duboc H, Latrache S, Nebunu N, Coffin B. The role of diet in functional dyspepsia management. Front Psych. 2020;11:23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00023
Staudacher HM, Whelan K. The low FODMAP diet: recent advances in understanding its mechanisms and efficacy in IBS. Gut. 2017;66(8):1517-27. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313750
Goyal O, Nohria S, Batta S, Dhaliwal A, Goyal P, Sood A. Low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols diet versus traditional dietary advice for functional dyspepsia: a randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;37(2):301-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15694
Iacovou DM. The low FODMAP diet during pregnancy. 2016 Available from: https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/the-low-fodmap-diet-during-pregnancy/
Carvalho RV, Lorena SL, Almeida JR, Mesquita MA. Food intolerance, diet composition, and eating patterns in functional dyspepsia patients. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(1):60-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-008-0698-8
Pesce M, Cargiolli M, Cassarano S, Polese B, De Conno B, Aurino L, et al. Diet and functional dyspepsia: clinical correlates and therapeutic perspectives. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(5):456-65. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i5.456
Tan VP. The low-FODMAP diet in the management of functional dyspepsia in East and Southeast Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32(S1):46-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13697
Staudacher HM, Lomer MC, Anderson JL, Barrett JS, Muir JG, Irving PM, et al. Fermentable carbohydrate restriction reduces luminal bifidobacteria and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Nutr. 2012;142(8):1510-8. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.159285
Popa SL, Dumitrascu DI, Pop C, Surdea-Blaga T, Ismaiel A, Chiarioni G, et al. Exclusion diets in functional dyspepsia. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102057
Pilichiewicz AN, Horowitz M, Holtmann GJ, Talley NJ, Feinle-Bisset C. Relationship between symptoms and dietary patterns in patients with functional dyspepsia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(3):317-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2008.09.007
Bharucha AE, Kudva YC, Prichard DO. Diabetic gastroparesis. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(5):1318-52. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00161
Io M. Dietary reference intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2006. p. 1344.
Gibson D, Watters A, Mehler PS. The intersect of gastrointestinal symptoms and malnutrition associated with anorexia nervosa and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: functional or pathophysiologic? A systematic review. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(6):1019-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23553
Werlang ME, Sim LA, Lebow JR, Lacy BE. Assessing for eating disorders: a primer for gastroenterologists. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(1):68-76. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001029
Lowensohn RI, Stadler DD, Naze C. Current concepts of maternal nutrition. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2016;71(7):413-26. https://doi.org/10.1097/ogx.0000000000000329
Kominiarek MA, Rajan P. Nutrition recommendations in pregnancy and lactation. Med Clin North Am. 2016;100(6):1199-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2016.06.004
Wauters L, Slaets H, De Paepe K, Ceulemans M, Wetzels S, Geboers K, et al. Efficacy and safety of spore-forming probiotics in the treatment of functional dyspepsia: a pilot randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(10):784-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00226-0
Cardaropoli S, Rolfo A, Todros T. Helicobacter pylori and pregnancy-related disorders. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(3):654-64. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.654
Mahadevan U, Kane S. American gastroenterological association institute technical review on the use of gastrointestinal medications in pregnancy. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(1):283-311. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.049
Penney DS. Helicobacter pylori and severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. J Midwifery Women's Health. 2005;50(5):418-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.03.001
Lan L, Yu J, Chen YL, Zhong YL, Zhang H, Jia CH, et al. Symptom-based tendencies of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with functional dyspepsia. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(27):3242-7. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i27.3242
Fallone CA, Chiba N, van Zanten SV, Fischbach L, Gisbert JP, Hunt RH, et al. The Toronto consensus for the treatment of helicobacter pylori infection in adults. Gastroenterology. 2016;151(1):51-69.e14. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.04.006
Anderson A, Bijlmer H, Fournier PE, Graves S, Hartzell J, Kersh GJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of Q fever-United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group. MMWR Recommendations Rep. 2013;62(Rr-03):1-30.
Anderson PO, Sauberan JB. Modeling drug passage into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;100(1):42-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.377
Ozyüncü O, Beksac MS, Nemutlu E, Katlan D, Kir S. Maternal blood and amniotic fluid levels of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and cefixime. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2010;36(3):484-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01246.x
Witt A, Sommer EM, Cichna M, Postlbauer K, Widhalm A, Gregor H, et al. Placental passage of clarithromycin surpasses other macrolide antibiotics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188(3):816-9. https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2003.171
Magee KP, Wimberley D, Crane C, Sobhi S, Bawdon RE. Ex vivo human placental transfer of rifampin and rifabutin. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 1996;4(6):319-22. https://doi.org/10.1155/s1064744996000646
Heisterberg L, Branebjerg PE. Blood and milk concentrations of metronidazole in mothers and infants. J Perinat Med. 1983;11(2):114-20. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpme.1983.11.2.114
Kafetzis DA, Siafas CA, Georgakopoulos PA, Papadatos CJ. Passage of cephalosporins and amoxicillin into the breast milk. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981;70(3):285-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1981.tb16553.x
Muller AE, Oostvogel PM, DeJongh J, Mouton JW, Steegers EAP, Dörr PJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in maternal, umbilical cord, and neonatal sera. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(4):1574-80. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00119-08
Amon I, Amon K, Franke G, Mohr C. Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in pregnant women. Chemotherapy. 1981;27(2):73-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000237958
Meaney-Delman D, Zotti ME, Creanga AA, Misegades LK, Wako E, Treadwell TA, et al. Special considerations for prophylaxis for and treatment of anthrax in pregnant and postpartum women. Emerging Infect Dis. 2014;20(2), e3. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2002.130611
Zhan Y, Si M, Li M, Jiang Y. The risk of Helicobacter pylori infection for adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2019;24(2):e12562. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12562
Point of care medical application: Epocrates. Athenahealth. 2022 Available from: https://www.epocrates.com/
Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Content and format of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products; requirements for pregnancy and lactation labeling. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2014;79(233):72063-103.
Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recommendations Rep. 2021;70(4):1-187. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1
Organization WH. Breastfeeding and maternal medication: recommendations for drugs in the Eleventh WHO Model List of Essential Drugs. 2002.
Montgomery A, Hale TW. ABM clinical protocol #15: analgesia and anesthesia for the breastfeeding mother, revised 2012. Breastfeeding Med. 2012;7(6):547-53. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2012.9977
Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recommendations Rep. 2015;64(Rr-03):1-137.
Bierer DW. Bismuth subsalicylate: history, chemistry, and safety. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12(Suppl 1):S3-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/12.supplement_1.s3
Committee on Obstetric Practice, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 743: low-dose aspirin use during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(1):e44-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002708
Body C, Christie JA. Gastrointestinal diseases in pregnancy: nausea, vomiting, hyperemesis gravidarum, gastroesophageal reflux disease, constipation, and diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2016;45(2):267-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.005
Terragna A, Spirito L. Thrombocytopenic purpura in an infant after administration of acetylsalicylic acid to the wet-nurse. [Porpora trombocitopenica in lattante dopo somministrazione di acido acetilsalicilico alla nutrice]. Minerva Pediatrica. 1967;19(13):613-6.
Spigset O, Hägg S. Analgesics and breast-feeding: safety considerations. Paediatr Drugs. 2000;2(3):223-38. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128072-200002030-00006
Samsom M, Verhagen MA, vanBerge Henegouwen GP, Smout AJ. Abnormal clearance of exogenous acid and increased acid sensitivity of the proximal duodenum in dyspeptic patients. Gastroenterology. 1999;116(3):515-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70171-x
Pinto-Sanchez MI, Yuan Y, Hassan A, Bercik P, Moayyedi P. Proton pump inhibitors for functional dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;11(11):Cd011194. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011194.pub3
Gerson LB. Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;8(11):763-4.
Marshall JK, Thompson AB, Armstrong D. Omeprazole for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Gastroenterol. 1998;12(3):225-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/1998/167174
HalesMeds. Springer Publishing. 2023 [cited 2023 February 18].
Acar S, Keskin-Arslan E, Uysal N, Karadaş B, Kaplan YC. Letter: safety of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;52(4):739. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15914
Nikfar S, Abdollahi M, Moretti ME, Magee LA, Koren G. Use of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy and rates of major malformations: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47(7):1526-9. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015863018105
Gill SK, O'Brien L, Einarson TR, Koren G. The safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(6):1541-5; quiz 1540, 1546. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.122
Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of proton-pump inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(22):2114-23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1002689
Källén BA. Use of omeprazole during pregnancy-no hazard demonstrated in 955 infants exposed during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001;96(1):63-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-2115(00)00388-2
Thélin CS, Richter JE. Review article: the management of heartburn during pregnancy and lactation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(4):421-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15611
Mattos ÂZ, Marchese GM, Fonseca BB, Kupski C, Machado MB. Antisecretory treatment for pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease-a systematic review. Arq Gastroenterol. 2017;54(4):271-80. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201700000-42
Matok I, Gorodischer R, Koren G, Sheiner E, Wiznitzer A, Uziel E, et al. The safety of H(2)-blockers use during pregnancy. J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;50(1):81-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270009350483
Li CM, Zhernakova A, Engstrand L, Wijmenga C, Brusselaers N. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the risks of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(4):410-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15610
Anderson PO. Treating gastroesophageal reflux and heartburn while breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Med. 2018;13(7):463-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2018.0124
Romaine A, Ye D, Ao Z, Fang F, Johnson O, Blake T, et al. Safety of histamine-2 receptor blockers in hospitalized VLBW infants. Early Hum Dev. 2016;99:27-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.05.010
Smit M, Dolman KM, Honig A. Mirtazapine in pregnancy and lactation-a systematic review. European Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(1):126-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.06.014
Tonn P, Reuter SC, Hiemke C, N D. High mirtazapine plasma levels in infant after breast feeding: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(2):191-2.
van Kerkhoven LA, Laheij RJ, Aparicio N, De Boer WA, Van Den Hazel S, Tan AC, et al. Effect of the antidepressant venlafaxine in functional dyspepsia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(7):746-52; quiz 718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.051
Tan VP, Cheung TK, Wong WM, Pang R, Wong BC. Treatment of functional dyspepsia with sertraline: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(42):6127-33. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i42.6127
Ford AC, Luthra P, Tack J, Boeckxstaens GE, Moayyedi P, Talley NJ. Efficacy of psychotropic drugs in functional dyspepsia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2017;66(3):411-20. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310721
Dziukas LJ, Vohra J. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Med J Aust. 1991;154(5):344-50. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb112889.x
Davis RL, Rubanowice D, McPhillips H, Raebel MA, Andrade SE, Smith D, et al. Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to antidepressant medications during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(10):1086-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.1462
Källén B. Neonate characteristics after maternal use of antidepressants in late pregnancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(4):312-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.4.312
Loughhead AM, Stowe ZN, Newport DJ, Ritchie JC, DeVane CL, Owens MJ. Placental passage of tricyclic antidepressants. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(3):287-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.040
Huybrechts KF, Palmsten K, Avorn J, Cohen LS, Holmes LB, Franklin JM, et al. Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(25):2397-407. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1312828
Eberhard-Gran M, Eskild A, Opjordsmoen S. Use of psychotropic medications in treating mood disorders during lactation: practical recommendations. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(3):187-98. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200620030-00002
Whitby DH, Smith KM. The use of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in women who are breastfeeding. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25(3):411-25. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.25.3.411.61597
Yonkers KA, Wisner KL, Stewart DE, Oberlander TF, Dell DL, Stotland N, et al. The management of depression during pregnancy: a report from the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(3):703-13. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181ba0632
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 87 November 2007: use of psychiatric medications during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(5):1179-98. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000291559.02462.7f
Leelakanok N, Holcombe A, Schweizer ML. Domperidone and risk of ventricular arrhythmia and cardiac death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Drug Investig. 2016;36(2):97-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-015-0360-0
Ishikawa T, Obara T, Akazawa M, Noda A, Oyanagi G, Morishita K, et al. Risk of major congenital malformations associated with first-trimester exposure to propulsives: a health administrative database study in Japan. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2022;31(2):196-205. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.5370
Araujo M, Vabre C, Benevent J, Sommet A, Damase-Michel C, Hurault-Delarue C, et al. Risk of pregnancy termination and congenital anomalies after domperidone exposure: a study in the EFEMERIS database. Drug Saf. 2021;44(7):787-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-021-01077-9
Djeddi D, Kongolo G, Lefaix C, Mounard J, Léké A. Effect of domperidone on QT interval in neonates. J Pediatr. 2008;153(5):663-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.013
Günlemez A, Babaoğlu A, Arisoy AE, Türker G, Gökalp AS. Effect of domperidone on the QTc interval in premature infants. J Perinatol. 2010;30(1):50-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2009.96
Asztalos EV, Campbell-Yeo M, da Silva OP, Ito S, Kiss A, Knoppert D. Enhancing human milk production with domperidone in mothers of preterm infants. J Hum Lactation. 2017;33(1):181-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334416680176
Matsueda K, Hongo M, Tack J, Saito Y, Kato H. A placebo-controlled trial of acotiamide for meal-related symptoms of functional dyspepsia. Gut. 2012;61(6):821. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301454
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 737. Expedited partner therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(6):e190-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002621
Silverman NS, Coleman J, Murtha A. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 199: use of prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(3):e103-19. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002833
Kiefer L, Rubin A, Mc CJ, Foltz EL. The placental transfer of erythomycin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1955;69(1):174-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(16)37926-1
Källén BA, Otterblad Olausson P, Danielsson BR. Is erythromycin therapy teratogenic in humans? Reprod Toxicol (Elmsford, NY). 2005;20(2):209-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.01.010
Matsuda S. Transfer of antibiotics into maternal milk. Biol Res Pregnancy Perinatol. 1984;5(2):57-60.
Goldstein LH, Berlin M, Tsur L, Bortnik O, Binyamini L, Berkovitch M. The safety of macrolides during lactation. Breastfeeding Med. 2009;4(4):197-200. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2008.0135
Lund M, Pasternak B, Davidsen RB, Feenstra B, Krogh C, Diaz LJ, et al. Use of macrolides in mother and child and risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: nationwide cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed). 2014;348:g1908. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1908
Pasternak B, Svanström H, Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Melbye M, Hviid A. Metoclopramide in pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations and fetal death. Jama. 2013;310(15):1601-11. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278343
Matok I, Gorodischer R, Koren G, Sheiner E, Wiznitzer A, Levy A. The safety of metoclopramide use in the first trimester of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(24):2528-35. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0807154
Ito S. Drug therapy for breast-feeding women. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(2):118-26. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200007133430208
Zuppa AA, Sindico P, Orchi C, Carducci C, Cardiello V, Romagnoli C. Safety and efficacy of galactogogues: substances that induce, maintain and increase breast milk production. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2010;13(2):162-74. https://doi.org/10.18433/j3ds3r
Tack J, Janssen P, Masaoka T, Farré R, Van Oudenhove L. Efficacy of buspirone, a fundus-relaxing drug, in patients with functional dyspepsia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(11):1239-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.06.036
Miwa H, Nagahara A, Tominaga K, Yokoyama T, Sawada Y, Inoue K, et al. Efficacy of the 5-HT1A agonist tandospirone citrate in improving symptoms of patients with functional dyspepsia: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(11):2779-87. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.427
Freeman MP, Szpunar MJ, Kobylski LA, Harmon H, Viguera AC, Cohen LS. Pregnancy outcomes after first-trimester exposure to buspirone: prospective longitudinal outcomes from the MGH National Pregnancy Registry for psychiatric medications. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2022;25(5):923-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-022-01250-8
Kai S, Kohmura H, Ishikawa K, Ohta S, Kuroyanagi K, Kawano S, et al. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of buspirone hydrochloride (I)-oral administration to rats during the period of fetal organogenesis. J Toxicol Sci. 1990;15(Suppl 1):31-60. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.15.supplementi_31
Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Black CJ, Yuan Y, Veettil SK, Mahadeva S, et al. Systematic review and network meta-analysis: efficacy of drugs for functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021;53(1):8-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16072
Sulpiride 200mg Tablets Product Monograph. Wockhardt UK Ltd. [cited 2022 December 17]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2430/smpc
Sulpiride. Drugs and lactation database (LactMed). National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006.
Ohtsu T, Takagi A, Uemura N, Inoue K, Sekino H, Kawashima A, et al. The ameliorating effect of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 on functional dyspepsia in Helicobacter pylori-uninfected individuals: a randomized controlled study. Digestion. 2017;96(2):92-102. https://doi.org/10.1159/000479000
Martín-Peláez S, Cano-Ibáñez N, Pinto-Gallardo M, Amezcua-Prieto C. The impact of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics during pregnancy or lactation on the intestinal microbiota of children born by cesarean section: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2022;14(2):341. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020341
Jarde A, Lewis-Mikhael AM, Moayyedi P, Stearns JC, Collins SM, Beyene J, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women taking probiotics or prebiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1629-5
Yu Q, Xu C, Wang M, Zhu J, Yu L, Yang Z, et al. The preventive and therapeutic effects of probiotics on mastitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2022;17(9):e0274467. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274467
Kuang L, Jiang Y. Effect of probiotic supplementation in pregnant women: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2020;123(8):870-80. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519003374
Davidson SJ, Barrett HL, Price SA, Callaway LK, Dekker Nitert M. Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;4(4):Cd009951. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009951.pub3
Tan V, Liu K, Lam F, Hung IF, Yuen MF, Leung WK. Randomised clinical trial: rifaximin versus placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(6):767-76.
Rifaximin (XIFAXAN) for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea National Drug Monograph. 2022 Available from: https://www.pbm.va.gov/PBM/clinicalguidance/drugmonographs/Rifaximin_XIFAXAN_IBS_D_Monograph.pdf
Sattarzadeh MB, Shojaii A, Toosi MN, Abdollahi-Fard M, Avanaki FA, Taher M, et al. Topical mastic oil for treatment of functional dyspepsia: a randomized. Triple-Blind Controlled Trial. 2021;10:e1965-5.
Gwee KA, Holtmann G, Tack J, Suzuki H, Liu J, Xiao Y, et al. Herbal medicines in functional dyspepsia-untapped opportunities not without risks. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021;33(2):e14044. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14044
Inamori M, Akiyama T, Akimoto K, Fujita K, Takahashi H, Yoneda M, et al. Early effects of peppermint oil on gastric emptying: a crossover study using a continuous real-time 13C breath test (BreathID system). J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(7):539-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-007-2067-3
Madisch A, Heydenreich CJ, Wieland V, Hufnagel R, Hotz J. Treatment of functional dyspepsia with a fixed peppermint oil and caraway oil combination preparation as compared to cisapride. A multicenter, reference-controlled double-blind equivalence study. Arzneimittelforschung. 1999;49(11):925-32. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1300528
Papathanasopoulos A, Rotondo A, Janssen P, Boesmans W, Farré R, vanden Berghe P, et al. Effect of acute peppermint oil administration on gastric sensorimotor function and nutrient tolerance in health. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25(4):e263-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12102
Galeotti N, LD M, Mazzanti G, Bartolini A, Ghelardini C. Menthol: a natural analgesic compound. Neurosci Lett. 2002;322(3):145-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02527-7
Chey WD, Lacy BE, Cash BD, Epstein M, Corsino PE, Shah SM. A novel, duodenal-release formulation of a combination of caraway oil and l-menthol for the treatment of functional dyspepsia: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2019;10(4):2-8.
Kligler B, Chaudhary S. Peppermint oil. Am Fam Phys. 2007;75(7):1027-30.
Moussally K, Berard A. Exposure to specific herbal products during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight. Altern Ther Health Med. 2012;18(2):36-43.
Camilleri M, Boeckxstaens G. Dietary and pharmacological treatment of abdominal pain in IBS. Gut. 2017;66(5):966-74. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313425
Drugs and Lactation Database (Lactmed). [cited 2022 December 8]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501791/
Panda MSK, Nirvanashetty PS, Parachur BVA, Krishnamoorthy MC, Dey MS. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel-group, comparative clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of OLNP-06 versus placebo in subjects with functional dyspepsia. J Dietary Suppl. 2022;19(2):226-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2020.1856996
Giacosa A, Guido D, Grassi M, Riva A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E, et al. The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinalis) and artichoke (Cynara cardunculus) extract supplementation on functional dyspepsia: a randomised, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Evidence-Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;2015:915087. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/915087
Tursi A, Picchio M, Elisei W, Allegretta L, Benedicenti P, Bossa F, et al. Effectiveness and safety of a nutraceutical formulation for the treatment of functional dyspepsia in primary care. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2021;16(3):329-34. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574887116666210612034911
Hu ML, Rayner CK, Wu KL, Chuah SK, Tai WC, Chou YP, et al. Effect of ginger on gastric motility and symptoms of functional dyspepsia. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(1):105-10. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i1.105
Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(1):e15-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002456
Ding M, Leach M, Bradley H. The effectiveness and safety of ginger for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review. Women Birth. 2013;26(1):e26-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2012.08.001
Shirazi M, Mohebitabar S, Bioos S, Yekaninejad MS, Rahimi R, Shahpiri Z, et al. The effect of topical Rosa damascena (rose) oil on pregnancy-related low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Evidence-Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(1):120-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216654601
Taavoni S, Soltanipour F, Haghani H, Ansarian H, Kheirkhah M. Effects of olive oil on striae gravidarum in the second trimester of pregnancy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2011;17(3):167-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2010.10.003
Suzuki H, Matsuzaki J, Fukushima Y, Suzaki F, Kasugai K, Nishizawa T, et al. Randomized clinical trial: rikkunshito in the treatment of functional dyspepsia-a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(7):950-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12348
Doi M, Miyamoto K, Shimokawa T, Ariyasu H, Kaneko M, Yonemitsu T, et al. The effect of standard and high dose of rikkunshito on achievement of enteral nutrition target in critically ill patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Acute Med Surg. 2020;7(1):e442. https://doi.org/10.1002/ams2.442
Jun P, Rahmat E, Han C-H, Yang C, Kang Y. Traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Indonesian medicine: a comparative review of herbal medicines restricted in pregnancy. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;27(10):794-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-021-3487-7
Chan LY, Chiu PY, Lau TK. An in-vitro study of ginsenoside Rb1-induced teratogenicity using a whole rat embryo culture model. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(10):2166-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg401
Xie H-h, Xu J-y, Xie T, Meng X, Lin LL, He LL, et al. Effects of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Berit. On the metabolomic profiles of placenta and amniotic fluid in pregnant rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;183:38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.030
Holtmann G, Adam B, Haag S, Collet W, Grünewald E, Windeck T. Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia: a six-week placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(11-12):1099-105. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01767.x
Kirchhoff R, Beckers C, Kirchhoff GM, Trinczek-Gärtner H, Petrowicz O, Reimann HJ. Increase in choleresis by means of artichoke extract. Phytomedicine. 1994;1(2):107-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0944-7113(11)80027-9
Gotardo AT, Mattos MIS, Hueza IM, Górniak SL. The effect of Cynara scolymus (artichoke) on maternal reproductive outcomes and fetal development in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019;102:74-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.004
Pilichiewicz AN, Horowitz M, Russo A, Maddox AF, Jones KL, Schemann M, et al. Effects of Iberogast® on proximal gastric volume, antropyloroduodenal motility and gastric emptying in healthy men. Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol. 2007;102(6):1276-83.
Légeret C, Stienen Y, Furlano R, Köhler H. Effectivity of treatment for children with functional dyspepsia. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):1467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05380-y
Michael R, Bettina V, Eckehard L. Functional gastrointestinal disorders in children: effectivity, safety, and tolerability of the herbal preparation STW-5 (Iberogast®) in general practice. Complement Ther Med. 2022;71:102873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102873
Iberogast Product Page. Bayer. Available from: https://www.iberogast.com.au/products/iberogast
Cuzzolin L, Francini-Pesenti F, Verlato G, Joppi M, Baldelli P, Benoni G. Use of herbal products among 392 Italian pregnant women: focus on pregnancy outcome. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19(11):1151-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2040
Wiebrecht A, Gaus W, Becker S, Hummelsberger J, Kuhlmann K. Safety aspects of Chinese herbal medicine in pregnancy-re-evaluation of experimental data of two animal studies and the clinical experience. Complement Ther Med. 2014;22(5):954-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2014.08.005
Xiao Y, Li Y, Shu J, Li Y, Xu J, Ren J, et al. The efficacy of oral Zhizhu Kuanzhong, a traditional Chinese medicine, in patients with postprandial distress syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(3):526-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14467
Li L, Tang LY, Man GC, Yeung BH, Lau CB, Leung PC, et al. Potential reproductive toxicity of Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome, the most commonly used Chinese medicine for threatened miscarriage. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(12):3280-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der335
Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the Risks Associated with the Presence in Food Supplements of P-synephrine or Ingredients Obtained from Citrus Spp. Fruits Containing This Substance. ANSES. [cited 2022 December 8]. Available from: https://www.anses.fr/en/system/files/NUT2012sa0200EN.pdf
Ghabril M, Ma J, Patidar KR, Nephew L, Desai AP, Orman ES, et al. Eight-fold increase in dietary supplement-related liver failure leading to transplant waitlisting over the last quarter century in the United States. Liver Transplant. 2022;28(2):169-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.26246
Van Niel MS, Payne JL. Perinatal depression: a review. Cleveland Clin J Med. 2020;87(5):273-7. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.87a.19054
Kroska EB, Stowe ZN. Postpartum depression: identification and treatment in the clinic setting. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am. 2020;47(3):409-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2020.05.001
Stewart DE, Vigod SN. Postpartum depression: pathophysiology. Treat Emerging Ther. 2019;70(1):183-96. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106
Black CJ, Drossman DA, Talley NJ, Ruddy J, Ford AC. Functional gastrointestinal disorders: advances in understanding and management. Lancet (London, England). 2020;396(10263):1664-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32115-2
Palli A. Psychoeducation: the way to make patients manage their illness and fill their future with life short communication; 2018.
Wong HJ, Anitescu M. The role of health locus of control in evaluating depression and other comorbidities in patients with chronic pain conditions, a cross-sectional study. Pain Pract. 2017;17(1):52-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12410
Resnicow K, McMaster F. Motivational interviewing: moving from why to how with autonomy support. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-19
DISORDER WGOMD. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. Third Edition ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2010:152. Accessed April 12th, 2023.
Haag S, Senf W, Tagay S, Langkafel M, Braun-Lang U, Pietsch A, et al. Is there a benefit from intensified medical and psychological interventions in patients with functional dyspepsia not responding to conventional therapy? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(8):973-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03277.x
Yang JW, Wang LQ, Zou X, Yan SY, Wang Y, Zhao JJ, et al. Effect of acupuncture for postprandial distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Internal Med. 2020;172(12):777-85. https://doi.org/10.7326/m19-2880
Zheng H, Xu J, Sun X, Zeng F, Li Y, Wu X, et al. Electroacupuncture for patients with refractory functional dyspepsia: a randomized controlled trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018;30(7):e13316. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13316
Liu S, Peng S, Hou X, Ke M, Chen JD. Transcutaneous electroacupuncture improves dyspeptic symptoms and increases high frequency heart rate variability in patients with functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008;20(11):1204-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01164.x
Huang Z, Lin Z, Lin C, Chu H, Zheng X, Chen B, et al. Transcutaneous electrical acustimulation improves irritable bowel syndrome with constipation by accelerating colon transit and reducing rectal sensation using autonomic mechanisms. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(9):1491-501. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001882
Yang NN, Tan CX, Lin LL, Su XT, Li YJ, Qi LY, et al. Potential mechanisms of acupuncture for functional dyspepsia based on pathophysiology. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:781215. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.781215
da Silva JB, Nakamura MU, Cordeiro JA, Kulay L Jr, Saidah R. Acupuncture for dyspepsia in pregnancy: a prospective, randomised, controlled study. Acupuncture Med. 2009;27(2):50-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.2009.000497
Levett KM, Sutcliffe KL, Betts D. Using forbidden points in pregnancy: adverse outcomes and quality of evidence in randomized controlled trials-a systematic narrative review. Medical Acupuncture. 2019;31(6):346-60. https://doi.org/10.1089/acu.2019.1391
Bishop KC, Ford AC, Kuller JA, Dotters-Katz S. Acupuncture in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2019;74(4):241-51. https://doi.org/10.1097/ogx.0000000000000655
Allais G, Chiarle G, Sinatra E, Airola G, Bergandi F, Rolando S, et al. The safety of acupuncture for migraine prevention during pregnancy. Neurol Sci. 2022;43(9):5753-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-022-06201-w
Park J, Sohn Y, White AR, Lee H. The safety of acupuncture during pregnancy: a systematic review. Acupuncture Med. 2014;32(3):257-66. https://doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2013-010480
Zakarija-Grkovic I, Stewart F. Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;9(9):Cd006946. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006946.pub4
Pierdant G, Westphal K, Lange A, Usichenko TI. Stimulation of lactation using acupuncture: a case study. J Hum Lactation. 2022;38(3):559-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/08903344221078802
Rosetti MA, Spatz DL. Effects of acupressure on lactation: an integrated review. MCN Am J Maternal Child Nurs. 2022;47(6):345-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000866
Camilleri M. Electrical devices for functional visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022;35(3):e14518. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14518
Kovacic K, Hainsworth K, Sood M, Chelimsky G, Unteutsch R, Nugent M, et al. Neurostimulation for abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in adolescents: a randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(10):727-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30253-4
Shi X, Hu Y, Zhang B, Li W, Chen JD, Liu F. Ameliorating effects and mechanisms of transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation on abdominal pain and constipation. JCI Insight. 2021;6(14):5-10. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.150052
Fassov JL, Lundby L, Laurberg S, Buntzen S, Krogh K. A randomized, controlled, crossover study of sacral nerve stimulation for irritable bowel syndrome. Ann Surg. 2014;260(1):31-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000000559
Camilleri M, Chedid V, Ford AC, Haruma K, Horowitz M, Jones KL, et al. Gastroparesis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0038-z
Kim YS, Kim HS, Jeong H, Lee CH, Lee MK, Choi SS. Efficacy of electrical stimulation on epidural anesthesia for cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2020;20(1):146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-020-01063-1
Vixner L, Mårtensson LB, Schytt E. Acupuncture with manual and electrical stimulation for labour pain: a two month follow up of recollection of pain and birth experience. BMC Complementary Altern Med. 2015;15:180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0708-2
Maghalian M, Mirghafourvand M, Ghaderi F, Abbasalizadeh S, Pak S, Kamalifard M. Comparison the effect of Swedish massage and interferential electrical stimulation on labor pain and childbirth experience in primiparous women: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022;306(1):37-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-021-06220-6
Laurin A, Nard N, Dalmont M, Bulteau S, Bénard C, Bonnot O, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial electric stimulation during the perinatal period: a systematic literature review and three case reports. J Clin Med. 2022;11(14):4048. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144048
Katsura D, Tsuji S, Hayashi K, Tokoro S, Hoshiyama T, Kita N, et al. Maternal and foetal physiological response of sacral surface electrical stimulation during pregnancy: a preliminary study. Exp Physiol. 2022;107(5):508-14. https://doi.org/10.1113/ep090187
Wang Y, Hassouna MM. Electrical stimulation has no adverse effect on pregnant rats and fetuses. J Urol. 1999;162(5):1785-7.
Agnello M, Vottero M, Bertapelle P. Do you really want to deactivate your sacral neuromodulation device during pregnancy? A single center case series. Int Urogynecol J. 2021;32(3):709-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-020-04594-w
Tsuei JJ, Lai Y, Sharma SD. The influence of acupuncture stimulation during pregnancy: the induction and inhibition of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 1977;50(4):479-8.
de Sousa L, Gomes-Sponholz FA, Nakano AM. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the relief of post-partum uterine contraction pain during breast-feeding: a randomized clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2014;40(5):1317-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.12345
David C, Montenegro M, Spiegel B, Lacy BE. Virtual Reality Improves Symptoms Of Functional Dyspepsia: Results of a Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Study. presented at: ACG 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting. 2022 Charlotte, NC. Available from: https://www.eventscribe.net/2022/ACG2022/fsPopup.asp?PresentationID=1140526&mode=presinfo
Estrella-Juarez F, Requena-Mullor M, Garcia-Gonzalez J, Lopez-Villen A, Alarcon-Rodriguez R. Effect of virtual reality and music therapy on the physiologic parameters of pregnant women and fetuses and on anxiety levels: a randomized controlled trial. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2022;68:35-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13413
Hajesmaeel-Gohari S, Sarpourian F, Shafiei E. Virtual reality applications to assist pregnant women: a scoping review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03725-5
Wong MS, Spiegel BMR, Gregory KD. Virtual reality reduces pain in laboring women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Perinatol. 2021;38(S 01):e167-72. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708851