COVID-19: The disease, the vaccine and the heart.
COVID-19
COVID-19 related
SARS-CoV-2
cardiology
child
infant
pandemics
Journal
Journal of paediatrics and child health
ISSN: 1440-1754
Titre abrégé: J Paediatr Child Health
Pays: Australia
ID NLM: 9005421
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
06 2023
06 2023
Historique:
received:
03
11
2022
accepted:
06
04
2023
medline:
2
6
2023
pubmed:
9
5
2023
entrez:
9
5
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has fundamentally affected the health, healthcare delivery and daily life in all populations and age groups in Australia. The aim of this report is to summarise how it has affected the paediatric population with an emphasis on, but not limited to, the cardiac manifestations. A literature review and appraisal of data relating to SARS-CoV-2 cardiac manifestations and vaccination in the paediatric population was undertaken.The majority of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection recover well. However, a very small proportion may develop severe acute disease. In the sub-acute phase, children may also develop a Kawasaki like illness, Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. Whilst not directly cardiac in nature, SARS-CoV-2 also affected children in other profound ways. Public health measures with widespread lockdowns appeared to disproportionately affect the paediatric population causing physical deconditioning and psychological harm. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has proven to be safe and effective, but the small rate of complications did disproportionately affect teenage children with risks of myocarditis and pericarditis. The long term outcomes following myocarditis related to SARS-Cov-2 vaccination are yet to be clarified. When treating children in the era of SARS-CoV-2, Paediatricians need to be well aware of the risks of infection in the acute and sub-acute phases, have a good understanding of the well-established recommendations for vaccination, and also be cognisant of psychological impacts.
Substances chimiques
COVID-19 Vaccines
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
786-793Informations de copyright
© 2023 Paediatrics and Child Health Division (The Royal Australasian College of Physicians).
Références
Gallo Marin B, Aghagoli G, Lavine K et al. Predictors of COVID-19 severity: A literature review. Rev. Med. Virol. 2021; 31: 1-10.
Bhopal SS, Bagaria J, Olabi B, Bhopal R. Children and young people remain at low risk of COVID-19 mortality. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 2021; 5: e12-3.
Panchal U, Salazar de Pablo G, Franco M et al. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: Systematic review. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2021: 1-27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01856-w (Epub ahead of print).
Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020; 109: 1088-95.
Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics 2020; 145: e20200702.
Williams N, Radia T, Harman K, Agrawal P, Cook J, Gupta A. COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: A systematic review of critically unwell children and the association with underlying comorbidities. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2021; 180: 689-97.
COVID Data Tracker. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022. Available from: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#demographics.
Desai A, Mills A, Delozier S et al. Pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Clinical characteristics in the United States from a large global health research network. Cureus 2020; 12: e10413.
Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 (PIMS) - Guidance for clinicians. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health; 2020. Available from: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/paediatric-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-temporally-associated-covid-19-pims-guidance.
Hoste L, Van Paemel R, Haerynck F. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children related to COVID-19: A systematic review. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2021; 180: 2019-34.
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19. World Health Organisation; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-with-covid-19.
Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 2020; 395: 1607-8.
Alsaied T, Tremoulet AH, Burns JC et al. Review of cardiac involvement in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Circulation 2021; 143: 78-88.
Payne AB, Gilani Z, Godfred-Cato S et al. Incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children among US persons infected with SARS-CoV-2. JAMA Netw. Open 2021; 4: e2116420.
Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J et al. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. JAMA 2020; 324: 259-69.
Ramcharan T, Nolan O, Lai CY et al. Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome: Temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS): Cardiac features, management and short-term outcomes at a UK tertiary paediatric hospital. Pediatr. Cardiol. 2020; 41: 1391-401.
Ahmed M, Advani S, Moreira A et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 26: 100527.
Cattalini M, Della Paolera S, Zunica F et al. Defining Kawasaki disease and pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome-temporally associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection during SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Italy: Results from a national, multicenter survey. Pediatr. Rheumatol. 2021; 19: 1-11.
Radia T, Williams N, Agrawal P et al. Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children & adolescents (MIS-C): A systematic review of clinical features and presentation. Paediatr. Respir. Rev. 2021; 38: 51-7.
McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: A scientific statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017; 135: e927-e99.
Bartoszek M, Malek LA, Barczuk-Falecka M, Brzewski M. Cardiac magnetic resonance follow-up of children after pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 with initial cardiac involvement. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2022; 55: 883-91.
Capone CA, Misra N, Ganigara M et al. Six month follow-up of patients with multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children. Pediatrics 2021; 148: e2021050973.
Panda PK, Gupta J, Chowdhury SR et al. Psychological and behavioral impact of lockdown and quarantine measures for COVID-19 pandemic on children, adolescents and caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Trop. Pediatr. 2021; 67: fmaa122.
Narici M, Vito GD, Franchi M et al. Impact of sedentarism due to the COVID-19 home confinement on neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic health: Physiological and pathophysiological implications and recommendations for physical and nutritional countermeasures. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2021; 21: 614-35.
Moore SA, Faulkner G, Rhodes RE et al. Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: A national survey. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2020; 17: 1-11.
Dayton JD, Ford K, Carroll SJ, Flynn PA, Kourtidou S, Holzer RJ. The deconditioning effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on unaffected healthy children. Pediatr. Cardiol. 2021; 42: 554-9.
Hu J, Liu J, Wang J et al. Unfavorable progression of obesity in children and adolescents due to COVID-19 pandemic: A school-based survey in China. Obesity 2021; 29: 1907-15.
Chang T-H, Chen Y-C, Chen W-Y et al. Weight gain associated with COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13: 3668.
Approved COVID-19 vaccines. Australian Government, Department of Health. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/initiatives-and-programs/covid-19-vaccines/approved-vaccines.
Frenck RW Jr, Klein NP, Kitchin N et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in adolescents. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021; 385: 239-50.
Walter EB, Talaat KR, Sabharwal C et al. Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in children 5 to 11 years of age. N. Engl. J. Med. 2022; 386: 35-46.
Ali K, Berman G, Zhou H et al. Evaluation of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adolescents. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021; 385: 2241-51.
Kime P. Pentagon Tracking 14 Cases of Heart Inflammation in Troops after COVID-19 Shots. Available from: https://www.military.com/daily-news/2021/04/26/pentagon-tracking-14-cases-of-heart-inflammation-troops-after-covid-19-shots.html.
Marshall M, Ferguson ID, Lewis P et al. Symptomatic acute myocarditis in 7 adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. Pediatrics 2021; 148: e2021052478.
Snapiri O, Danziger CR, Shirman N et al. Transient cardiac injury in adolescents receiving the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2021; 40: e360.
Rosner CM, Genovese L, Tehrani BN et al. Myocarditis temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Circulation 2021; 144: 502-5.
Mevorach D, Anis E, Cedar N et al. Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against Covid-19 in Israel. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021; 385: 2140-9.
Block JP, Boehmer TK, Forrest CB et al. Cardiac complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection and mRNA COVID-19 vaccination-PCORnet, United States, January 2021-January 2022. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2022; 71: 517-23.
Thomas SJ, Moreira ED Jr, Kitchin N et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine through 6 months. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021; 385: 1761-73.
Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020; 384: 403-16.
Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020; 383: 2603-15.
Dalgaard JB. Fatal myocarditis following smallpox vaccination. Am. Heart J. 1957; 54: 156-8.
Engler RJ, Nelson MR, Collins LC Jr et al. A prospective study of the incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis and new onset cardiac symptoms following smallpox and influenza vaccination. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0118283.
COVID-19 vaccine safety report - 06-10-2022. Therapeutic Goods Association; 2022. Available from: https://www.tga.gov.au/news/covid-19-vaccine-safety-reports/covid-19-vaccine-safety-report-06-10-2022#total-adverse-event-reports-following-immunisation-to-2-october-2022.
Kaufman J, Tuckerman J, Danchin M. Overcoming COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Can Australia reach the last 20 percent? Expert Rev. Vaccines 2022; 21: 159-61.
Jain SS, Steele JM, Fonseca B et al. COVID-19 vaccination-associated myocarditis in adolescents. Pediatrics 2021; 148: e2021053427.
Bozkurt B, Kamat I, Hotez PJ. Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Circulation 2021; 144: 471-84.
Amir G, Rotstein A, Razon Y et al. CMR imaging 6 months after myocarditis associated with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Pediatr. Cardiol. 2022; 43: 1522-9.
Pelliccia A, Solberg EE, Papadakis M et al. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: Position statement of the sport cardiology section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur. Heart J. 2019; 40: 19-33.
Maron BJ, Udelson JE, Bonow RO et al. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task force 3: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and other cardiomyopathies, and myocarditis: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2015; 66: 2362-71.
COVID-19 vaccination - Guidance on myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccines. Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-guidance-on-myocarditis-and-pericarditis-after-covid-19-vaccines.
Patone M, Mei XW, Handunnetthi L et al. Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Med. 2022; 28: 410-22.
Roser M, Ritchie H, Dadonaite B. Child and Infant Mortality. OurWorldInData.org; 2013. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality.
COVID-19 Mortality in Australia: Deaths registered until 31 March 2022. Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2022. Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/covid-19-mortality-australia-deaths-registered-until-31-march-2022.