Frequency and Quality of Exposure to Adaptive Cruise Control and Impact on Trust, Workload, and Mental Models.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) support drivers with some driving tasks. However, drivers may lack appropriate knowledge about ADAS resulting in inadequate mental models. This may result in drivers misusing ADAS, or mistrusting the technologies, especially after encountering edge-case events (situations beyond the capability of an ADAS where the system may malfunction or fail) and may also adversely affect driver workload. Literature suggests mental models could be improved through exposure to ADAS-related driving situations, especially those related to ADAS capabilities and limitations. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of frequency and quality of exposure on drivers' understanding of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), their trust, and their workload after driving with ACC. Sixteen novice ACC users were recruited for this longitudinal driving simulator study. Drivers were randomly assigned to one of two groups - the 'Regular Exposure' group encountering 'routine' edge-case events, and the 'Enhanced Exposure' group encountering 'routine' and 'rare' events. Each participant undertook four different simulator sessions, each separated by about a week. Each session comprised a simulator drive featuring five edge-case scenarios. The study followed a mixed-subject design, with exposure frequency as the within-subject variable, and quality of exposure (defined by two groups) as the between-subject variable. Surveys measured drivers' trust, workload, and mental models. The results from the analyses using linear regression models revealed that drivers' mental models about ACC improve with frequency of exposure to ACC and associated edge-case driving situations. This was more the case for drivers who experienced 'rare' ACC edge cases. The findings also indicate that for those who encountered 'rare' edge cases, workload was higher and trust was lower than those who did not. These findings are significant since they underline the importance of experience and familiarity with ADAS for safe operation. While these findings indicate that drivers benefit from increased exposure to ACC and edge cases in terms of appropriate use of ADAS, and ultimately promise crash reductions and injury prevention, a challenge remains regarding how to provide drivers with appropriate exposure in a safe manner.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.