Effects of shoulder position during static stretching on shear elastic modulus of biceps brachii muscle.

Biceps brachii muscle consists of a long head (BBL) and a short head (BBS). Shortening the BBL and BBS causes tendinopathy of the intertubercular groove and coracoid process. Therefore, it is necessary to stretch the BBL and BBS separately. This study aimed to determine the positions where the BBL and BBS were most stretched, using shear wave elastography (SWE). Fifteen healthy young males participated in the study. The shear elastic moduli of the BBL and BBS of the non-dominant arm were measured using SWE. The measurement positions were the resting position (shoulder flexion and abduction 0°) and four stretching positions.. The elbow was extended, and the forearm was pronated in all positions. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test to compare the shear elastic moduli between the resting and stretched limb positions. In addition, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test was used to compare shear elastic moduli between the stretching positions that were significantly different compared to the resting position.. Results show that for BBL and BBS, shear elastic moduli were significantly higher in the shoulder extension + external rotation and shoulder horizontal abduction + internal rotation positions than in the resting position. Moreover, the shear elastic modulus of the BBL was significantly higher in shoulder extension + external rotation than in shoulder horizontal abduction + internal rotation. In contrast, the shear elastic modulus of the BBS was significantly higher in shoulder horizontal abduction + internal rotation than in shoulder extension + external rotation. The BBL and BBS were effectively stretched by shoulder extension + external rotation and horizontal abduction + internal rotation.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.