Sleep disorders in a naturalistic cohort of Dutch psychiatric outpatients: prevalence rates and associations with psychopathology symptom severity and well-being.
mental disorders
neurodevelopmental conditions
sleep disorders
symptom severity
well-being
Journal
Journal of sleep research
ISSN: 1365-2869
Titre abrégé: J Sleep Res
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9214441
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Apr 2024
Apr 2024
Historique:
revised:
30
06
2023
received:
07
02
2023
accepted:
07
07
2023
medline:
18
3
2024
pubmed:
3
8
2023
entrez:
3
8
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Sleep problems are very common in individuals with a mental disorder. Given the abundant evidence indicating the negative impact of disturbed sleep on mental health outcome, insight into the prevalence of all types of sleep disorders in specific mental disorders and neurodevelopmental conditions is of practical importance. Therefore, we estimated the prevalence of six types of sleep disorders with the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire in an overall mental health sample (n = 1082) and separately for different mental and neurodevelopmental conditions. Furthermore, associations between specific sleep disorders, psychopathology and well-being were studied. The impact of the total number of sleep disorders on these associations was examined. Overall, 46.2% of all participants scored above the cut-off for having a sleep disorder. Specifically, 26.8% scored on insomnia, 12.1% on sleep breathing disorders, 9.7% on hypersomnia, 13.7% on circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, 11.2% on parasomnia, and 17.9% on sleep-related movement disorders. Most sleep disorders were associated with greater severity of psychopathology and lower well-being. These associations got stronger with an increasing number of sleep disorders. Our study revealed higher suspected prevalence of most sleep disorders in a mental disorder sample compared to the general population. Moreover, the presence of sleep disorder(s) was strongly associated with symptom severity and reduced well-being. These findings extend the notion that early detection and treatment of sleep disorders in mental health populations is essential for psychiatric outcome.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e14009Subventions
Organisme : ZonMw
ID : 626310014
Pays : Netherlands
Informations de copyright
© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Sleep Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Sleep Research Society.
Références
Abad, V. C., & Guilleminault, C. (2022). Sleep and psychiatry. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 7, 291-303. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2005.7.4
Akashiba, T., Kawahara, S., Akahoshi, T., Omori, C., Saito, O., Majima, T., & Horie, T. (2002). Relationship between quality of life and mood or depression in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest, 122, 861-865. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.122.3.861
Alberti, S., Chiesa, A., Andrisano, C., & Serretti, A. (2015). Insomnia and somnolence associated with second-generation antidepressants during the treatment of major depression: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 35(3), 296-303. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000329
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2005). The international classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual (2nd ed.). Westchester.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Auger, R. R. (2009). Advance-related sleep complaints and advanced sleep phase disorder. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 4, 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.01.012
Baglioni, C., Nanovska, S., Regen, W., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Nissen, C., Reynolds, C. F., III, & Riemann, D. (2016). Sleep and mental disorders: A meta-analysis of polysomnographic research. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 969-990. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000053
Baker, E. K., & Richdale, A. L. (2017). Examining the behavioural sleep-wake rhythm in adults with autism spectrum disorder and no comorbid intellectual disability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 1207-1222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3042-3
Behr, M., Acker, J., Cohrs, S., Deuschle, M., Danker-Hopfe, H., Göder, R., Norra, C., Richter, K., Riemann, D., Schilling, C., Weeß, H. G., Wetter, T. C., Wollenburg, L. M., & Pollmächer, T. (2018). Prevalence of sleep-related breathing disorders of inpatients with psychiatric disorders. Der Nervenarzt, 89, 807-813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-018-0545-x
Belleville, G., Cousineau, H., Levrier, K., & St-Pierre-Delorme, M. È. (2011). Meta-analytic review of the impact of cognitive-behavior therapy for insomnia on concomitant anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 638-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.004
Bijlenga, D., Vollebregt, M. A., Kooij, J. J., & Arns, M. (2019). The role of the circadian system in the etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD: time to redefine ADHD? ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 11, 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-018-0271-z
Billiard, M., & Sonka, K. (2016). Idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 29, 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.007
Blom, K., Jernelöv, S., Kraepelien, M., Bergdahl, M. O., Jungmarker, K., Ankartjärn, L., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2015). Internet treatment addressing either insomnia or depression, for patients with both diagnoses: A randomized trial. Sleep, 38, 267-277. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4412
Blom, K., Jernelöv, S., Rück, C., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2017). Three-year follow-up comparing cognitive behavioral therapy for depression to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, for patients with both diagnoses. Sleep, 40(8), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx108
Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P., Weathers, F. W., Gallagher, M. W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P. P., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28, 1379-1391. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254
Carmassi, C., Palagini, L., Caruso, D., Masci, I., Nobili, L., Vita, A., & Dell'Osso, L. (2019). Systematic review of sleep disturbances and circadian sleep desynchronization in autism spectrum disorder: Toward an integrative model of a self-reinforcing loop. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00366
Chakravorty, S., Vandrey, R. G., He, S., & Stein, M. D. (2018). Sleep management among patients with substance use disorders. Medical Clinics, 102, 733-743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2018.02.012
Chong, Y., Fryar, C. D., & Gu, Q. (2013). Prescription sleep aid use among adults: United States, 2005-2010. NCHS data brief, no 127. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
Colvonen, P. J., Straus, L. D., Stepnowsky, C., McCarthy, M. J., Goldstein, L. A., & Norman, S. B. (2018). Recent advancements in treating sleep disorders in co-occurring PTSD. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(7), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0916-9
de Jong, K., Nugter, M. A., Polak, M. G., Wagenborg, J. E., Spinhoven, P., & Heiser, W. J. (2007). The outcome questionnaire (OQ-45) in a dutch population: A cross-cultural validation. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 14, 288-301. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.529
Deng, S., McCarthy, D. E., Piper, M. E., Baker, T. B., & Bolt, D. M. (2018). Extreme response style and the measurement of intra-individual variability in affect. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 53(2), 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2017.1413636
Dolsen, M. R., Asarnow, L. D., & Harvey, A. G. (2014). Insomnia as a transdiagnostic process in psychiatric disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0471-y
Edwards, C., Almeida, O. P., & Ford, A. H. (2020). Obstructive sleep apnea and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas, 142, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.06.002
Fadeuilhe, C., Daigre, C., Richarte, V., Grau-López, L., Palma-Álvarez, R. F., Corrales, M., & Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. (2021). Insomnia disorder in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients: Clinical, comorbidity, and treatment correlates. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 695, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.663889
Ford, D. E., & Cooper-Patrick, L. (2001). Sleep disturbances and mood disorders: An epidemiologic perspective. Depression and Anxiety, 14, 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.1041
Franzen, P. L., & Buysse, D. J. (2022). Sleep disturbances and depression: Risk relationships for subsequent depression and therapeutic implications. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 10, 473-481. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.4/plfranzen
Freeman, D., Sheaves, B., Waite, F., Harvey, A. G., & Harrison, P. J. (2020). Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 628-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30136-X
Germain, A. (2013). Sleep disturbances as the hallmark of PTSD: where are we now? American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(4), 372-382. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12040432
Harvey, A. G. (2016). A transdiagnostic intervention for youth sleep and circadian problems. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 23, 341-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.06.001
Hertenstein, E., Feige, B., Gmeiner, T., Kienzler, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Johann, A., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Palagini, L., Rücker, G., Riemann, D., & Baglioni, C. (2019). Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 43, 96-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.006
Hertenstein, E., Trinca, E., Wunderlin, M., Schneider, C. L., Züst, M. A., Fehér, K. D., Su, T., Straten, A. V., Berger, T., Baglioni, C., Johann, A., Spiegelhalder, K., Riemann, D., Feige, B., & Nissen, C. (2022). Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with mental disorders and comorbid insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 101597, 101597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101597
Hohn, V. D., de Veld, D. M., Mataw, K. J., van Someren, E. J., & Begeer, S. (2019). Insomnia severity in adults with autism spectrum disorder is associated with sensory hyper-reactivity and social skill impairment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 2146-2155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03891-8
Hombali, A., Seow, E., Yuan, Q., Chang, S. H. S., Satghare, P., Kumar, S., Verma, S. K., Mok, Y. M., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of sleep disorder symptoms in psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Research, 279, 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.009
Ion, R., Monger, B., Hardie, S., Henderson, N., & Cumming, J. (2013). A tool to measure progress and outcome in recovery. British Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 2, 211-215. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjmh.2013.2.4.211
Johnson, E. O., Roth, T., & Breslau, N. (2006). The association of insomnia with anxiety disorders and depression: Exploration of the direction of risk. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 700-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.008
Kallweit, U., Werth, E., Seiz, A., Sefidan, S., Dahmen, N., Manconi, M., Ehlert, U., & Bassetti, C. L. (2016). Psychiatric comorbidities in restless legs syndrome. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 28, 239-242. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15030055
Kamphuis, J., Taxis, K., Schuiling-Veninga, C. C., Bruggeman, R., & Lancel, M. (2015). Off-label prescriptions of low-dose quetiapine and mirtazapine for insomnia in the Netherlands. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 35(4), 468-470. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000338
Kerkhof, G. A. (2017). Epidemiology of sleep and sleep disorders in The Netherlands. Sleep Medicine, 30, 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.09.015
Kerkhof, G. A., Geuke, M. E., Brouwer, A., Rijsman, R. M., Schimsheimer, R. J., & Van Kasteel, V. (2013). Holland sleep disorders questionnaire: A new sleep disorders questionnaire based on the international classification of sleep Disorders-2. Journal of Sleep Research, 22, 104-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01041.x
Khurshid, K. A. (2018). Comorbid insomnia and psychiatric disorders: an update. Innovations in clinical neuroscience, 15, 28-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5906087/
Krakow, B., Ribeiro, J. D., Ulibarri, V. A., Krakow, J., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2011). Sleep disturbances and suicidal ideation in sleep medical center patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 131, 422-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.12.001
Krakow, B. J., Ulibarri, V. A., Moore, B. A., & McIver, N. D. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep-disordered breathing: a review of comorbidity research. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 24, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.11.001
Lack, L. C., & Wright, H. R. (2007). Clinical management of delayed sleep phase disorder. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 5, 57-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402000709336726
Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 863. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
Lancel, M., Boersma, G. J., & Kamphuis, J. (2021). Insomnia disorder and its reciprocal relation with psychopathology. Current Opinion in Psychology, 41, 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.001
Maher, A. R., Apaydin, E. A., Hilton, L., Chen, C., Troxel, W., Hall, O., Azhar, G., Larkin, J., Motala, A., & Hempel, S. (2021). Sleep management in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine, 87, 203-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.08.016
Malik, S., Kanwar, A., Sim, L. A., Prokop, L. J., Wang, Z., Benkhadra, K., & Murad, M. H. (2014). The association between sleep disturbances and suicidal behaviors in patients with psychiatric diagnoses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews, 3, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-3-18
Mijnster, T., Boersma, G. J., Meijer, E., & Lancel, M. (2022). Effectivity of (personalized) cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in mental health populations and the elderly: An overview. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12, 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071070
Monger, B., Hardie, S. M., Ion, R., Cumming, J., & Henderson, N. (2013). The individual recovery outcomes counter: Preliminary validation of a personal recovery measure. The Psychiatrist, 37, 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.112.041889
Morin, C. M., & Ware, J. C. (1996). Sleep and psychopathology. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 5, 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(96)80013-8
Morrison, K., Su, S., Keck, M., & Beidel, D. C. (2021). Psychometric properties of the PCL-5 in a sample of first responders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 77, 102339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102339
National Drug Monitor. (2023). Slaap- en kalmeringsmiddelen 10.2.2 Gebruik onder groepen in de volwassen bevolking. Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands [In Dutch]. Retrieved 10-01-2023 from https://www.nationaledrugmonitor.nl/slaapenkalmeringsmiddelen-demografische-kenmerken-algemene-bevolking/
Neubauer, D. N., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Spence, D. W., Buttoo, K., & Monti, J. M. (2018). Pharmacotherapy of insomnia. Journal of Central Nervous System Disease, 10, 1179573518770672. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179573518770672
Nowakowski, S., Garland, S., Grandner, M. A., & Cuddihy, L. (2021). Adapting Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (1st ed.). Elsevier.
Ohayon, M. M., Morselli, P., & Guilleminault, C. (1997). Prevalence of nightmares and their relationship to psychopathology and daytime functioning in insomnia subjects. Sleep, 20, 340-348. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/20.5.340
Ohayon, M. M., & Roth, T. (2003). Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 37, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3956(02)00052-3
Ohayon, M. M., & Shapiro, C. M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 469-478. https://doi.org/10.1053/comp.2000.16568
Palagini, L., Hertenstein, E., Riemann, D., & Nissen, C. (2022). Sleep, insomnia and mental health. Journal of Sleep Research, e13628, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13628
Patatanian, E., & Claborn, M. K. (2018). Drug-induced restless legs syndrome. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 52, 662-672. https://doi.org/10.1177/106002801876029
Pavlova, M. K., & Latreille, V. (2019). Sleep disorders. The American Journal of Medicine, 132, 292-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.09.021
Phillips, B., Hening, W., Britz, P., & Mannino, D. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of restless legs syndrome: results from the 2005 National Sleep Foundation Poll. Chest, 129(1), 76-80. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.129.1.76
Provencher, T., Lemyre, A., Vallières, A., & Bastien, C. H. (2020). Insomnia in personality disorders and substance use disorders. Current Opinion in Psychology, 34, 72-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.10.005
R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing URL: https://www.R-project.org/
Reeve, S., Sheaves, B., & Freeman, D. (2015). The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: a systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 96-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.001
Riemann, D. (2009). Does effective management of sleep disorders reduce depressive symptoms and the risk of depression? Drugs, 69, 43-64. https://doi.org/10.2165/11531130-000000000-00000
Rottach, K. G., Schaner, B. M., Kirch, M. H., Zivotofsky, A. Z., Teufel, L. M., Gallwitz, T., & Messer, T. (2008). Restless legs syndrome as side effect of second generation antidepressants. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 70-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.02.006
Samalin, L., Reinares, M., De Chazeron, I., Torrent, C., Bonnin, C. M., Hidalgo-Mazzei, D., Murru, A., Pacchiarotti, I., Geoffroy, P. A., Bellivier, F., Llorca, P. M., & Vieta, E. (2016). Course of residual symptoms according to the duration of euthymia in remitted bipolar patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12568
Sarfan, L. D., Gasperetti, C. E., Gumport, N. B., & Harvey, A. G. (2022a). Outcomes from the transdiagnostic sleep and circadian intervention (TranS-C) for midlife and older adults with serious mental illness and sleep and circadian dysfunction. Behavior Therapy, 53, 585-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.02.001
Sarfan, L. D., Hilmoe, H. E., Gumport, N. B., & Harvey, A. G. (2022b). The Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TranS-C) in Community Mental Health: Comorbidity and Use of Modules Under the Microscope. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.03.007
Scott, A. J., Webb, T. L., Martyn-St James, M., Rowse, G., & Weich, S. (2021). Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 60, 101556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556
Simoons, M., Ruhé, H. G., van Roon, E. N., Schoevers, R. A., Bruggeman, R., Cath, D. C., Muis, D., Arends, J., Doornbos, B., & Mulder, H. (2019). Design and methods of the ‘monitoring outcomes of psychiatric pharmacotherapy’(MOPHAR) monitoring program-a study protocol. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3951-2
Snitselaar, M. A., Smits, M. G., & Spijker, J. (2016). Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in adult ADHD and its subtypes. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 14, 480-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2015.1018386
Spera, V., Maiello, M., Pallucchini, A., Novi, M., Elefante, C., De Dominicis, F., & Perugi, G. (2020). Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and clinical correlates of delayed sleep phase disorder. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113162
Sportel, B. E., Aardema, H., Boonstra, N., Arends, J., Rudd, B., Metz, M. J., Castelein, S., & Pijnenborg, G. H. M. (2023). Measuring recovery in participants with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder: validation of the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I. ROC). BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04763-3
Steinan, M. K., Scott, J., Lagerberg, T. V., Melle, I., Andreassen, O. A., Vaaler, A. E., & Morken, G. (2016). Sleep problems in bipolar disorders: more than just insomnia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 133, 368-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12523
Stewart, R., Besset, A., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Lindesay, J., Jenkins, R., Singleton, N., & Meltzer, H. (2006). Insomnia comorbidity and impact and hypnotic use by age group in a national survey population aged 16 to 74 years. Sleep, 29, 1391-1397. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/29.11.1391
Takaesu, Y., Inoue, Y., Murakoshi, A., Komada, Y., Otsuka, A., Futenma, K., & Inoue, T. (2016). Prevalence of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders and associated factors in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. PLoS One, 11(7), e0159578. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159578
Van Schagen, A. M., Lancee, J., de Groot, I. W., Spoormaker, V. I., & van den Bout, J. (2015). Imagery rehearsal therapy in addition to treatment as usual for patients with diverse psychiatric diagnoses suffering from nightmares: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76, 8490. https://doi.org/10.11588/ijodr.2016.1.24953
Van Schagen, A. M., Lancee, J., Spoormaker, V. I., & Van Den Bout, J. (2016). Long-term treatment effects of imagery rehearsal therapy for nightmares in a population with diverse mental disorders. International Journal of Dream Research, 9, 67-70. https://doi.org/10.11588/ijodr.2016.1.24953
Van Vaerenbergh, Y., & Thomas, T. D. (2013). Response styles in survey research: A literature review of antecedents, consequences, and remedies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25(2), 195-217. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/eds021
Van Veen, M. M., Karsten, J., & Lancel, M. (2017). Poor sleep and its relation to impulsivity in patients with antisocial or borderline personality disorders. Behavioral Medicine, 43, 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2017.1313719
Wajszilber, D., Santiseban, J. A., & Gruber, R. (2018). Sleep disorders in patients with ADHD: impact and management challenges. Nature and Science of Sleep, 10, 453-480. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S163074
Wang, X., Cheng, S., & Xu, H. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between sleep disorders and suicidal behaviour in patients with depression. BMC Psychiatry, 19, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2302-5
Weber, F. C., Danker-Hopfe, H., Dogan-Sander, E., Frase, L., Hansel, A., Mauche, N., … Wetter, T. C. (2022). Restless legs syndrome prevalence and clinical correlates among psychiatric inpatients: a multicenter study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.846165
Werner, G. G., Riemann, D., & Ehring, T. (2021). Fear of sleep and trauma-induced insomnia: A review and conceptual model. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 55, 101383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101383
Wichniak, A., Wierzbicka, A., Walęcka, M., & Jernajczyk, W. (2017). Effects of antidepressants on sleep. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0816-4
World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. (2022). ATC/DDD Index. Retrieved on 10-01-2023 from https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N05C&showdescription=no
Wu, J. Q., Appleman, E. R., Salazar, R. D., & Ong, J. C. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia comorbid with psychiatric and medical conditions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175, 1461-1472. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3006