Mapping lines of non-extension in persons with lower limb amputation to aid comfort-driven prosthetic socket design.

This study aimed to develop a new technique to map the strain field for persons with lower-limb amputations to use for the design of comfortable prostheses. Using a DSLR camera with stenciled 2D markers, we demonstrated a technique to measure skin strain around the residual limb of persons with lower limb amputations. We used open-source software programs to reconstruct a series of cloud points derived from the pictures of the marked residual limb into 3D models, then calculated the minimum, maximum, and non-extension lines from directional strain fields. A DSLR camera was successful in capturing 2D markers. The maximum mean principal strain was 68% ± 14%, observed around the patella. The minimum compressive mean principal strain of -31% ± 4% was observed posteriorly in the popliteal region of the knee. Although lines of non-extension (LoNE) appear separate in different participants, they are anatomically located in regions that could be generalized for the design of prostheses. Marker locations extracted from the video of different poses can be compared to calculate strains from which the position of LoNE can be generated. The use of LoNE could be valuable in reducing discomfort at the socket interface and informing future socket design.

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Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors report that there are no competing interests to declare, and all authors contributed equally to the research. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.