Physical Activity, Occupational Stress, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Law Enforcement Officers: A Cross-sectional Study.
Journal
Journal of occupational and environmental medicine
ISSN: 1536-5948
Titre abrégé: J Occup Environ Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9504688
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 Nov 2023
01 Nov 2023
Historique:
medline:
6
11
2023
pubmed:
17
8
2023
entrez:
17
8
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the interrelationship between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), occupational stress, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in law enforcement officers (LEOs). A total of 229 LEOs completed a survey assessing their LTPA level, occupational stress, and CVD risk factors. After adjusting for age and sex, physically inactive LEOs are more likely to have one or more CVD risk factors. While high occupational stress was associated with greater odds of CVD risk factors in physically inactive LEOs, stress was not significantly associated with the prevalence of CVD risk factors in active LEOs. Our results suggest that occupational stress is associated with the prevalence of CVD risk factors in LEOs. Nevertheless, LTPA might have the potential to mitigate the impact of occupational stress on CVD risk factors.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37590402
doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002947
pii: 00043764-202311000-00013
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e688-e694Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2023 American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Références
Sedigh G, Devlin RA, Grenier G. Are quebecers more stressed out at work than others? An investigation into the differences between Quebec and the rest of Canada in level of work stress. Can Public Policy 2017;43:177–189.
Galanis P, Fragkou D, Katsoulas TA. Risk factors for stress among police officers: a systematic literature review. Work 2021;68:1255–1272.
Kukić F, Streetman A, Koropanovski N, et al. Operational stress of police officers: a cross-sectional study in three countries with centralized, hierarchical organization. Policing 2022;16:95–106.
Violanti JM, Charles LE, McCanlies E, et al. Police stressors and health: a state-of-the-art review. Policing . 2017;40:642–656.
Hartley TA, Violanti JM, Sarkisian K, Andrew ME, Burchfiel CM. PTSD symptoms among police officers: associations with frequency, recency, and types of traumatic events. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2013;15:241–253.
McCreary DR, Thompson MM. Development of two reliable and valid measures of stressors in policing: the operational and organizational police stress questionnaires. Int J Stress Manag . 2006;13:494–518.
Wolter C, Santa Maria A, Wörfel F, et al. Job demands, job resources, and well-being in police officers—a resource-oriented approach. J Police Crim Psychol 2019;34:45–54.
Selye H, Fortier C. Adaptive reaction to stress. Psychosom Med 1950;12:149–157.
Chrousos GP. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009;5:374–381.
Thiel KJ, Dretsch MN. The basics of the stress response: a historical context and introduction. In: Conrad CD, ed. The Handbook of Stress: Neuropsychological Effects on the Brain . West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell; 2011:3–28.
Magnavita N, Garbarino S. Sleep, health and wellness at work: a scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:1347–1365.
Santa Maria A, Wörfel F, Wolter C, et al. The role of job demands and job resources in the development of emotional exhaustion, depression, and anxiety among police officers. Police Q 2018;21:109–134.
Garbarino S, Cuomo G, Chiorri C, Magnavita N. Association of work-related stress with mental health problems in a special police force unit. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002791.
Baka L. The effects of job demands on mental and physical health in the group of police officers. Testing the mediating role of job burnout. Stud Psychol 2015;57:285–299.
Rabbing L, Bjørkelo B, Langvik E. Upper and lower musculoskeletal back pain, stress, physical activity, and organisational work support: an exploratory study of police investigative interviewers. Health Psychol Open 2022;9:20551029221146396.
Gershon RR, Barocas B, Canton AN, Li X, Vlahov D. Mental, physical, and behavioral outcomes associated with perceived work stress in police officers. Crim Justice Behav 2009;36:275–289.
Dar T, Radfar A, Abohashem S, Pitman RK, Tawakol A, Osborne MT. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2019;21:1–17.
Magnavita N, Capitanelli I, Garbarino S, Pira E. Work-related stress as a cardiovascular risk factor in police officers: a systematic review of evidence. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018;91:377–389.
Janczura M, Bochenek G, Nowobilski R, et al. The relationship of metabolic syndrome with stress, coronary heart disease and pulmonary function—an occupational cohort-based study. PloS One 2015;10:e0133750.
Zimmerman FH. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in law enforcement personnel: a comprehensive review. Cardiol Rev 2012;20:159–166.
Gerber M, Brand S, Herrmann C, et al. Increased objectively assessed vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with reduced stress, increased mental health and good objective and subjective sleep in young adults. Physiol Behav 2014;135:17–24.
Kouvonen A, Kivimäki M, Elovainio M, Virtanen M, Linna A, Vahtera J. Job strain and leisure-time physical activity in female and male public sector employees. Prev Med 2005;41:532–539.
Ng DM, Jeffery RW. Relationships between perceived stress and health behaviors in a sample of working adults. Health Psychol 2003;22:638–642.
Sharon-David H, Tenenbaum G. The effectiveness of exercise interventions on coping With stress: research synthesis. Stud Sport Humanit 2017;22:19–29.
Chu AH, Koh D, Moy FM, Muller-Riemenschneider F. Do workplace physical activity interventions improve mental health outcomes? Occup Med 2014;64:235–245.
Gerber M, Börjesson M, Ljung T, Lindwall M, Jonsdottir IH. Fitness moderates the relationship between stress and cardiovascular risk factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016;48:2075–2081.
Taylor BG, Liu W, Mumford EA. A national study of the availability of law enforcement agency wellness programming for officers: a latent class analysis. Int J Police Sci Manag 2022;24:175–189.
Acquadro Maran D, Zedda M, Varetto A. Physical practice and wellness courses reduce distress and improve wellbeing in police officers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15:578–590.
Gerber M, Kellmann M, Hartmann T, Pühse U. Do exercise and fitness buffer against stress among Swiss police and emergency response service officers? Psychol Sport Exerc 2010;11:286–294.
Gerber M, Schilling R, Colledge F, Ludyga S, Pühse U, Brand S. More than a simple pastime? The potential of physical activity to moderate the relationship between occupational stress and burnout symptoms. Int J Stress Manag . 2020;27:53–64.
Schilling R, Colledge F, Ludyga S, Pühse U, Brand S, Gerber M. Does cardiorespiratory fitness moderate the association between occupational stress, cardiovascular risk, and mental health in police officers? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:2349.
Schmidt KH, Beck R, Rivkin W, Diestel S. Self-control demands at work and psychological strain: the moderating role of physical fitness. Int J Stress Manag 2016;23:255–275.
Schilling R, Colledge F, Pühse U, Gerber M. Stress-buffering effects of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness on metabolic syndrome: a prospective study in police officers. PloS One 2020;15:e0236526.
Young DR. Can cardiorespiratory fitness moderate the negative effects of stress on coronary artery disease risk factors? J Psychosom Res 1994;38:451–459.
Gendron P, Lajoie C, Laurencelle L, Trudeau F. Cardiovascular health profile among Québec male and female police officers. Arch Environ Occup Health 2019;74:331–340.
Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet 2007;370:1453–1457.
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 1983;24:385–396.
Rabbing L, Bjørkelo B, Fostervold KI, Strømme H, Lau B. A scoping review of stress measurements and psychometry in police research. J Police Crim Psychol 2022;37:457–482.
Lee EH. Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Asian Nurs Res 2012;6:121–127.
Keating XD, Zhou K, Liu X, et al. Reliability and concurrent validity of Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ): a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:4128–4154.
Rivière F, Widad FZ, Speyer E, et al. Reliability and validity of the French version of the global physical activity questionnaire. J Sport Health Sci 2018;7:339–345.
Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) - Annual Component - June to December – 2021. April 14, 2022. Available at: https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Instr.pl?Function=assembleInstr&a=1&&lang=en&Item_Id=1314784#qb1314964 . Accessed May 5, 2021.
McCreary DR, Fong I, Groll DL. Measuring policing stress meaningfully: establishing norms and cut-off values for the Operational and Organizational Police Stress Questionnaires. Police Pract Res 2017;18:612–623.
Tomczak M, Tomczak E. The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends Sport Sci 2014;1:19–25.
Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences . Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1988.
Kino-Québec Scientific Committee. Increasing Physical Activity Among Quebecers: Recommendations / Knowing and Acting . Québec: Ministère de l’Éducation, Direction du sport, du loisir et de l’activité physique; 2021.
Newsom JT, Prigerson HG, Schulz R, Reynolds CF III. Investigating moderator hypotheses in aging research: statistical, methodological, and conceptual difficulties with comparing separate regressions. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2003;57:119–150.
Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach . New York: Guilford Press; 2022.
Ministère de la Sécurité publique. La desserte policière au Québec: profil organisationnel 2020. 2022. Available at: https://www.quebec.ca/gouvernement/ministere/sécurité-publique/publications/statistiquescriminalite-quebec . Accessed April 5, 2023.
Janczura M, Rosa R, Dropinski J, et al. The associations of perceived and oxidative stress with hypertension in a cohort of police officers. Diabet Metab Syndr Obes 2021;14:1783–1797.
Rajaratnam SM, Barger LK, Lockley SW, et al. Sleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers. JAMA 2011;306:2567–2578.
Wong JL, Martinez F, Aguila AP, et al. Stress in obstructive sleep apnea. Sci Rep 2021;11:1–9.
Galanis P, Fragkou D, Kaitelidou D, Kalokairinou A, Katsoulas TA. Risk factors for occupational stress among Greek police officers. Policing . 2018;42:506–519.
Lockie RG, Orr RM, Dawes JJ. Fit (and healthy) for duty: blood lipid profiles and physical fitness test relationships from police officers in a health and wellness program. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19.
Oliver H, Thomas O, Copeland RJ, et al. Proof of concept and feasibility of the app-based ‘# SWPMoveMore Challenge’: impacts on physical activity and well-being in a police population. Police J 2022;95:170–189.
Poirier S, Allard-Gaudreau N, Gendron P, Houle J, Trudeau F. Health, safety, and wellness concerns Among law enforcement officers: an inductive approach. Workplace Health Saf 2023;71:34–42.