Recent trends and perspectives in the application of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials for sustainable agriculture.

Sustainable ecosystem management leads to the use of eco-friendly agricultural techniques for crop production. One of them is the use of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials and nanoparticles, which have proven to be a valuable option for the improvement of agricultural food systems. Moreover, the biological synthesis of these nanoparticles, from plants, bacteria, and fungi, also contributes to their eco-friendly and sustainable characteristics. Nanoparticles, which vary in size from 1 to 100 nm have a variety of mechanisms that are safer and more efficient than conventional fertilizers. Their usage as fertilizers and insecticides in agriculture is gaining favor in the scientific community to maximize crop output. More studies in this field will increase our understanding of this new technology and its broad acceptance in terms of performance, affordability, and environmental protection, as certain nanoparticles may outperform conventional fertilizers and insecticides. Accordingly, to the information gathered in this review, nanoparticles show remarkable potential for enhancing crop production, improving soil quality, and protecting the environment, however, metal and metal oxide NPs are not widely employed in agriculture. Many features of nanoparticles are yet left over, and it is necessary to uncover them. In this sense, this review article provides an overview of various types of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles used in agriculture, their characterization and synthesis, the recent research on them, and their possible application for the improvement of crop productivity in a sustainable manner.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.