Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.

Child, Preschool Humans Infant Allied Health Personnel Cleft Palate / complications Europe Postoperative Complications / epidemiology Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / diagnosis South America Diagnostic Techniques, Surgical

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
31 Aug 2023
Historique:
medline: 31 8 2023
pubmed: 30 8 2023
entrez: 30 8 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Among infants with isolated cleft palate, whether primary surgery at 6 months of age is more beneficial than surgery at 12 months of age with respect to speech outcomes, hearing outcomes, dentofacial development, and safety is unknown. We randomly assigned infants with nonsyndromic isolated cleft palate, in a 1:1 ratio, to undergo standardized primary surgery at 6 months of age (6-month group) or at 12 months of age (12-month group) for closure of the cleft. Standardized assessments of quality-checked video and audio recordings at 1, 3, and 5 years of age were performed independently by speech and language therapists who were unaware of the trial-group assignments. The primary outcome was velopharyngeal insufficiency at 5 years of age, defined as a velopharyngeal composite summary score of at least 4 (scores range from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating greater severity). Secondary outcomes included speech development, postoperative complications, hearing sensitivity, dentofacial development, and growth. We randomly assigned 558 infants at 23 centers across Europe and South America to undergo surgery at 6 months of age (281 infants) or at 12 months of age (277 infants). Speech recordings from 235 infants (83.6%) in the 6-month group and 226 (81.6%) in the 12-month group were analyzable. Insufficient velopharyngeal function at 5 years of age was observed in 21 of 235 infants (8.9%) in the 6-month group as compared with 34 of 226 (15.0%) in the 12-month group (risk ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.99; P = 0.04). Postoperative complications were infrequent and similar in the 6-month and 12-month groups. Four serious adverse events were reported (three in the 6-month group and one in the 12-month group) and had resolved at follow-up. Medically fit infants who underwent primary surgery for isolated cleft palate in adequately resourced settings at 6 months of age were less likely to have velopharyngeal insufficiency at the age of 5 years than those who had surgery at 12 months of age. (Funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; TOPS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00993551.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
Among infants with isolated cleft palate, whether primary surgery at 6 months of age is more beneficial than surgery at 12 months of age with respect to speech outcomes, hearing outcomes, dentofacial development, and safety is unknown.
METHODS METHODS
We randomly assigned infants with nonsyndromic isolated cleft palate, in a 1:1 ratio, to undergo standardized primary surgery at 6 months of age (6-month group) or at 12 months of age (12-month group) for closure of the cleft. Standardized assessments of quality-checked video and audio recordings at 1, 3, and 5 years of age were performed independently by speech and language therapists who were unaware of the trial-group assignments. The primary outcome was velopharyngeal insufficiency at 5 years of age, defined as a velopharyngeal composite summary score of at least 4 (scores range from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating greater severity). Secondary outcomes included speech development, postoperative complications, hearing sensitivity, dentofacial development, and growth.
RESULTS RESULTS
We randomly assigned 558 infants at 23 centers across Europe and South America to undergo surgery at 6 months of age (281 infants) or at 12 months of age (277 infants). Speech recordings from 235 infants (83.6%) in the 6-month group and 226 (81.6%) in the 12-month group were analyzable. Insufficient velopharyngeal function at 5 years of age was observed in 21 of 235 infants (8.9%) in the 6-month group as compared with 34 of 226 (15.0%) in the 12-month group (risk ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.99; P = 0.04). Postoperative complications were infrequent and similar in the 6-month and 12-month groups. Four serious adverse events were reported (three in the 6-month group and one in the 12-month group) and had resolved at follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
Medically fit infants who underwent primary surgery for isolated cleft palate in adequately resourced settings at 6 months of age were less likely to have velopharyngeal insufficiency at the age of 5 years than those who had surgery at 12 months of age. (Funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; TOPS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00993551.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2215162 PMID: 37646677
pubmed: 37646677
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2215162
doi:

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT00993551']

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

795-807

Subventions

Organisme : NIDCR NIH HHS
ID : U01 DE018664
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDCR NIH HHS
ID : R21DE15128
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDCR NIH HHS
ID : U01DE018837
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDCR NIH HHS
ID : U01DE018664
Pays : United States

Investigateurs

H F Aguiar (HF)
L Albery (L)
H S Andersen (HS)
M Z Antoneli (MZ)
M Appelqvist (M)
R Aukner (R)
A Aziz (A)
M Becker (M)
C E Bertier (CE)
P Bodling (P)
S Boljanovic (S)
M Bowden (M)
Tvs Brosco (T)
K Brunnegård (K)
M Cadier (M)
G Cairns (G)
J Cajander (J)
S Calladine (S)
L Campbell (L)
L Carney-Venters (L)
J Clayton-Smith (J)
R Cooper (R)
E Conroy (E)
M Devlin (M)
A El-Angbawi (A)
B K Emborg (BK)
J Enfält Wikman (J)
P Eyres (P)
H Extence (H)
C Filip (C)
B Fitzpatrick (B)
A P Fukushiro (AP)
C Gamble (C)
Cgab Gonçalves (C)
M Hakelius (M)
C Havstam (C)
P Hodgkinson (P)
A K Hvistendahl (AK)
L D Jorgensen (LD)
J C Jorge (JC)
L Kane (L)
K Klinto (K)
M B Kvinnsland (MB)
C Larham (C)
J Lemvik (J)
L Leturgie (L)
E Liljerehn (E)
N Lodge (N)
A Lohmander (A)
S McMahon (S)
A Marcusson (A)
H Mark (H)
F Mehendale (F)
N Mercer (N)
H C Miguel (HC)
M Moe (M)
T Moitt (T)
J Mooney (J)
M Mulki (M)
K J Munro (KJ)
E Neovius (E)
J B Nielsen (JB)
L Norman (L)
J Nyberg (J)
N-H Pedersen (NH)
C Persson (C)
G Phippen (G)
Sha Piazentin-Penna (S)
K Patrick (K)
L Pliskin (L)
L Rigby (L)
P Rorison (P)
G Semb (G)
R Slator (R)
L Southby (L)
M Sporre (M)
W Shaw (W)
A Smyth (A)
M C Swan (MC)
A-Sb Taleman (AS)
J Tangstad (J)
P Tate (P)
Iek Trindade (I)
Iek Underwood (I)
S van Eeden (S)
H Vindenes (H)
T Walsh (T)
D Weichart (D)
L R Westberg (LR)
D Whitby (D)
E Willadsen (E)
P R Williamson (PR)
R P Yamashita (RP)

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn
Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Auteurs

Carrol Gamble (C)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.
ORCID: 0000-0002-3021-1955

Christina Persson (C)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Elisabeth Willadsen (E)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Liz Albery (L)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Helene Soegaard Andersen (H)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Melissa Zattoni Antoneli (M)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Malin Appelqvist (M)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Ragnhild Aukner (R)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Pia Bodling (P)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Melanie Bowden (M)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Karin Brunnegård (K)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Gillian Cairns (G)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Samantha Calladine (S)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Linsay Campbell (L)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Jill Clayton-Smith (J)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Rachael Cooper (R)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Elizabeth Conroy (E)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Ahmed El-Angbawi (A)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Berit Kildegaard Emborg (B)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Josefin Enfält Wikman (J)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Beth Fitzpatrick (B)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Ana Paula Fukushiro (AP)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Cristina Guedes de Azevedo Bento Gonçalves (C)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Christina Havstam (C)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Anne Katherine Hvistendahl (AK)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Line Dahl Jorgensen (LD)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Kristina Klinto (K)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Marit Berntsen Kvinnsland (M)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Catriona Larham (C)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Jorunn Lemvik (J)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.
ORCID: 0000-0001-7986-6269

Louise Leturgie (L)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Eva Liljerehn (E)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Natalie Lodge (N)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Anette Lohmander (A)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Siobhan McMahon (S)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Felicity Mehendale (F)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Haline Coracine Miguel (HC)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Marianne Moe (M)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Joan Bogh Nielsen (JB)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Jill Nyberg (J)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Nina-Helen Pedersen (NH)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Ginette Phippen (G)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Silvia Helena Alvarez Piazentin-Penna (SH)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Kathryn Patrick (K)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Lindsay Pliskin (L)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Lucy Rigby (L)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Gunvor Semb (G)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Lucy Southby (L)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Maria Sporre (M)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Ann-Sofie Björkman Taleman (AS)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Jorid Tangstad (J)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Inge Elly Kiemle Trindade (IEK)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Imogen Underwood (I)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Stephanie van Eeden (S)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Liisi Raud Westberg (LR)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Paula Ruth Williamson (PR)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Renata Paciello Yamashita (R)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Kevin Munro (K)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

Tanya Walsh (T)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

William Shaw (W)

From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Enfant d'âge préscolaire › Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Nourrisson › Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.
questionsmedicales.fr › Établissements, main d'oeuvre et services de soins de santé › Personnel de santé › Auxiliaires de santé › Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.
questionsmedicales.fr › Malformations et maladies congénitales, héréditaires et néonatales › Malformations › Malformations du système stomatognathique › Malformations de la bouche › Fente palatine › Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.
questionsmedicales.fr › Régions géographiques › Europe › Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Processus pathologiques › Complications postopératoires › Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.
questionsmedicales.fr › Malformations et maladies congénitales, héréditaires et néonatales › Malformations › Malformations du système stomatognathique › Malformations de la bouche › Insuffisance vélopharyngée › Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.
questionsmedicales.fr › Régions géographiques › Amériques › Amérique du Sud › Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.
questionsmedicales.fr › Diagnostic › Techniques et procédures diagnostiques › Techniques de diagnostic chirurgical › Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.