Ectopic callose deposition into woody biomass modulates the nano-architecture of macrofibrils.


Journal

Nature plants
ISSN: 2055-0278
Titre abrégé: Nat Plants
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101651677

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
09 2023
Historique:
received: 25 10 2022
accepted: 14 06 2023
medline: 19 9 2023
pubmed: 5 9 2023
entrez: 4 9 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Plant biomass plays an increasingly important role in the circular bioeconomy, replacing non-renewable fossil resources. Genetic engineering of this lignocellulosic biomass could benefit biorefinery transformation chains by lowering economic and technological barriers to industrial processing. However, previous efforts have mostly targeted the major constituents of woody biomass: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Here we report the engineering of wood structure through the introduction of callose, a polysaccharide novel to most secondary cell walls. Our multiscale analysis of genetically engineered poplar trees shows that callose deposition modulates cell wall porosity, water and lignin contents and increases the lignin-cellulose distance, ultimately resulting in substantially decreased biomass recalcitrance. We provide a model of the wood cell wall nano-architecture engineered to accommodate the hydrated callose inclusions. Ectopic polymer introduction into biomass manifests in new physico-chemical properties and offers new avenues when considering lignocellulose engineering.

Identifiants

pubmed: 37666966
doi: 10.1038/s41477-023-01459-0
pii: 10.1038/s41477-023-01459-0
pmc: PMC10505557
doi:

Substances chimiques

callose 9064-51-1
Lignin 9005-53-2
Cellulose 9004-34-6

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1530-1546

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

© 2023. The Author(s).

Références

Amidon, T. E. et al. Biorefinery: conversion of woody biomass to chemicals, energy and materials. J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy 2, 100–120 (2008).
doi: 10.1166/jbmb.2008.302
de Vries, L. et al. Tailoring renewable materials via plant biotechnology. Biotechnol. Biofuels 14, 167 (2021).
pubmed: 34353358 pmcid: 8344217 doi: 10.1186/s13068-021-02010-z
Gurunathan, T., Mohanty, S. & Nayak, S. K. A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 77, 1–25 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.007
Gholampour, A. & Ozbakkaloglu, T. A review of natural fiber composites: properties, modification and processing techniques, characterization, applications. J. Mater. Sci. 55, 829–892 (2020).
doi: 10.1007/s10853-019-03990-y
Rangappa, S. M., Siengchin, S., Parameswaranpillai, J., Jawaid, M. & Ozbakkaloglu, T. Lignocellulosic fiber reinforced composites: progress, performance, properties, applications, and future perspectives. Polym. Compos. 43, 645–691 (2022).
doi: 10.1002/pc.26413
Bourmaud, A. et al. Main criteria of sustainable natural fibre for efficient unidirectional biocomposites. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 124, 105504 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105504
Loqué, D., Scheller, H. V. & Pauly, M. Engineering of plant cell walls for enhanced biofuel production. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 25, 151–161 (2015).
pubmed: 26051036 doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.018
Berglund, L. A. & Burgert, I. Bioinspired wood nanotechnology for functional materials. Adv. Mater. 30, 1704285 (2018).
doi: 10.1002/adma.201704285
Isikgor, F. H. & Becer, C. R. Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers. Polym. Chem. 6, 4497–4559 (2015).
doi: 10.1039/C5PY00263J
Marriott, P. E., Gómez, L. D. & McQueen‐Mason, S. J. Unlocking the potential of lignocellulosic biomass through plant science. New Phytol. 209, 1366–1381 (2016).
pubmed: 26443261 doi: 10.1111/nph.13684
Chen, X.-Y. & Kim, J.-Y. Callose synthesis in higher plants. Plant Signal. Behav. 4, 489–492 (2009).
pubmed: 19816126 pmcid: 2688293 doi: 10.4161/psb.4.6.8359
Deslandes, Y., Marchessault, R. & Sarko, A. Triple-helical structure of (1→3)-β-D-glucan. Macromolecules 13, 1466–1471 (1980).
doi: 10.1021/ma60078a020
Chuah, C. T., Sarko, A., Deslandes, Y. & Marchessault, R. H. Packing analysis of carbohydrates and polysaccharides. Part 14. Triple-helical crystalline structure of curdlan and paramylon hydrates. Macromolecules 16, 1375–1382 (1983).
doi: 10.1021/ma00242a020
Saitô, H., Yoshioka, Y., Yokoi, M. & Yamada, J. Distinct gelation mechanism between linear and branched (1→ 3)‐β‐D‐glucans as revealed by high‐resolution solid‐state
pubmed: 2207281 doi: 10.1002/bip.360291402
McIntosh, M., Stone, B. & Stanisich, V. Curdlan and other bacterial (1→ 3)-β-D-glucans. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68, 163–173 (2005).
pubmed: 15818477 doi: 10.1007/s00253-005-1959-5
Pelosi, L., Bulone, V. & Heux, L. Polymorphism of curdlan and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucans synthesized in vitro: a
doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.03.003
Stone, B. A. Chemistry of β-glucans. in Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology of 1-3 Beta Glucans and Related Polysaccharides (eds Bacic, A. et al.) 5–46 (Elsevier, 2009).
Gidley, M. J. & Nishinari, K. Physico-chemistry of (1,3)-β-glucans. in Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology of 1-3 Beta Glucans and Related Polysaccharides (eds Bacic, A. et al.) 47–118 (Elsevier, 2009).
Brodzki, P. Callose in compression wood tracheids. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 41, 321–327 (1972).
doi: 10.5586/asbp.1972.025
Waterkeyn, L., Caeymaex, S. & Decamps, E. La callose des trachéides du bois de compression chez Pinus silvestris et Larix decidua. Bull. Soc. R Bot. Belg. 115, 149–155 (1982).
Zhang, M., Chavan, R. R., Smith, B. G., McArdle, B. H. & Harris, P. J. Tracheid cell-wall structures and locations of (1→ 4)-β-D-galactans and (1→ 3)-β-D-glucans in compression woods of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). BMC Plant Biol. 16, 194 (2016).
pubmed: 27604684 pmcid: 5015220 doi: 10.1186/s12870-016-0884-3
Parre, E. & Geitmann, A. More than a leak sealant. The mechanical properties of callose in pollen tubes. Plant Physiol. 137, 274–286 (2005).
pubmed: 15618431 pmcid: 548858 doi: 10.1104/pp.104.050773
Abou-Saleh, R. H., Hernandez-Gomez, M., Amsbury, S., Paniagua, C. & Bourdon, M. Interactions between callose and cellulose revealed through the analysis of biopolymer mixtures. Nat. Commun. 9, 4538 (2018).
Vatén, A. et al. Callose biosynthesis regulates symplastic trafficking during root development. Dev. Cell 21, 1144–1155 (2011).
pubmed: 22172675 doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.006
Persson, S. et al. The Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 mutant is deficient in glucuronoxylan and homogalacturonan, which are essential for secondary cell wall integrity. Plant Cell 19, 237–255 (2007).
pubmed: 17237350 pmcid: 1820957 doi: 10.1105/tpc.106.047720
Taylor, N. G., Scheible, W.-R., Cutler, S., Somerville, C. R. & Turner, S. R. The irregular xylem3 locus of Arabidopsis encodes a cellulose synthase required for secondary cell wall synthesis. Plant Cell 11, 769–779 (1999).
pubmed: 10330464 pmcid: 144224 doi: 10.1105/tpc.11.5.769
Pyo, H., Demura, T. & Fukuda, H. Spatial and temporal tracing of vessel differentiation in young Arabidopsis seedlings by the expression of an immature tracheary element-specific promoter. Plant Cell Physiol. 45, 1529–1536 (2004).
pubmed: 15564536 doi: 10.1093/pcp/pch175
Pyo, H., Demura, T. & Fukuda, H. TERE; a novel cis‐element responsible for a coordinated expression of genes related to programmed cell death and secondary wall formation during differentiation of tracheary elements. Plant J. 51, 955–965 (2007).
pubmed: 17683474 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03180.x
Nilsson, O. et al. Spatial pattern of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter-luciferase expression in transgenic hybrid aspen trees monitored by enzymatic assay and non-destructive imaging. Transgenic Res. 1, 209–220 (1992).
doi: 10.1007/BF02524751
Nilsson, O., Little, C., Sandberg, G. & Olsson, O. Expression of two heterologous promoters, Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC and cauliflower mosaic virus 35S, in the stem of transgenic hybrid aspen plants during the annual cycle of growth and dormancy. Plant Mol. Biol. 31, 887–895 (1996).
pubmed: 8806418 doi: 10.1007/BF00019475
Zuo, J., Niu, Q.-W. & Chua, N.-H. An estrogen receptor-based transactivator XVE mediates highly inducible gene expression in transgenic plants. Plant J. 24, 265–273 (2000).
pubmed: 11069700 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00868.x
Siligato, R. et al. MultiSite Gateway-compatible cell type-specific gene-inducible system for plants. Plant Physiol. 170, 627–641 (2016).
Vaahtera, L., Schulz, J. & Hamann, T. Cell wall integrity maintenance during plant development and interaction with the environment. Nat. Plants 5, 924–932 (2019).
pubmed: 31506641 doi: 10.1038/s41477-019-0502-0
Faria-Blanc, N., Mortimer, J. C. & Dupree, P. A transcriptomic analysis of xylan mutants does not support the existence of a secondary cell wall integrity system in Arabidopsis. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 384 (2018).
pubmed: 29636762 pmcid: 5881139 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00384
Hong, Z., Zhang, Z., Olson, J. M. & Verma, D. P. S. A novel UDP-glucose transferase is part of the callose synthase complex and interacts with phragmoplastin at the forming cell plate. Plant Cell 13, 769–779 (2001).
pubmed: 11283335 pmcid: 135533 doi: 10.1105/tpc.13.4.769
Simmons, T. J. et al. Folding of xylan onto cellulose fibrils in plant cell walls revealed by solid-state NMR. Nat. Commun. 7, 13902 (2016).
pubmed: 28000667 pmcid: 5187587 doi: 10.1038/ncomms13902
Dupree, R. et al. Probing the molecular architecture of Arabidopsis thaliana secondary cell walls using two-and three-dimensional
pubmed: 25739924 doi: 10.1021/bi501552k
Gao, Y. & Mortimer, J. C. in Methods in Cell Biology Vol. 160 (eds Anderson, C. T. et al.) 121–143 (Academic Press, 2020).
Saitô, H., Tabeta, R. & Harada, T. High resolution
doi: 10.1246/cl.1981.571
Fyfe, C. et al. Hydration effects in the carbon-13 CP/MAS NMR spectra of solid (1→ 3)-β-D-glucans. Macromolecules 17, 501–502 (1984).
doi: 10.1021/ma00133a046
Wickholm, K., Larsson, P. T. & Iversen, T. Assignment of non-crystalline forms in cellulose I by CP/MAS
doi: 10.1016/S0008-6215(98)00236-5
White, P. B., Wang, T., Park, Y. B., Cosgrove, D. J. & Hong, M. Water–polysaccharide interactions in the primary cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana from polarization transfer solid-state NMR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 10399–10409 (2014).
Cresswell, R. et al. Importance of water in maintaining softwood secondary cell wall nanostructure. Biomacromolecules 22, 4669–4680 (2021).
Nopens, M. et al. Determination of mesopores in the wood cell wall at dry and wet state. Sci. Rep. 10, 9543 (2020).
pubmed: 32533033 pmcid: 7293252 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65066-1
Maloney, T. C. Thermoporosimetry of hard (silica) and soft (cellulosic) materials by isothermal step melting. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 121, 7–17 (2015).
doi: 10.1007/s10973-015-4592-2
Landry, M. R. Thermoporometry by differential scanning calorimetry: experimental considerations and applications. Thermochim. Acta 433, 27–50 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.tca.2005.02.015
Özparpucu, M. et al. Unravelling the impact of lignin on cell wall mechanics—a comprehensive study on young poplar trees downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYROGENASE (CAD). Plant J. 91, 480–490 (2017).
Mortimer, J. C. et al. Absence of branches from xylan in Arabidopsis gux mutants reveals potential for simplification of lignocellulosic biomass. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 17409–17414 (2010).
pubmed: 20852069 pmcid: 2951434 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1005456107
Lyczakowski, J. J. et al. Removal of glucuronic acid from xylan is a strategy to improve the conversion of plant biomass to sugars for bioenergy. Biotechnol. Biofuels 10, 224 (2017).
pubmed: 28932265 pmcid: 5606085 doi: 10.1186/s13068-017-0902-1
Lewicka, A. J. et al. Fusion of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase increases ethanol production in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth. Biol. 3, 976–978 (2014).
pubmed: 25524103 doi: 10.1021/sb500020g
Kang, X. et al. Lignin-polysaccharide interactions in plant secondary cell walls revealed by solid-state NMR. Nat. Commun. 10, 347 (2019).
pubmed: 30664653 pmcid: 6341099 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08252-0
Donaldson, L. Cellulose microfibril aggregates and their size variation with cell wall type. Wood Sci. Technol. 41, 443–460 (2007).
doi: 10.1007/s00226-006-0121-6
Lyczakowski, J. J. et al. Structural imaging of native cryo-preserved secondary cell walls reveals the presence of macrofibrils and their formation requires normal cellulose, lignin and xylan biosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 1398 (2019).
pubmed: 31708959 pmcid: 6819431 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01398
Salmén, L. On the organization of hemicelluloses in the wood cell wall. Cellulose 29, 349–1355 (2022).
Mueller, S. C. & Brown, R. M. Jr. Evidence for an intramembrane component associated with a cellulose microfibril-synthesizing complex in higher plants. J. Cell Biol. 84, 315–326 (1980).
pubmed: 7189755 doi: 10.1083/jcb.84.2.315
Herth, W. Arrays of plasma-membrane “rosettes” involved in cellulose microfibril formation of Spirogyra. Planta 159, 347–356 (1983).
pubmed: 24258233 doi: 10.1007/BF00393174
Song, B., Zhao, S., Shen, W., Collings, C. & Ding, S.-Y. Direct measurement of plant cellulose microfibril and bundles in native cell walls. Front. Plant Sci. 11, 479 (2020).
pubmed: 32391038 pmcid: 7193091 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00479
Yim, K.-O. & Bradford, K. J. Callose deposition is responsible for apoplastic semipermeability of the endosperm envelope of muskmelon seeds. Plant Physiol. 118, 83–90 (1998).
pubmed: 9733528 pmcid: 34876 doi: 10.1104/pp.118.1.83
Eschrich, W. & Eschrich, B. Das verhalten isolierter callose gegenüber wässrigen lösungen. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 77, 329–331 (1964).
doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1964.tb03540.x
Grönquist, P., Frey, M., Keplinger, T. & Burgert, I. Mesoporosity of delignified wood investigated by water vapor sorption. ACS Omega 4, 12425–12431 (2019).
pubmed: 31460361 pmcid: 6682004 doi: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00862
Bubner, P., Dohr, J., Plank, H., Mayrhofer, C. & Nidetzky, B. Cellulases dig deep: in situ observation of the mesoscopic structural dynamics of enzymatic cellulose degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 2759–2765 (2012).
pubmed: 22128148 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.257717
Eibinger, M., Sattelkow, J., Ganner, T., Plank, H. & Nidetzky, B. Single-molecule study of oxidative enzymatic deconstruction of cellulose. Nat. Commun. 8, 894 (2017).
pubmed: 29026070 pmcid: 5638905 doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01028-y
Zoghlami, A. & Paës, G. Lignocellulosic biomass: understanding recalcitrance and predicting hydrolysis. Front. Chem. 7, 874 (2019).
pubmed: 31921787 pmcid: 6930145 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00874
Yi, T. et al. From cellulose to cellulose nanofibrils—a comprehensive review of the preparation and modification of cellulose nanofibrils. Materials 13, 5062 (2020).
pubmed: 33182719 pmcid: 7697919 doi: 10.3390/ma13225062
Donaldson, L. A. Wood cell wall ultrastructure. The key to understanding wood properties and behaviour. IAWA J. 40, 645–672 (2019).
doi: 10.1163/22941932-40190258
Ding, W.-D., Koubaa, A., Chaala, A., Belem, T. & Krause, C. Relationship between wood porosity, wood density and methyl methacrylate impregnation rate. Wood Mater. Sci. Eng. 3, 62–70 (2008).
doi: 10.1080/17480270802607947
Keplinger, T., Wang, X. & Burgert, I. Nanofibrillated cellulose composites and wood derived scaffolds for functional materials. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 2981–2992 (2019).
doi: 10.1039/C8TA10711D
Li, J., Chen, C., Zhu, J. Y., Ragauskas, A. J. & Hu, L. In situ wood delignification toward sustainable applications. Acc. Mater. Res. 2, 606–620 (2021).
doi: 10.1021/accountsmr.1c00075
Roberts, A. D. et al. Enzyme immobilisation on wood-derived cellulose scaffolds via carbohydrate-binding module fusion constructs. Green Chem. 23, 4716–4732 (2021).
doi: 10.1039/D1GC01008E
Chen, W.-P. et al. An automated growth enclosure for metabolic labeling of Arabidopsis thaliana with
pubmed: 21310072 pmcid: 3046907 doi: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-9
Wunderling, A., Ben Targem, M., Barbier de Reuille, P. & Ragni, L. Novel tools for quantifying secondary growth. J. Exp. Bot. 68, 89–95 (2017).
pubmed: 27965365 doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw450
Goubet, F., Jackson, P., Deery, M. J. & Dupree, P. Polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis: a method to study plant cell wall polysaccharides and polysaccharide hydrolases. Anal. Biochem. 300, 53–68 (2002).
pubmed: 11743692 doi: 10.1006/abio.2001.5444
Bromley, J. R. et al. GUX 1 and GUX 2 glucuronyltransferases decorate distinct domains of glucuronoxylan with different substitution patterns. Plant J. 74, 423–434 (2013).
pubmed: 23373848 doi: 10.1111/tpj.12135
Lyczakowski, J. J. et al. Two conifer GUX clades are responsible for distinct glucuronic acid patterns on xylan. New Phytol. 231, 1720–1733 (2021).
Mortimer, J. C. Structural analysis of cell wall polysaccharides using PACE. in Xylem (eds de Lucas, M. & Etchhells, J. P.) 223–231 (Springer, 2017).
Rudjito, R. C., Ruthes, A. C., Jiménez-Quero, A. & Vilaplana, F. Feruloylated arabinoxylans from wheat bran: optimization of extraction process and validation at pilot scale. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 13167–13177 (2019).
doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02329
McKee, L. S. et al. A GH115 α-glucuronidase from Schizophyllum commune contributes to the synergistic enzymatic deconstruction of softwood glucuronoarabinoxylan. Biotechnol. Biofuels 9, 2 (2016).
pubmed: 26734072 pmcid: 4700659 doi: 10.1186/s13068-015-0417-6
Pettolino, F. A., Walsh, C., Fincher, G. B. & Bacic, A. Determining the polysaccharide composition of plant cell walls. Nat. Protoc. 7, 1590–1607 (2012).
pubmed: 22864200 doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.081
Hatfield, R. & Fukushima, R. S. Can lignin be accurately measured? Crop Sci. 45, 832–839 (2005).
doi: 10.2135/cropsci2004.0238
Metz, G., Wu, X. & Smith, S. O. Ramped-amplitude cross polarization in magic-angle-spinning NMR. J. Magn. Reson. A 110, 219–227 (1994).
doi: 10.1006/jmra.1994.1208
Fung, B., Khitrin, A. & Ermolaev, K. An improved broadband decoupling sequence for liquid crystals and solids. J. Magn. Reson. 142, 97–101 (2000).
pubmed: 10617439 doi: 10.1006/jmre.1999.1896
Takegoshi, K., Nakamura, S. & Terao, T.
doi: 10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00791-6
Park, G. S., Transport principles—solution, diffusion and permeation in polymer membranes. in Synthetic Membranes: Science, Engineering and Applications (eds Bungay, P. M. et al.) 57–107 (Springer, 1986).
Lomauro, C., Bakshi, A. & Labuza, T. Evaluation of food moisture sorption isotherm equations. Part I: fruit, vegetable and meat products. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 18, 111–117 (1985).
Majda, D. et al. Water thermoporosimetry as a tool of characterization of the textural parameters of mesoporous materials. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 127, 207–220 (2017).
doi: 10.1007/s10973-016-5400-3
Park, S., Venditti, R. A., Jameel, H. & Pawlak, J. J. Changes in pore size distribution during the drying of cellulose fibers as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Carbohydr. Polym. 66, 97–103 (2006).
doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.02.026
Zauer, M., Kretzschmar, J., Großmann, L., Pfriem, A. & Wagenführ, A. Analysis of the pore-size distribution and fiber saturation point of native and thermally modified wood using differential scanning calorimetry. Wood Sci. Technol. 48, 177–193 (2014).
doi: 10.1007/s00226-013-0597-9
Grigsby, W. J., Kroese, H. & Dunningham, E. A. Characterisation of pore size distributions in variously dried Pinus radiata: analysis by thermoporosimetry. Wood Sci. Technol. 47, 737–747 (2013).
doi: 10.1007/s00226-013-0537-8
Vonk, C. G. Computerization of Ruland’s X-ray method for determination of the crystallinity in polymers. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 6, 148–152 (1973).
doi: 10.1107/S0021889873008332
Rüggeberg, M. et al. Enhanced cellulose orientation analysis in complex model plant tissues. J. Struct. Biol. 183, 419–428 (2013).
pubmed: 23867392 doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.07.001

Auteurs

Matthieu Bourdon (M)

The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. mat2hieu.bourdon@gmail.com.
Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland. mat2hieu.bourdon@gmail.com.

Jan J Lyczakowski (JJ)

Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.

Rosalie Cresswell (R)

Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.

Sam Amsbury (S)

Centre for Plant Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.

Francisco Vilaplana (F)

Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.

Marie-Joo Le Guen (MJ)

Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, New Zealand.

Nadège Follain (N)

Normandie Université, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, Rouen, France.

Raymond Wightman (R)

The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Chang Su (C)

Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos (F)

The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Conacyt-Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico.

Maximilian Ritter (M)

Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Empa Wood Tec, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

Aleksandra Liszka (A)

Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.

Oliver M Terrett (OM)

Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Shri Ram Yadav (SR)

Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

Anne Vatén (A)

Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Stomatal Development and Plasticity group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Kaisa Nieminen (K)

Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Production systems / Tree Breeding Department, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland.

Gugan Eswaran (G)

Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Juan Alonso-Serra (J)

Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
UMR 5667 Reproduction et Développement Des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, France.

Karin H Müller (KH)

Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge, UK.

Dinu Iuga (D)

Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.

Pal Csaba Miskolczi (PC)

Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.

Lothar Kalmbach (L)

The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Sofia Otero (S)

The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Science and Technology Office of the Congress of Deputies, Madrid, Spain.

Ari Pekka Mähönen (AP)

Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Rishikesh Bhalerao (R)

Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.

Vincent Bulone (V)

Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.

Shawn D Mansfield (SD)

Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Stefan Hill (S)

Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, New Zealand.

Ingo Burgert (I)

Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Empa Wood Tec, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

Johnny Beaugrand (J)

Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages (BIA), INRA, Nantes, France.

Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso (Y)

The Centre for Plant Science, The Bragg Centre, The Astbury Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

Ray Dupree (R)

Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.

Paul Dupree (P)

Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. pd101@cam.ac.uk.

Ykä Helariutta (Y)

The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. yrjo.helariutta@helsinki.fi.
Wood Development Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. yrjo.helariutta@helsinki.fi.
Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. yrjo.helariutta@helsinki.fi.

Articles similaires

India Carbon Sequestration Environmental Monitoring Carbon Biomass
Biomass Lignin Wood Populus Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Citrus Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Stress, Physiological Multigene Family Phylogeny
1.00
Wildfires Humans Australia Forests Indigenous Peoples

Classifications MeSH