Current perspectives of sudden cardiac death management in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Prognosis
Sudden cardiac death
Journal
Heart failure reviews
ISSN: 1573-7322
Titre abrégé: Heart Fail Rev
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9612481
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Mar 2024
Mar 2024
Historique:
accepted:
25
09
2023
medline:
18
3
2024
pubmed:
22
10
2023
entrez:
22
10
2023
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a rare but the most catastrophic complication in patients with HCM. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are widely recognized as effective preventive measures for SCD. Individualized risk stratification and early intervention in HCM can significantly improve patient prognosis. In this study, we review the latest findings regarding pathogenesis, risk stratification, and prevention of SCD in HCM patients, highlighting the clinic practice of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for SCD management.
Identifiants
pubmed: 37865929
doi: 10.1007/s10741-023-10355-w
pii: 10.1007/s10741-023-10355-w
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
395-404Informations de copyright
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Semsarian C, Ingles J, Maron MS, Maron BJ (2015) New perspectives on the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 65(12):1249–1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.019
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.019
pubmed: 25814232
Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Tajik AJ (2003) Cardiology patient page. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a patient perspective Circulation 108(19):e133–e135
pubmed: 14609998
Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Maron MS (2018) Global burden of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Heart Fail 6(5):376–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2018.03.004
doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.03.004
pubmed: 29724362
Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, Maron MS (2016) How hypertrophic cardiomyopathy became a contemporary treatable genetic disease with low mortality: shaped by 50 years of clinical research and practice. JAMA Cardiol 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2015.0354
Park YM (2023) Updated risk assessments for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Korean J Intern Med 38(1). https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2022.144
Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Maron MS (2021) Evolution of risk stratification and sudden death prevention in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: twenty years with the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Heart Rhythm 18(6):1012–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.01.019
doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.01.019
pubmed: 33508516
Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, Day SM, Deswal A, Elliott P et al (2020) 2020 AHA/ACC guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 142(25):e558–e631. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000937
doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000937
pubmed: 33215931
Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, Charron P et al (2014) 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the task force for the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 35(39):2733–2779. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284
pubmed: 25173338
Maron BJ, Maron MS, Maron BA, Loscalzo J (2019) Moving beyond the sarcomere to explain heterogeneity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 73(15):1978–1986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.061
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.061
pubmed: 31000001
pmcid: 6550351
Maron BJ, Maron MS (2013) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet (London, England) 381(9862):242–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60397-3
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60397-3
pubmed: 22874472
Seidman CE, Seidman JG (2011) Identifying sarcomere gene mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a personal history. Circ Res 108(6):743–750. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223834
doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223834
pubmed: 21415408
Marian AJ, Braunwald E (2017) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genetics, Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy. Circ Res 121(7):749–770. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.117.311059
doi: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311059
pubmed: 28912181
pmcid: 5654557
Prondzynski M, Mearini G, Carrier L (2019) Gene therapy strategies in the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pflugers Arch 471(5):807–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-018-2173-5
doi: 10.1007/s00424-018-2173-5
pubmed: 29971600
Khera AV, Mason-Suares H, Brockman D, Wang M, VanDenburgh MJ, Senol-Cosar O et al (2019) Rare genetic variants associated with sudden cardiac death in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 74(21):2623–2634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1060
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1060
pubmed: 31727422
pmcid: 7067308
Shen H, Dong S-Y, Ren M-S, Wang R (2022) Ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside. Frontiers In Cardiovascular Medicine 9:949294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.949294
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.949294
pubmed: 36061538
pmcid: 9433716
Chida A, Inai K, Sato H, Shimada E, Nishizawa T, Shimada M et al (2017) Prognostic predictive value of gene mutations in Japanese patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Vessels 32(6):700–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-016-0920-0
doi: 10.1007/s00380-016-0920-0
pubmed: 27885498
Fraysse B, Weinberger F, Bardswell SC, Cuello F, Vignier N, Geertz B et al (2012) Increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and diastolic dysfunction as early consequences of Mybpc3 mutation in heterozygous knock-in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 52(6):1299–1307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.03.009
doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.03.009
pubmed: 22465693
pmcid: 3370652
Jacoby D, McKenna WJ (2012) Genetics of inherited cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 33(3):296–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr260
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr260
pubmed: 21810862
Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, Winkel BG, Behr ER, Blom NA et al (2022) 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 43(40):3997–4126. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262
pubmed: 36017572
Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C et al (2023) 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194
pubmed: 37622657
Finocchiaro G, Sheikh N, Leone O, Westaby J, Mazzarotto F, Pantazis A et al (2021) Arrhythmogenic potential of myocardial disarray in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetic basis, functional consequences and relation to sudden cardiac death. Europace 23(7):985–995. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euaa348
doi: 10.1093/europace/euaa348
pubmed: 33447843
Pelliccia F, Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Camici PG (2022) Microvascular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med 11(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216560
Maron BJ (2010) Contemporary insights and strategies for risk stratification and prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 121(3):445–456. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.878579
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.878579
pubmed: 20100987
Coppini R, Ferrantini C, Yao L, Fan P, Del Lungo M, Stillitano F et al (2013) Late sodium current inhibition reverses electromechanical dysfunction in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 127(5):575–584. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.134932
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.134932
pubmed: 23271797
Coppini R, Ferrantini C, Del Lungo M, Stillitano F, Sartiani L, Tosi B et al (2013) Response to letter regarding article, “Late sodium current inhibition reverses electromechanical dysfunction in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.” Circulation 128(10):e157. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004016
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004016
pubmed: 24002721
Tashiro N, Muneuchi J, Ezaki H, Kobayashi M, Yamada H, Sugitani Y et al (2022) Ventricular repolarization dispersion is a potential risk for the development of life-threatening arrhythmia in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Cardiol 43(7):1455–1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-022-02867-3
doi: 10.1007/s00246-022-02867-3
pubmed: 35284943
Cheng Z, Fang T, Huang J, Guo Y, Alam M, Qian H (2021) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: from phenotype and pathogenesis to treatment. Frontiers In Cardiovascular Medicine 8:722340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.722340
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.722340
pubmed: 34760939
pmcid: 8572854
Helms AS, Alvarado FJ, Yob J, Tang VT, Pagani F, Russell MW et al (2016) Genotype-dependent and -independent calcium signaling dysregulation in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 134(22):1738–1748
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020086
pubmed: 27688314
pmcid: 5127749
Okuda S, Sufu-Shimizu Y, Kato T, Fukuda M, Nishimura S, Oda T et al (2018) CaMKII-mediated phosphorylation of RyR2 plays a crucial role in aberrant Ca release as an arrhythmogenic substrate in cardiac troponin T-related familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 496(4):1250–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.181
doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.181
pubmed: 29402414
Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO (2009) Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes. Circulation 119(8):1085–1092. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.804617
doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.804617
pubmed: 19221222
Finocchiaro G, Bhatia RT, Westaby J, Behr ER, Papadakis M, Sharma S et al (2023) Sudden cardiac death during exercise in young individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol 9(6):865–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2022.12.007
Sharma S, Pelliccia A, Gati S (2020) The ‘Ten Commandments’ for the 2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa735
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa735
pubmed: 33085967
pmcid: 7850039
Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, Day SM, Deswal A, Elliott P et al (2020) 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 142(25):e533–e557. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000938
doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000938
pubmed: 33215938
Sweeting J, Ingles J, Ball K, Semsarian C (2018) A control theory-based pilot intervention to increase physical activity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 122(5):866–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.05.023
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.05.023
pubmed: 30049465
Pelliccia A, Lemme E, Maestrini V, Di Paolo FM, Pisicchio C, Di Gioia G et al (2018) Does sport participation worsen the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Circulation 137(5):531–533. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.117.031725
doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.031725
pubmed: 29378761
Lampert R, Ackerman MJ, Marino BS, Burg M, Ainsworth B, Salberg L et al (2023) Vigorous exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JAMA Cardiol 8(6). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2023.1042
Gati S, Sharma S (2022) Exercise prescription in individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: what clinicians need to know. Heart 108(24):1930–1937. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319861
doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319861
pubmed: 35197306
Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE et al (2003) American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(9):1687–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00941-0
Maron MS, Rowin EJ, Wessler BS, Mooney PJ, Fatima A, Patel P et al (2019) Enhanced American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association strategy for prevention of sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JAMA Cardiol 4(7):644–657. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.1391
doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.1391
pubmed: 31116360
pmcid: 6537832
Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Haas TS, Garberich RF, Wang W, Link MS et al (2017) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular apical aneurysm: implications for risk stratification and management. J Am Coll Cardiol 69(7):761–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.063
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.063
pubmed: 28209216
Lee DZJ, Montazeri M, Bataiosu R, Hoss S, Adler A, Nguyen ET et al (2022) Clinical characteristics and prognostic importance of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 15(10):1696–1711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.03.029
doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.03.029
pubmed: 36202449
Debonnaire P, Katsanos S, Joyce E, OV VDB, Atsma DE, Schalij MJ et al (2015) QRS fragmentation and QTc duration relate to malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 26(5):547–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.12629
doi: 10.1111/jce.12629
pubmed: 25648421
Dinshaw L, Munch J, Dickow J, Lezius S, Willems S, Hoffmann BA et al (2018) The T-peak-to-T-end interval: a novel ECG marker for ventricular arrhythmia and appropriate ICD therapy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Res Cardiol 107(2):130–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-017-1164-4
doi: 10.1007/s00392-017-1164-4
pubmed: 28965260
Wu G, Liu J, Wang S, Yu S, Zhang C, Wang D et al (2021) N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 107(19):1576–1583. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317701
doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317701
pubmed: 33361398
Ramchand J, Fava AM, Chetrit M, Desai MY (2020) Advanced imaging for risk stratification of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 106(11):793–801. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315176
doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315176
pubmed: 31949025
Weng Z, Yao J, Chan RH, He J, Yang X, Zhou Y et al (2016) Prognostic value of LGE-CMR in HCM: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 9(12):1392–1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.02.031
doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.02.031
pubmed: 27450876
Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Pencina MJ, Assenza GE, Haas T et al (2014) Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 130(6):484–495. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007094
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007094
pubmed: 25092278
Li Y, Liu X, Yang F, Wang J, Xu Y, Fang T et al (2021) Prognostic value of myocardial extracellular volume fraction evaluation based on cardiac magnetic resonance T1 mapping with T1 long and short in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Radiol 31(7):4557–4567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07650-7
doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07650-7
pubmed: 33449190
Qin L, Min J, Chen C, Zhu L, Gu S, Zhou M et al (2021) Incremental values of T1 mapping in the prediction of sudden cardiac death risk in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a comparison with two guidelines. Front Cardiovasc Med 8:661673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.661673
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.661673
pubmed: 34169099
pmcid: 8217449
Avanesov M, Munch J, Weinrich J, Well L, Saring D, Stehning C et al (2017) Prediction of the estimated 5-year risk of sudden cardiac death and syncope or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using late gadolinium enhancement and extracellular volume CMR. Eur Radiol 27(12):5136–5145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4869-x
doi: 10.1007/s00330-017-4869-x
pubmed: 28616729
Xu Z, Wang J, Cheng W, Wan K, Li W, Pu L et al (2023) Incremental significance of myocardial oedema for prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jead065
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jead065
pubmed: 37453129
pmcid: 10125223
Yang F, Wang J, Li Y, Li W, Xu Y, Wan K et al (2019) The prognostic value of biventricular long axis strain using standard cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 294:43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.08.010
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.08.010
pubmed: 31405582
Yang F, Wang L, Wang J, Pu L, Xu Y, Li W et al (2021) Prognostic value of fast semi-automated left atrial long-axis strain analysis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 23(1):36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-021-00735-2
doi: 10.1186/s12968-021-00735-2
pubmed: 33761947
pmcid: 7992961
Wang J, Li Y, Yang F, Bravo L, Wan K, Xu Y et al (2021) Fractal analysis: prognostic value of left ventricular trabecular complexity cardiovascular MRI in participants with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Radiology 298(1):71–79. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202261
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020202261
pubmed: 33078997
Fahmy AS, Neisius U, Chan RH, Rowin EJ, Manning WJ, Maron MS et al (2020) Three-dimensional deep convolutional neural networks for automated myocardial scar quantification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a multicenter multivendor study. Radiology 294(1):52–60. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019190737
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2019190737
pubmed: 31714190
Wang J, Bravo L, Zhang J, Liu W, Wan K, Sun J et al (2021) Radiomics analysis derived from LGE-MRI predict sudden cardiac death in participants with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 8:766287. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.766287
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.766287
pubmed: 34957254
pmcid: 8702805
Zegkos T, Tziomalos G, Parcharidou D, Ntelios D, Papanastasiou CA, Karagiannidis E et al (2022) Validation of the new American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines for the risk stratification of sudden cardiac death in a large Mediterranean cohort with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hellenic J Cardiol 63:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2021.06.005
doi: 10.1016/j.hjc.2021.06.005
pubmed: 34147674
Wang J, Zhang Z, Li Y, Xu Y, Wan K, Chen Y (2019) Variable and limited predictive value of the European Society of Cardiology hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sudden-death risk model: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol 35(12):1791–1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2019.05.004
doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.05.004
pubmed: 31474312
Taha M, Dahat P, Toriola S, Satnarine T, Zohara Z, Adelekun A et al (2023) Metoprolol or verapamil in the management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43197
doi: 10.7759/cureus.43197
pubmed: 38111414
pmcid: 10726299
Pollick C (1982) Muscular subaortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 307(16):997–999. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198210143071607
doi: 10.1056/nejm198210143071607
pubmed: 7202121
Adelman AG, Shah PM, Gramiak R, Wigle ED (1970) Long-term propranolol therapy in muscular subaortic stenosis. Heart 32(6):804–811. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.32.6.804
doi: 10.1136/hrt.32.6.804
Hegde SM, Lester SJ, Solomon SD, Michels M, Elliott PM, Nagueh SF et al (2021) Effect of mavacamten on echocardiographic features in symptomatic patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 78(25):2518–2532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.1381
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.1381
pubmed: 34915982
Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, Epstein AE, Almquist AK, Daubert JP et al (2000) Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342(6):365–373. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200002103420601
doi: 10.1056/nejm200002103420601
pubmed: 10666426
Shun-Shin MJ, Zheng SL, Cole GD, Howard JP, Whinnett ZI, Francis DP (2017) Implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention of death in left ventricular dysfunction with and without ischaemic heart disease: a meta-analysis of 8567 patients in the 11 trials. Eur Heart J 38(22):1738–1746. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx028
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx028
pubmed: 28329280
pmcid: 5461475
Elliott P (2021) Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: time to change the narrative. Eur Heart J 42(38):3945–3947. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab608
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab608
pubmed: 34514508