Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or Essential Head Tremor.

Adult Humans Botulinum Toxins, Type A / administration & dosage Double-Blind Method Essential Tremor / drug therapy Head Treatment Outcome Tremor / drug therapy Electromyography / methods Injections, Intramuscular / methods Headache / chemically induced Neck Pain / chemically induced Neuromuscular Agents / administration & dosage

Journal

The New England journal of medicine
ISSN: 1533-4406
Titre abrégé: N Engl J Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0255562

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
09 Nov 2023
Historique:
medline: 9 11 2023
pubmed: 8 11 2023
entrez: 8 11 2023
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Local injections of botulinum toxin type A have been used to treat essential head tremor but have not been extensively studied in randomized trials. In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, adult patients with essential or isolated head tremor to receive botulinum toxin type A or placebo. Botulinum toxin or placebo was injected under electromyographic guidance into each splenius capitis muscle on the day of randomization (day 0) and during week 12. The primary outcome was improvement by at least 2 points on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI) scale at week 6 after the second injection (week 18 after randomization). The CGI scale was used to record the patient's assessment of the degree of improvement or worsening of head tremor since baseline; scores range from 3 (very much improved) to -3 (very much worse). Secondary outcomes included changes in tremor characteristics from baseline to weeks 6, 12, and 24. A total of 120 patients were enrolled; 3 patients were excluded during screening, and 117 patients were randomly assigned to receive botulinum toxin (62 patients) or placebo (55 patients) and were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Twelve patients in the botulinum toxin group and 2 patients in the placebo group did not receive injections during week 12. The primary outcome - improvement by at least 2 points on the CGI scale at week 18 - was met by 31% of the patients in the botulinum toxin group as compared with 9% of those in the placebo group (relative risk, 3.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.35 to 8.42; P = 0.009). Analyses of secondary outcomes at 6 and 12 weeks but not at 24 weeks were generally supportive of the primary-outcome analysis. Adverse events occurred in approximately half the patients in the botulinum toxin group and included head and neck pain, posterior cervical weakness, and dysphagia. Injection of botulinum toxin into each splenius capitis muscle on day 0 and during week 12 was more effective than placebo in reducing the severity of isolated or essential head tremor at 18 weeks but not at 24 weeks, when the effects of injection might be expected to wane, and was associated with adverse events. (Funded by the French Ministry of Health; Btx-HT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02555982.).

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
Local injections of botulinum toxin type A have been used to treat essential head tremor but have not been extensively studied in randomized trials.
METHODS METHODS
In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, adult patients with essential or isolated head tremor to receive botulinum toxin type A or placebo. Botulinum toxin or placebo was injected under electromyographic guidance into each splenius capitis muscle on the day of randomization (day 0) and during week 12. The primary outcome was improvement by at least 2 points on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI) scale at week 6 after the second injection (week 18 after randomization). The CGI scale was used to record the patient's assessment of the degree of improvement or worsening of head tremor since baseline; scores range from 3 (very much improved) to -3 (very much worse). Secondary outcomes included changes in tremor characteristics from baseline to weeks 6, 12, and 24.
RESULTS RESULTS
A total of 120 patients were enrolled; 3 patients were excluded during screening, and 117 patients were randomly assigned to receive botulinum toxin (62 patients) or placebo (55 patients) and were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Twelve patients in the botulinum toxin group and 2 patients in the placebo group did not receive injections during week 12. The primary outcome - improvement by at least 2 points on the CGI scale at week 18 - was met by 31% of the patients in the botulinum toxin group as compared with 9% of those in the placebo group (relative risk, 3.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.35 to 8.42; P = 0.009). Analyses of secondary outcomes at 6 and 12 weeks but not at 24 weeks were generally supportive of the primary-outcome analysis. Adverse events occurred in approximately half the patients in the botulinum toxin group and included head and neck pain, posterior cervical weakness, and dysphagia.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
Injection of botulinum toxin into each splenius capitis muscle on day 0 and during week 12 was more effective than placebo in reducing the severity of isolated or essential head tremor at 18 weeks but not at 24 weeks, when the effects of injection might be expected to wane, and was associated with adverse events. (Funded by the French Ministry of Health; Btx-HT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02555982.).

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2304192 PMID: 37937777
pubmed: 37937777
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2304192
doi:

Substances chimiques

Botulinum Toxins, Type A EC 3.4.24.69
Neuromuscular Agents 0

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT02555982']

Types de publication

Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1753-1765

Subventions

Organisme : Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé
ID : PHRC-14-0058

Investigateurs

Franck Durif (F)
Philippe Derost (P)
Eve Chanson (E)
Isabelle Rieu (I)
Elodie Durand (E)
Stéphane Bernard (S)
Hélène Obritin (H)
Dihya Benghadid (D)
Bruno Pereira (B)
Marion Simonetta Moreau (MS)
Galitzky Monique (G)
Tricoire Anne Marie (TA)
Thalamas Claire (T)
Calvas Fabienne (C)
Oliver Rascol (O)
Johanne Germain (J)
David Amarantini (D)
Dominique Guehl (D)
Pierre Burbaud (P)
Olivier Branchard (O)
Justine Pierron (J)
Yeliz Celik (Y)
Alexandre Kreisler (A)
Clémence Simonin (C)
David Devos (D)
Valérie Santraine (V)
Giovanni Castelnovo (G)
Marie de Verdal (M)
Elisabeth Llinares (E)
Frédérique Fluchère (F)
Jean Philippe Azulay (JP)
Sophie Soulayrol (S)
Manel Nouira (M)
Sophie Sangla (S)
Lucie Lopes (L)
Sabrina Hammouda (S)
Mélissa Tir (M)
Pierre Krystkowiak (P)
Stéphanie Blin (S)
Chloé Laurencin (C)
Françoise Bouhour (F)
Hélène Merle (H)
Elisa Météreau (E)
Bertrand Degos (B)
David Grabli (D)
Raquel Guimaraes Costa (R)
Jean Christophe Corvol (JC)
Vanessa Brochard (V)
Nathalie Jarry (N)
Geneviève Fourcade Blanchet (G)
Chbicheb Mohammed (C)
Christine Tranchant (C)
Ouaïd Lagha Boukbiza (O)
Fanny Huselstein (F)
Laurent Tatu (L)
Matthieu Béreau (M)
Benjamin Cuinet (B)
Dominique Gayraud (D)
Fabienne Zaetta (F)
Isabelle Benatru (I)
Jean Luc Houeto (JL)
Solène Ansquer (S)
Olivier Colin (O)
Emilie Rabois (E)
Aurelia Poujois (A)
Nadège Girardot (N)
Naoual Djebra (N)
Miassa Bentifraouine (M)

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Auteurs

Ana Marques (A)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Bruno Pereira (B)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Marion Simonetta-Moreau (M)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Giovanni Castelnovo (G)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Marie De Verdal (M)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Frédérique Fluchère (F)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Chloé Laurencin (C)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Bertrand Degos (B)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.
ORCID: 0000-0001-5644-1292

Mélissa Tir (M)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Alexandre Kreisler (A)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Geneviève Blanchet-Fourcade (G)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Dominique Guehl (D)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Olivier Colin (O)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Aurelia Poujois (A)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Sophie Sangla (S)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Laurent Tatu (L)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Philippe Derost (P)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Dominique Gayraud (D)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Christine Tranchant (C)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

David Amarantini (D)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

David Devos (D)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Olivier Rascol (O)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Jean-Christophe Corvol (JC)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Franck Durif (F)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

Isabelle Rieu (I)

From the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Institut Pascal (A.M., P.D., F.D., I.R.), and CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research Department, Biostatistics Unit (B.P.), Clermont-Ferrand, the Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse and University of Toulouse 3 (M.S.-M., O.R.), and Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier (D.A.), Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes (G.C., M.D.V.), the Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille (F.F.), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unité 1028, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5292, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Service de Neurologie C, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (C.L.), the Neurology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine Saint Denis, Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny (B.D.), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM Unité 1050, Université PSL (B.D.), the Neurology Department (A.P.) and Unité Parkinson (S.S.), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, and Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Paris, the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens (M.T., D.D.), the University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1172, CHU Lille, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration, Lille (A.K.), Service de Neurologie, Narbonne Hospital Centre, Narbonne (G.B.-F.), CHU de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D. Guehl), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Poitiers, INSERM, CHU de Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, Poitiers (O.C.), the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon (L.T.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Aix-Pertuis, Site d'Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence (D. Gayraud), and the Department of Neurology, CHU Hautepierre, INSERM Unité 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.) - all in France.

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › Facteurs biologiques › Toxines biologiques › Toxines bactériennes › Toxines botuliniques › Toxines botuliniques de type A › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Méthodologie en recherche épidémiologique › Méthode en double aveugle › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies du système nerveux › Maladies du système nerveux central › Troubles de la motricité › Tremblement essentiel › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › Régions du corps › Tête › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › Qualité, accès, évaluation des soins de santé › Qualité des soins de santé › Mécanismes d'évaluation des soins de santé › Évaluation des résultats et des processus en soins de santé › Évaluation de résultat (soins) › Résultat thérapeutique › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Signes et symptômes › Manifestations neurologiques › Dyskinésies › Tremblement › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › Diagnostic › Techniques et procédures diagnostiques › Myographie › Électromyographie › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › Thérapeutique › Traitement médicamenteux › Voies d'administration de substances chimiques et des médicaments › Injections › Injections musculaires › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Signes et symptômes › Manifestations neurologiques › Céphalée › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Signes et symptômes › Manifestations neurologiques › Cervicalgie › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...
questionsmedicales.fr › Actions chimiques et utilisations › Actions pharmacologiques › Effets physiologiques des médicaments › Agents du système nerveux périphérique › Agents neuromusculaires › Trial of Botulinum Toxin for Isolated or...