A multicenter phase Ib trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms or acute myeloid leukemia refractory to hypomethylating agents.

AML Entinostat MDS Myeloid-derived suppressor cells Pembrolizumab

Journal

Annals of hematology
ISSN: 1432-0584
Titre abrégé: Ann Hematol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9107334

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
01 Dec 2023
Historique:
received: 28 09 2023
accepted: 13 11 2023
medline: 1 12 2023
pubmed: 1 12 2023
entrez: 30 11 2023
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with hypomethylating agent failure have a poor prognosis. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) can contribute to MDS progression and mediate resistance to anti-PD1 therapy. As histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) decrease MDSCs in preclinical models, we conducted an investigator-initiated, NCI-Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program-sponsored, multicenter, dose escalation, and expansion phase Ib trial (NCT02936752) of the HDACi entinostat and the anti-PD1 antibody pembrolizumab. Twenty-eight patients (25 MDS and 3 AML) were enrolled. During dose escalation (n=13 patients), there was one dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) on dose level (DL) 1 (G5 pneumonia/bronchoalveolar hemorrhage) and two DLTs at DL 2 (G3 pharyngeal mucositis and G3 anorexia). Per the 3 + 3 dose escalation design, DL 1 (entinostat 8 mg PO days 1 and 15 + pembrolizumab 200 mg IV day 1 every 21 days) was expanded and another 15 patients were enrolled. Hematologic adverse events (AEs) were common. The most common non-hematologic ≥G3 AEs were infection (32%), hypoxia/respiratory failure (11%), and dyspnea (11%). There were no protocol-defined responses among the 28 patients enrolled. Two patients achieved a marrow complete remission (mCR). Using a systems immunology approach with mass cytometry and machine learning analysis, mCR patients had increased classical monocytes and macrophages but there was no significant change of MDSCs. In conclusion, combining entinostat with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced MDS and AML was associated with limited clinical efficacy and substantial toxicity. Absence of an effect on MDSCs could be a potential explanation for the limited efficacy of this combination. ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT02936752.

Identifiants

pubmed: 38036712
doi: 10.1007/s00277-023-05552-4
pii: 10.1007/s00277-023-05552-4
doi:

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT02936752']

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Informations de copyright

© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Références

Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, Santini V, Finelli C, Giagounidis A, Schoch R, Gattermann N, Sanz G, List A, Gore SD, Seymour JF, Bennett JM, Byrd J, Backstrom J, Zimmerman L, McKenzie D, Beach C, Silverman LR, International Vidaza High-Risk MDSSSG (2009) Efficacy of azacitidine compared with that of conventional care regimens in the treatment of higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a randomised, open-label, phase III study. Lancet Oncol 10(3):223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70003-8
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70003-8 pubmed: 19230772 pmcid: 4086808
Zeidan AM, Stahl M, Hu X, Wang R, Huntington SF, Podoltsev NA, Gore SD, Ma X, Davidoff AJ (2018) Long-term survival of older patients with MDS treated with HMA therapy without subsequent stem cell transplantation. Blood 131(7):818–821. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-10-811729
doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-811729 pubmed: 29259002 pmcid: 6410557
Sekeres MA, Othus M, List AF, Odenike O, Stone RM, Gore SD, Litzow MR, Buckstein R, Fang M, Roulston D, Bloomfield CD, Moseley A, Nazha A, Zhang Y, Velasco MR, Gaur R, Atallah E, Attar EC, Cook EK et al (2017) Randomized phase II study of azacitidine alone or in combination with lenalidomide or with vorinostat in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: North American Intergroup Study SWOG S1117. J Clin Oncol 35(24):2745–2753. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.66.2510
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.66.2510 pubmed: 28486043 pmcid: 5562170
Prébet T, Gore SD, Esterni B, Gardin C, Itzykson R, Thepot S, Dreyfus F, Rauzy OB, Recher C, Adès L, Quesnel B, Beach CL, Fenaux P, Vey N (2011) Outcome of high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome after azacitidine treatment failure. J Clin Oncol 29(24):3322–3327. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.35.8135
doi: 10.1200/jco.2011.35.8135 pubmed: 21788559 pmcid: 4859209
Nazha A, Sekeres MA, Komrokji R, Steensma DP, Kantarjian H, Roboz G, Fenaux P, Prebet T, Azarnia N, Zbyszewski PS, Fruchtman SM, Santini V, Silverman LR, Platzbecker U, Garcia-Manero G (2017) Validation of a post-hypomethylating agent failure prognostic model in myelodysplastic syndromes patients treated in a randomized controlled phase III trial of rigosertib vs. best supportive care. Blood Cancer J 7(12):644–644. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-017-0018-7
doi: 10.1038/s41408-017-0018-7 pubmed: 29238044 pmcid: 5802598
Garcia-Manero G, Fenaux P, Al-Kali A, Baer MR, Sekeres MA, Roboz GJ, Gaidano G, Scott BL, Greenberg P, Platzbecker U, Steensma DP, Kambhampati S, Kreuzer K-A, Godley LA, Atallah E, Collins R, Kantarjian H, Jabbour E, Wilhelm FE et al (2016) Rigosertib versus best supportive care for patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes after failure of hypomethylating drugs (ONTIME): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 17(4):496–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)00009-7
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)00009-7 pubmed: 26968357
Zeidan AM, Smith BD, Carraway HE, Gojo I, DeZern A, Gore SD (2017) A phase 2 trial of high dose lenalidomide in patients with relapsed/refractory higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia with trilineage dysplasia. Br J Haematol 176(2):241–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14407
doi: 10.1111/bjh.14407 pubmed: 27790720
Zeidan AM, Knaus HA, Robinson TM, Towlerton AMH, Warren EH, Zeidner JF, Blackford AL, Duffield AS, Rizzieri D, Frattini MG, Levy YM, Schroeder MA, Ferguson A, Sheldon KE, DeZern AE, Gojo I, Gore SD, Streicher H, Luznik L, Smith BD (2018) A multi-center phase I trial of ipilimumab in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes following hypomethylating agent failure. Clin Cancer Res 24(15):3519–3527. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3763
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3763 pubmed: 29716921 pmcid: 6680246
Prebet T, Sun Z, Figueroa ME, Ketterling R, Melnick A, Greenberg PL, Herman J, Juckett M, Smith MR, Malick L, Paietta E, Czader M, Litzow M, Gabrilove J, Erba HP, Gore SD, Tallman MS (2014) Prolonged administration of azacitidine with or without entinostat for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes: results of the US Leukemia Intergroup trial E1905. J Clin Oncol 32(12):1242–1248. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.50.3102
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.50.3102 pubmed: 24663049 pmcid: 3986386
Bewersdorf JP, Shallis R, Stahl M, Zeidan AM (2019) Epigenetic therapy combinations in acute myeloid leukemia: what are the options? Ther Adv Hematol 10:2040620718816698. https://doi.org/10.1177/2040620718816698
doi: 10.1177/2040620718816698 pubmed: 30719265 pmcid: 6348528
Williams P, Basu S, Garcia-Manero G, Hourigan CS, Oetjen KA, Cortes JE, Ravandi F, Jabbour EJ, Al-Hamal Z, Konopleva M, Ning J, Xiao L, Hidalgo Lopez J, Kornblau SM, Andreeff M, Flores W, Bueso-Ramos C, Blando J, Galera P et al (2019) The distribution of T-cell subsets and the expression of immune checkpoint receptors and ligands in patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 125(9):1470–1481. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31896
doi: 10.1002/cncr.31896 pubmed: 30500073
Toffalori C, Zito L, Gambacorta V, Riba M, Oliveira G, Bucci G, Barcella M, Spinelli O, Greco R, Crucitti L, Cieri N, Noviello M, Manfredi F, Montaldo E, Ostuni R, Naldini MM, Gentner B, Waterhouse M, Zeiser R et al (2019) Immune signature drives leukemia escape and relapse after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Nat Med 25(4):603–611. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0400-z
doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0400-z pubmed: 30911134
Yang H, Bueso-Ramos C, DiNardo C, Estecio MR, Davanlou M, Geng QR, Fang Z, Nguyen M, Pierce S, Wei Y, Parmar S, Cortes J, Kantarjian H, Garcia-Manero G (2014) Expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1 and CTLA4 in myelodysplastic syndromes is enhanced by treatment with hypomethylating agents. Leukemia 28(6):1280–1288. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2013.355
doi: 10.1038/leu.2013.355 pubmed: 24270737
Zeidan AM, Boss I, Beach CL, Copeland WB, Thompson E, Fox BA, Hasle VE, Ogasawara K, Cavenagh J, Silverman LR, Voso MT, Hellmann A, Tormo M, O’Connor T, Previtali A, Rose S, Garcia-Manero G (2022) A randomized phase 2 trial of azacitidine with or without durvalumab as first-line therapy for higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood Adv 6(7):2207–2218. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005487
doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005487 pubmed: 34972214 pmcid: 9006291
Zeidan AM, Boss I, Beach CL, Copeland WB, Thompson E, Fox BA, Hasle VE, Hellmann A, Taussig DC, Tormo M, Voso MT, Cavenagh J, O’Connor T, Previtali A, Rose S, Silverman LR (2022) A randomized phase 2 trial of azacitidine with or without durvalumab as first-line therapy for older patients with AML. Blood Adv 6(7):2219–2229. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006138
doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006138 pubmed: 34933333 pmcid: 9006260
Kim K, Skora AD, Li Z, Liu Q, Tam AJ, Blosser RL, Diaz LA Jr, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Zhou S (2014) Eradication of metastatic mouse cancers resistant to immune checkpoint blockade by suppression of myeloid-derived cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(32):11774–11779. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410626111
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1410626111 pubmed: 25071169 pmcid: 4136565
Adeshakin AO, Yan D, Zhang M, Wang L, Adeshakin FO, Liu W, Wan X (2020) Blockade of myeloid-derived suppressor cell function by valproic acid enhanced anti-PD-L1 tumor immunotherapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 522(3):604–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.155
doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.155 pubmed: 31785814
Kittang AO, Kordasti S, Sand KE, Costantini B, Kramer AM, Perezabellan P, Seidl T, Rye KP, Hagen KM, Kulasekararaj A, Bruserud Ø, Mufti GJ (2016) Expansion of myeloid derived suppressor cells correlates with number of T regulatory cells and disease progression in myelodysplastic syndrome. Oncoimmunology 5(2):e1062208. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402x.2015.1062208
doi: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1062208 pubmed: 27057428
Chen X, Eksioglu EA, Zhou J, Zhang L, Djeu J, Fortenbery N, Epling-Burnette P, Van Bijnen S, Dolstra H, Cannon J, Youn JI, Donatelli SS, Qin D, De Witte T, Tao J, Wang H, Cheng P, Gabrilovich DI, List A, Wei S (2013) Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Clin Invest 123(11):4595–4611. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci67580
doi: 10.1172/jci67580 pubmed: 24216507 pmcid: 3809779
Cheson BD, Greenberg PL, Bennett JM, Lowenberg B, Wijermans PW, Nimer SD, Pinto A, Beran M, de Witte TM, Stone RM, Mittelman M, Sanz GF, Gore SD, Schiffer CA, Kantarjian H (2006) Clinical application and proposal for modification of the International Working Group (IWG) response criteria in myelodysplasia. Blood 108(2):419–425. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-10-4149
doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-4149 pubmed: 16609072
Ferrell PB Jr, Diggins KE, Polikowsky HG, Mohan SR, Seegmiller AC, Irish JM (2016) High-dimensional analysis of acute myeloid leukemia reveals phenotypic changes in persistent cells during induction therapy. PLoS One 11(4):e0153207. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153207
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153207 pubmed: 27074138 pmcid: 4830605
Greenplate AR, Johnson DB, Ferrell PB Jr, Irish JM (2016) Systems immune monitoring in cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 61:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.03.085
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.03.085 pubmed: 27155446 pmcid: 4885747
Irish JM, Myklebust JH, Alizadeh AA, Houot R, Sharman JP, Czerwinski DK, Nolan GP, Levy R (2010) B-cell signaling networks reveal a negative prognostic human lymphoma cell subset that emerges during tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(29):12747–12754. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002057107
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1002057107 pubmed: 20543139 pmcid: 2919949
Roe CE, Hayes MJ, Barone SM, Irish JM (2020) Training novices in generation and analysis of high-dimensional human cell phospho-flow cytometry data. Curr Protoc Cytom 93(1):e71. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpcy.71
doi: 10.1002/cpcy.71 pubmed: 32250555 pmcid: 7682619
Becht E, McInnes L, Healy J, Dutertre C-A, Kwok IWH, Ng LG, Ginhoux F, Newell EW (2019) Dimensionality reduction for visualizing single-cell data using UMAP. Nat Biotechnol 37(1):38–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4314
doi: 10.1038/nbt.4314
Barone SM, Paul AGA, Muehling LM, Lannigan JA, Kwok WW, Turner RB, Woodfolk JA, Irish JM (2021) Unsupervised machine learning reveals key immune cell subsets in COVID-19, rhinovirus infection, and cancer therapy. eLife 10:e64653. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.64653
doi: 10.7554/eLife.64653 pubmed: 34350827 pmcid: 8370768
Kramer KJ, Wilfong EM, Voss K, Barone SM, Shiakolas AR, Raju N, Roe CE, Suryadevara N, Walker LM, Wall SC, Paulo A, Schaefer S, Dahunsi D, Westlake CS, Crowe JE, Carnahan RH, Rathmell JC, Bonami RH, Georgiev IS, Irish JM (2022) Single-cell profiling of the antigen-specific response to BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine. Nat Commun 13(1):3466. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31142-5
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31142-5 pubmed: 35710908 pmcid: 9201272
Kotecha N, Krutzik PO, Irish JM (2010) Web-based analysis and publication of flow cytometry experiments. Curr Protoc Cytom Chapter 10(Unit10):17. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142956.cy1017s53
doi: 10.1002/0471142956.cy1017s53
Prebet T, Sun Z, Ketterling RP, Zeidan A, Greenberg P, Herman J, Juckett M, Smith MR, Malick L, Paietta E, Czader M, Figueroa M, Gabrilove J, Erba HP, Tallman MS, Litzow M, Gore SD, Eastern Cooperative Oncology G, North American Leukemia i (2016) Azacitidine with or without entinostat for the treatment of therapy-related myeloid neoplasm: further results of the E1905 North American Leukemia Intergroup study. Br J Haematol 172(3):384–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.13832
doi: 10.1111/bjh.13832 pubmed: 26577691
Moreira JM, Scheipers P, Sørensen P (2003) The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A modulates CD4+ T cell responses. BMC Cancer 3:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-3-30
doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-3-30 pubmed: 14606959 pmcid: 280656
Dovey OM, Foster CT, Conte N, Edwards SA, Edwards JM, Singh R, Vassiliou G, Bradley A, Cowley SM (2013) Histone deacetylase 1 and 2 are essential for normal T-cell development and genomic stability in mice. Blood 121(8):1335–1344. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-07-441949
doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-441949 pubmed: 23287868
Rossi LE, Avila DE, Spallanzani RG, Ziblat A, Fuertes MB, Lapyckyj L, Croci DO, Rabinovich GA, Domaica CI, Zwirner NW (2012) Histone deacetylase inhibitors impair NK cell viability and effector functions through inhibition of activation and receptor expression. J Leukoc Biol 91(2):321–331. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0711339
doi: 10.1189/jlb.0711339 pubmed: 22124136
Ogbomo H, Michaelis M, Kreuter J, Doerr HW, Cinatl J (2007) Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress natural killer cell cytolytic activity. FEBS Lett 581(7):1317–1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.02.045
doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.02.045 pubmed: 17349632
Tao J, Han D, Gao S, Zhang W, Yu H, Liu P, Fu R, Li L, Shao Z (2020) CD8(+) T cells exhaustion induced by myeloid-derived suppressor cells in myelodysplastic syndromes patients might be through TIM3/Gal-9 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 24(1):1046–1058. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14825
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14825 pubmed: 31756785
Lamble AJ, Kosaka Y, Laderas T, Maffit A, Kaempf A, Brady LK, Wang W, Long N, Saultz JN, Mori M, Soong D, LeFave CV, Huang F, Adams H 3rd, Loriaux MM, Tognon CE, Lo P, Tyner JW, Fan G et al (2020) Reversible suppression of T cell function in the bone marrow microenvironment of acute myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117(25):14331–14341. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916206117
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1916206117 pubmed: 32513686 pmcid: 7321988
Moskorz W, Cosmovici C, Jäger PS, Cadeddu RP, Timm J, Haas R (2021) Myelodysplastic syndrome patients display alterations in their immune status reflected by increased PD-L1-expressing stem cells and highly dynamic exhausted T-cell frequencies. Br J Haematol 193(5):941–945. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.17461
doi: 10.1111/bjh.17461 pubmed: 33954988
Gordon SR, Maute RL, Dulken BW, Hutter G, George BM, McCracken MN, Gupta R, Tsai JM, Sinha R, Corey D, Ring AM, Connolly AJ, Weissman IL (2017) PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity. Nature 545(7655):495–499. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22396
doi: 10.1038/nature22396 pubmed: 28514441 pmcid: 5931375
Zeidan AM, Cavenagh J, Voso MT, Taussig D, Tormo M, Boss I, Copeland WB, Gray VE, Previtali A, O’Connor T, Rose S, Beach C, Silverman LR (2019) Efficacy and safety of azacitidine (AZA) in combination with the anti-PD-L1 durvalumab (durva) for the front-line treatment of older patients (pts) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are unfit for intensive chemotherapy (IC) and pts with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS): results from a large, international, randomized phase 2 study. Blood 134(Supplement_1):829-829. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-122896
doi: 10.1182/blood-2019-122896
Garcia-Manero G, Sasaki K, Montalban-Bravo G, Daver NG, Jabbour EJ, Alvarado Y, DiNardo CD, Ravandi F, Borthakur G, Bose P, Pemmaraju N, Naqvi K, Cortes JE, Kadia TM, Konopleva MY, Colla S, Yang H, Rausch CR, Gasior Y et al (2018) A phase II study of nivolumab or ipilimumab with or without azacitidine for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Blood 132(Suppl 1):465–465. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-119424
doi: 10.1182/blood-2018-99-119424
Bewersdorf JP, Shallis RM, Zeidan AM (2020) Immune checkpoint inhibition in myeloid malignancies: moving beyond the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways. Blood Rev:100709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2020.100709
Kim TK, Han X, Hu Q, Hedgepath C, Hong J, Park J, Mason EF, Chen L (2022) Programmed death-1 homolog (PD-1H/VISTA) blockade confers a synergistic anti-leukemia effect with PD-1 blockade. Blood 140(Supplement 1):87–88. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2022-158314
doi: 10.1182/blood-2022-158314

Auteurs

Jan Philipp Bewersdorf (JP)

Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. jan.bewersdorf@yale.edu.
Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. jan.bewersdorf@yale.edu.

Rory M Shallis (RM)

Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

Elad Sharon (E)

Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Silvia Park (S)

Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.

Rahul Ramaswamy (R)

Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.

Caroline E Roe (CE)

Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.

Jonathan M Irish (JM)

Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.

Anne Caldwell (A)

Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

Wei Wei (W)

Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

Abdulraheem Yacoub (A)

The Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics (HMCT), The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood, KS, USA.

Yazan F Madanat (YF)

Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.

Joshua F Zeidner (JF)

Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Jessica K Altman (JK)

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.

Olatoyosi Odenike (O)

University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Swaroopa Yerrabothala (S)

Hitchcock Cancer Center, Dartmouth University, Lebanon, NH, USA.

Tibor Kovacsovics (T)

University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

Nikolai A Podoltsev (NA)

Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

Stephanie Halene (S)

Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

Richard F Little (RF)

Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Richard Piekarz (R)

Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Steven D Gore (SD)

Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Tae Kon Kim (TK)

Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. tae.k.kim@vumc.org.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. tae.k.kim@vumc.org.
Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. tae.k.kim@vumc.org.
Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. tae.k.kim@vumc.org.

Amer M Zeidan (AM)

Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. amer.zeidan@yale.edu.
Hematology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT, 06520-8028, USA. amer.zeidan@yale.edu.

Classifications MeSH