Remdesivir (RDV), a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, is often used together with dexamethasone (DEX) for hospitalized COVID‑19 patients requiring respiratory support. Potential hepatic adverse drug reaction is a safety concern associated with the use of RDV. We previously reported that DEX co-treatment effectively mitigates RDV-induced hepatotoxicity and reduces elevated serum ALT and AST levels in cultured human primary hepatocytes (HPH) and hospitalized COVID-19 patients, respectively. Yet, the precise mechanism behind this protective drug-drug interaction remains largely unknown. We show here that through the activation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling, RDV induces apoptosis (cleavage of caspases 8, 9, and 3), autophagy (increased autophagosome and LC3-II), and mitochondrial damages (decreased membrane potential, respiration, ATP levels, and increased expression of Bax and the released cytosolic cytochrome C) in HPH. Importantly, co-treatment with DEX partially reversed RDV-induced apoptosis, autophagy, and cell death. Mechanistically, DEX deactivates/dephosphorylates p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 signaling by enhancing the expression of dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase, in a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent manner. Knockdown of GR in HPH attenuates DEX-mediated DUSP1 induction, MAPK dephosphorylation, as well as protection against RDV-induced hepatotoxicity. Collectively, our findings suggest a molecular mechanism by which DEX modulates the GR-DUSP1-MAPK regulatory axis to alleviate the adverse actions of RDV in the liver.

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